Citizen School

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1st - 4th Citizens' school in Leipzig (1864).

A citizen school was a municipal school that did not prepare its students for university studies, but for practical professions in the commercial and craft sectors. A synonym was "city school". In the 18th century, the secondary school also appeared.

history

Prussia

In Prussia , a differentiation was made in the middle school leaving certificate in the 19th century: in 1832, the “Instruction on schools entitled to discharge exams” stipulated that the one-year patent could only be granted after an examination based on the tertia of the grammar school . These higher middle schools were thus separated from the simple middle schools and quasi to grammar schools (with Latin, without Greek) without upper level, often they were organizationally linked to grammar schools. Statistics from 1837 recorded 316 middle schools (41,000 boys) and 90 higher middle and secondary schools (12,000 boys) in Prussia. The teaching regulations of 1859 divided even more precisely into Realschulen 1st order, Realschulen 2nd order, higher middle schools and middle schools (middle schools). In the former, with a nine-year course, Latin was compulsory, in the latter optional or not offered at all. In the higher middle schools with seven years of instruction, the final class was often missing, i. that is, they only offered classes VI to II . The Oberrealschule grew out of them , while the Realschulen first order became the Realgymnasium .

Austria

The citizen school was a form of the old Austrian education system . This "college of the little man" was created in old Austria with the unofficial so-called Reichsvolksschulgesetz of May 14, 1869 under the decisive influence of Education Minister Leopold Hasner von Artha . Their task was to provide “education that went beyond the teaching objective of the general elementary school, especially with consideration for the needs of tradespeople and farmers.” The lessons were given by specialist teachers for three to four subject groups.

The Reich Elementary School Act, which came into being under liberal influence, made elementary schools in the western half of the empire of the Danube Monarchy a non-denominational, public community institution and took away the school supervision from the church. The elementary school should be attended for eight years. As an alternative, a switch to the three-year community school was planned after five years. The lessons should be in the respective national language; if this was not German, the opportunity to learn the German language should also be offered.

The citizen school was a compulsory school variant with a higher educational offer and should represent an intermediate educational path. In fact, it only emerged in larger towns and cities. Girls could attend this educational institution, the curriculum provided for them, as in elementary school, the subjects of needlework and household studies.

In 1883, in an amendment to the Reich Primary School Act, it was decided that at the general elementary schools (especially in rural areas), after six years of schooling, children could be granted relief with regard to the extent of regular school attendance upon request : school attendance only in part of the school year, only on certain days of the week or only half a day. Compulsory schooling up to the age of 14 was basically retained. De facto, this meant that compulsory schooling was reduced under pressure from employers, e. B. in the Bohemian countries , often reduced to six years.

When the Czechoslovak Republic came into being after the First World War , it reintroduced four-year attendance at the public school for its school-age children.

In Austria, as part of an educational and school reform, the federal law of August 2, 1927 transformed the middle school into a secondary school with two class trains.

Others

Higher civic schools also emerged elsewhere. One example is the Higher City School Barmen founded in Wuppertal-Barmen in 1823 or the Tellkampf School founded in Hanover in 1835 .

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl Bosl: Life pictures for the history of the Bohemian countries . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-486-47801-X , p. 128 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ Kathrin Heis: Political Education in Austria - How has "Political Education" developed in Austria or is there any development in this regard? Grin Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-79408-4 , p. 5 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ↑ Elizabeth Monyk: Between barbarians cliché and German myth . 1st edition. Lit Verlag, Münster 2006, ISBN 3-8258-9181-X , p. 143 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  4. ↑ RGBl. No. 53/1883 (= p. 199 ff.), § 22 (= p. 202)
  5. ^ Thomas Weiser: Workers' leaders in Czechoslovakia: A collective biography of social democratic and communist party functionaries 1918–1938 . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1999, ISBN 3-486-56018-2 , p. 74 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  6. ↑ Federal Law Gazette No. 245/1927 (= p. 1039 ff.)
  7. ^ Isabella Ackerl : Spiritual life in Austria during the First Republic . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1986, ISBN 3-486-53731-8 , p. 241 ( limited preview in Google Book search).