Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya

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Nadezhda Krupskaya

Nadezhda Krupskaya ( Russian Надежда Константиновна Крупская ., Scientific transliteration Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya * February 14 jul. / 26. February  1869 greg. In Saint Petersburg , † 27 February 1939 in Moscow ) was a Russian politician, revolutionary, teacher and Lenin's wife .

Life

Nadezhda Krupskaya 1895
Labeling at a day-care center in West-Staaken , today in Berlin-Spandau

Nadeschda Krupskaja was born in Saint Petersburg as the daughter of a teacher and the noble officer Konstantin Ignatjewitsch Krupski. She attended high school and then completed training as a teacher. She was teaching workers in a Marxist student circle in Saint Petersburg when she met Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, later Lenin, in 1894, who worked there as a lawyer in the MF Wolkenstein law firm.

They attended political events together and hit it off right away. In 1896 she was sentenced to two years in prison for “prohibited agitation”, of which she had to serve six months and which was followed by a three-year banishment . Their destination was the climatically unfavorable Ufa . She applied to be allowed to spend her exile as Ulyanov's “bride” in Shushenskoye ( she had offered to marry before Lenin's departure for Siberia , Lenin had refused); the application was granted, with the condition that Nadezhda Krupskaja's marriage to Ulyanov had to take place "immediately" and that after his exile she had to go to Ufa alone. The young woman traveled to Siberia with her mother, Jelisaveta Wassiljewna Krupskaja ; the mother Jelisaveta was to live with the future couple for life. After the church marriage in 1898, the family spent the period of exile in Shushenskoye. The exiles received financial support from the government amounting to 17 kopecks a day and employed a sixteen-year-old maid named Pasha Yashenko. During their exile they wrote Development of Capital in Russia . Nadezhda Krupskaja completed the work "Die Arbeitende Frau" ("Женщина - работница") in Shushenskoye, which was first printed in 1901 in Munich. In 1906 the font was reprinted in an edition of 20,000 copies and distributed free of charge to female employees and workers.

After the end of her exile, Nadezhda Krupskaya Ulyanov, who called himself Lenin from then on, followed to Munich with her mother .

Together they edited Iskra magazine and fought to build the party. The Krupskaya replaced an entire secretariat and an organization office. She took over all the correspondence that had to be carried out to build the revolutionary movement in Russia. Her language skills - she mastered German, French, English and Polish - proved to be indispensable in her long exile in Germany, Switzerland, France and Poland.

After the October Revolution of 1917, Nadezhda Krupskaja helped to build up the socialist school system and education system. During this period, she and Lenin rarely saw each other. Anatoly Lunacharsky was the commissar for popular education from 1917 to 1929, and she was mainly responsible for the school. In 1920 she was also head of the main committee for enlightenment (also: political education) at the commissariat for popular education. After Lenin's death in 1924, she took his place in congresses and received awards from the party ( CPSU ) on behalf of her deceased husband. Their attempt to prevent Joseph Stalin from taking power led to their political isolation. Nevertheless, in 1929 she was given the post of deputy commissar of education, which she held until the end of her life. Her protests against the restrictions on the polytechnic teaching under Stalin, which she promoted as a central element, remained unheard.

Since 1927 a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU , she was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor .

Nadezhda Krupskaya died on February 27, 1939 at the age of 70; her urn was buried in the Moscow Kremlin wall .

In the GDR , the name of Lenin's companion was often used to designate public institutions.

Others

At the beginning of his famous secret speech before the XX. CPSU party congress in February 1956 - this speech initiated de-Stalinization - quoted Khrushchev from two letters as follows:

Letter (December 23, 1922) from Krupskaya to Kamenev , who was then Chairman of the Politburo:

Lew Borisovich, because of the short letter Wlad sent me. Ilyich dictated with the doctors' permission, Stalin took the liberty of making a rough mistake with me yesterday. I haven't just joined the party yesterday. In all these thirty years I have not heard a single rude word from any comrade. The interests of the party and Ilyich are no less dear to me than they are to Stalin. I now need maximum self-control. I know better than any doctor what one can and cannot talk to Ilyich about, because I know what upsets him and what doesn't, in any case I know that better than Stalin. I turn to you and to Grigori as comrades who are closer to WI than others, and ask that you protect me from gross interference in my private life, from unworthy insults and threats. I have no doubt about the unanimous decision of the Control Commission, which Stalin allowed himself to threaten. But I have neither the strength nor the time to deal with these stupid intrigues. I'm a living person, too, and my nerves are tense.

N. Krupskaya.

On March 5, 1923, Lenin sent the following letter to Stalin (with a copy to Comrades Kamenev and Zinoviev ):

Dear Gen. Stalin!

They had the rudeness of calling my wife on the phone and berating her. Although she agreed to you to forget what was said, Zinoviev and Kamenev found out about this fact from herself. It is not my intention to easily forget what was done to me and of course I see what was done to my wife as something that was done to me too. Therefore, I ask you to consider whether you are willing to take what has been said and apologize, or whether you prefer to break off relations between us.

Sincerely, Lenin

An asteroid of the main belt , (2071) Nadezhda , and the island of Krupskoi in the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago were named after Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya.

Publications (selection)

literature

Web links

Commons : Nadeschda Konstantinowna Krupskaja  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Nadeshda Krupskaja: a biography . Dietz, Berlin 1978, ISBN 978-3-320-00399-9 , pp. 188 ( google.de [accessed on August 2, 2020]).
  2. ↑ quoted from http://www.1000dokumente.de , transcription of the names adapted
  3. ^ Lutz D. Schmadel : Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Volume 1 . Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2003, 5th edition, ISBN 3-540-00238-3 . Page 168 (English)
  4. ↑ Lidia Vlasowa: Women's names often found on cards , November 15, 2014, accessed on August 13, 2016 (Russian).
personal data
SURNAME Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Крупская, Надежда Константиновна (Russian); Krupskaja, Nadežda Konstantinovna
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian politician, wife and comrade of Lenin
DATE OF BIRTH February 26, 1869
PLACE OF BIRTH St. Petersburg
DATE OF DEATH February 27, 1939
Place of death Moscow