Coptic calendar

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The Coptic Calendar , also called the Alexandrian Calendar , is a calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church . It is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar . As with the Julian calendar , every fourth year is a leap year . The beginning of the year is August 29th or 30th of the Julian calendar; currently (up to the year 2099 AD) this is September 11 or 12 according to the Gregorian calendar . The year of the Coptic calendar consists of twelve months of 30 days each and an additional five (six in leap years) insertion days at the end of the year, the so-called epagomens . The yearly counting begins with the year 284 AD.

Origins

The Coptic calendar goes back to the ancient Egyptian calendar . It is one of the oldest (after reforms) still in use calendar systems in the world.

Year counting

The year counting of the Coptic calendar follows the era of Diocletian , also Diocletian era or Diocletian calendar . Its epoch is August 29, 284 AD in the year of the accession to the throne of the Roman Emperor Diocletian , which took place on November 20, 284. The 12th September 2015 corresponds to the 1st tout 1732 A.M. (Anno Martyrum = in the year of the martyrs). The last persecution of Christians took place under Diocletian . After the emperor's voluntary abdication, the count was continued in the empire, but after the introduction of Christianity as the state religion, it was no longer named after him, but after his sacrifices as an era of martyrs . It was incorporated into the Coptic calendar in the fifth through seventh centuries AD . Christian- Nubian monuments and documents are also dated according to this era.

Beginning of the year

The Coptic year begins with the festival of Nairuz ( Arabic عيد النيروز, DMG ʿīd an-nairūz ), the first day of the month Thout . The date corresponds to September 11th in the Gregorian calendar or, if the following Gregorian year is a leap year (e.g. 2015 ), September 12th.

Leap days

Every fourth year of the Coptic calendar is a leap year , the first leap year was the year 3 A.M. (286/287 AD). As in the Julian calendar , the additional rule in the Gregorian calendar does not apply to omit a leap year three times in 400 years. In the Julian calendar, the Coptic New Year always falls on August 29 or August 30 before a leap year.

The Coptic leap day currently always takes place 171 days before the Gregorian leap day (September 11, 2007 / February 29, 2008). Within this period, which recurs every four years, the beginning of the month in Coptic is shifted by one day in relation to the Gregorian calendar.

The year is

our
calendar
Remainder of the division year (our chronology) 		Beginning of the year
Remainder 0 Remainder 1 Remainder 2 Remainder 3 Coptic Years
1. Thout 		Ethiopian years
1. Mäskäräm
Julian 29 Aug 29 Aug 29 Aug 30 Aug 1-1299 1-1575
1583-1699 08 Sep 08 Sep 08 Sep 0Sep 9 1300-1416 1576-1692
1700-1799 0Sep 9 0Sep 9 0Sep 9 Sep 10 1417-1516 1693-1792
1800-1899 Sep 10 Sep 10 Sep 10 Sep 11 1517-1616 1793-1892
1900-2099 Sep 11 Sep 11 Sep 11 Sep 12 1617-1816 1893-2092
2100-2199 Sep 12 Sep 12 Sep 12 13 Sep 1817-1916 2093-2192
2200-2299 13 Sep 13 Sep 13 Sep Sep 14 1917-2016 2193-2292
Remainder 1 Remainder 2 Remainder 3 Remainder 0 Cop. + 283 = UZ Eth. + 7 = UZ
Divisional remainder of the year
(Coptic and Ethiopian calendars)

For the Ethiopian calendar see below .
The Coptic Church is currently considering keeping the Coptic New Year's Day on the Gregorian September 11th or 12th in the future through an exceptional common year in 1815 AM (2098/99 AD), and later in accordance with Gregorian rules . (See web link.)

Month names

The Coptic month names and their beginning from 1900 to 2099 - the last column applies to the period from September before a (Gregorian) leap year to February of a leap year:

Modern pronunciation Days Beginning Start before /
in the leap year
Thout Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ 30th September 11 12th September
Paopi Ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲓ 30th October 11th October 12th
Hathor Ϩ ⲁⲑⲱⲣ 30th November 10th November 11th
Koiak Ⲕⲟⲓⲁⲕ 30th 10th of December 11th December
Tobi Ⲧⲱⲃⲓ 30th January 9th 10. January
Meshir Ⲙⲉ ϣ ⲓⲣ 30th February 8 February 9
Paremhat Ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙ ϩ ⲁⲧ 30th March 10th
Paremoude Ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ 30th 9th April
Paschons Ⲡⲁ ϣ ⲟⲛⲥ 30th May 9
Paoni Ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ 30th 8th June
Epip Ⲉⲡⲓⲡ 30th 8th of July
Mesori Ⲙⲉⲥⲱⲣⲓ 30th August 7th
Pi Kogi Enavot Ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩ ϫ ⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲃⲟⲧ 5 or 6 September 6th

Related calendar

The only difference between the Ethiopian calendar and the Coptic calendar is that it is 276 years ahead of it. The first Tout 1724 AM (September 12, 2007) therefore corresponds to the first Mäskäräm 2000 ዓ.ም . This difference arises because the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church also counts the years from the birth of Christ. Unlike in the west, however, it sets this against the year 6 a . Z. on.

Calculation of the day of the week

Determination of the Sunday letter . Years marked with * are leap years.

The first digits of the year
Coptic calendar 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th
1st Thout 1 = 1st Mäskäräm 277 7th 8th 9 10 11 12 13
= Friday, August 29th 284 14th 15th 16 17th 18th 19th 20th
Ethiopian calendar 0 1 2 3 4th
1. Mäskäräm 1 5 6th 7th 8th 9 10 11
= Wednesday, August 29th 8 12 13 14th 15th 16 17th 18th
19th 20th 21st 22nd 23 24 25th
Years
00 28 56 84 D. E. F. G A. B. C.
01 29 57 85 C. D. E. F. G A. B.
02 30th 58 86 B. C. D. E. F. G A.
03 31 59 87 A * B * C * D * E * F * G*
04 32 60 88 F. G A. B. C. D. E.
05 33 61 89 E. F. G A. B. C. D.
06 34 62 90 D. E. F. G A. B. C.
07 35 63 91 C * D * E * F * G* A * B *
08 36 64 92 A. B. C. D. E. F. G
09 37 65 93 G A. B. C. D. E. F.
10 38 66 94 F. G A. B. C. D. E.
11 39 67 95 E * F * G* A * B * C * D *
12 40 68 96 C. D. E. F. G A. B.
13 41 69 97 B. C. D. E. F. G A.
14th 42 70 98 A. B. C. D. E. F. G
15th 43 71 99 G* A * B * C * D * E * F *
16 44 72 E. F. G A. B. C. D.
17th 45 73 D. E. F. G A. B. C.
18th 46 74 C. D. E. F. G A. B.
19th 47 75 B * C * D * E * F * G* A *
20th 48 76 G A. B. C. D. E. F.
21st 49 77 F. G A. B. C. D. E.
22nd 50 78 E. F. G A. B. C. D.
23 51 79 D * E * F * G* A * B * C *
24 52 80 B. C. D. E. F. G A.
25th 53 81 A. B. C. D. E. F. G
26th 54 82 G A. B. C. D. E. F.
27 55 83 F * G* A * B * C * D * E *

Determination of the day of the week with the help of the Sunday letter

A. B. C. D. E. F. G Thout
Mäskäräm 		Paopi
Ṭəqəmt 		Hathor
Ḫədar 		Koiak
Taḫśaś 		Tobi
Ṭərr 		Meshir
Yakatite 		Coptic
Ethiopian
So Sat Fr. do Wed Tuesday Mon 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6th 13 20th 27 4th 11 18th 25th 2 9 16 23 30th 7th 14th 21st 28 5 12 19th 26th
Mon So Sat Fr. do Wed Tuesday 2 9 16 23 30th 7th 14th 21st 28 5 12 19th 26th 3 10 17th 24 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6th 13 20th 27
Tuesday Mon So Sat Fr. do Wed 3 10 17th 24 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6th 13 20th 27 4th 11 18th 25th 2 9 16 23 30th 7th 14th 21st 28
Wed Tuesday Mon So Sat Fr. do 4th 11 18th 25th 2 9 16 23 30th 7th 14th 21st 28 5 12 19th 26th 3 10 17th 24 1 8th 15th 22nd 29
do Wed Tuesday Mon So Sat Fr. 5 12 19th 26th 3 10 17th 24 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6th 13 20th 27 4th 11 18th 25th 2 9 16 23 30th
Fr. do Wed Tuesday Mon So Sat 6th 13 20th 27 4th 11 18th 25th 2 9 16 23 30th 7th 14th 21st 28 5 12 19th 26th 3 10 17th 24
Sat Fr. do Wed Tuesday Mon So 7th 14th 21st 28 5 12 19th 26th 3 10 17th 24 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6th 13 20th 27 4th 11 18th 25th
A. B. C. D. E. F. G Paremhat
Mägabit 		Paremoude
Miyazya 		Paschon's
Gənbot 		Paoni
sane 		Abib
Ḥamle 		Mesori
sewing nose 		PKE
Ṗagumen
So Sat Fr. do Wed Tuesday Mon 3 10 17th 24 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6th 13 20th 27 4th 11 18th 25th 2 9 16 23 30th 7th 14th 21st 28 5
Mon So Sat Fr. do Wed Tuesday 4th 11 18th 25th 2 9 16 23 30th 7th 14th 21st 28 5 12 19th 26th 3 10 17th 24 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6 *
Tuesday Mon So Sat Fr. do Wed 5 12 19th 26th 3 10 17th 24 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6th 13 20th 27 4th 11 18th 25th 2 9 16 23 30th
Wed Tuesday Mon So Sat Fr. do 6th 13 20th 27 4th 11 18th 25th 2 9 16 23 30th 7th 14th 21st 28 5 12 19th 26th 3 10 17th 24 1
do Wed Tuesday Mon So Sat Fr. 7th 14th 21st 28 5 12 19th 26th 3 10 17th 24 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6th 13 20th 27 4th 11 18th 25th 2
Fr. do Wed Tuesday Mon So Sat 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6th 13 20th 27 4th 11 18th 25th 2 9 16 23 30th 7th 14th 21st 28 5 12 19th 26th 3
Sat Fr. do Wed Tuesday Mon So 2 9 16 23 30th 7th 14th 21st 28 5 12 19th 26th 3 10 17th 24 1 8th 15th 22nd 29 6th 13 20th 27 4th

See also

literature

  • Wolfgang Kosack : The Coptic calendar of saints. German - Coptic - Arabic based on the best sources, revised and completely published with Index Sanctorum Coptic Saints, Index of Names in Coptic, Coptic Patriarchal List, Geographical List . Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-9524018-4-2 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ On calendars: Hans-Ulrich Keller: Das Himmeljahr 2005 . ISBN 3-440-09792-7 , p. 15