Necropolis on the Kremlin wall

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Necropolis on the Kremlin wall

The necropolis on the Kremlin Wall is a section of the Kremlin wall that surrounds the Moscow Kremlin , located directly on Red Square . It served the Soviet Union as a cemetery of honor . In addition to the country's political and military leaders, foreign communists such as Clara Zetkin and John Reed were also buried here.

The Lenin Mausoleum was erected on Red Square in front of the Kremlin wall, directly in front of the Senate Tower, built in 1491 . The cemetery of honor was created behind it. Today there are 12 individual and 15 communal graves along the fortifications , while the urns of a further 114 deceased are housed in the wall itself. The urns are located on both sides of the Senate Tower on the entire section between the Nicholas Tower and the Redeemer Tower .

history

The use of Red Square as a burial ground began in November 1917 when, towards the end of the October Revolution, two mass graves were created for the victims of the storm on the Kremlin (November 15, 1917). 238 Bolsheviks were buried in front of the outer wall of the Kremlin . In 1919 an important politician found his resting place here for the first time with Jakow Sverdlov . In 1924 the Lenin Mausoleum was built, after which the necropolis quickly developed into the politically most important cemetery in the Soviet Union. The burial of urns in the Kremlin wall began with the burial of Miron Vladimirov in 1925, and the necropolis has officially been a memorial site since 1974. Since the end of the Soviet Union, no new graves have been placed on the Kremlin wall.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union , several attempts were made to liquidate the memorial for political, religious or other reasons. This is offset by the current legislation, which prohibits reburial against the will of the bereaved.

List of tombs

Individual graves

The people who were buried in individual earth graves between the Lenin mausoleum and the wall of the Kremlin were mostly heads of state of the Soviet Union ( SO ), general secretaries of the CPSU ( GS ) and / or important military leaders. The following are buried here (from right to left):

  1. Konstantin Tschernenko (1911–1985), politician ( GS, SO )
  2. Semjon Budjonny (1883–1973), Marshal
  3. Kliment Voroshilov (1881–1969), Marshal and politician ( SO )
  4. Andrei Zhdanov (1896–1948), politician
  5. Michail Frunze (1885–1925), military leader
  6. Jakow Sverdlov (1885-1919), revolutionary and politician ( SO )
  7. Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1982), politician ( GS, SO )
  8. Felix Dzerzhinsky (1877–1926), revolutionary and organizer of the Cheka
  9. Yuri Andropov (1914–1984), head of the KGB and politician ( GS, SO )
  10. Michail Kalinin (1875–1946), politician ( SO )
  11. Josef Stalin (1878–1953), politician ( GS ), buried together with Lenin in the mausoleum until 1961
  12. Mikhail Suslow (1902–1982), politician

Community graves

Most of the Red Army soldiers , militiamen or Moscow party officials are buried in the communal graves, some of whom died in the first years after the revolution, some of them by assassinations. The names of many are not or not fully known. The people buried here also include important personalities, some of them foreigners (in alphabetical order):

  • Augusta Aasen (1878–1920), Norwegian social democratic politician in the Arbeiderpartiet
  • Inessa Armand (1874–1920), revolutionary of French descent
  • Mikhail Janyschew (1884–1920), revolutionary, participant in the civil war , Cheka and WZIK member
  • Lev Karpov (1879–1921), revolutionary and organizer of the Soviet chemical industry
  • Ivan Konstantinow (1887–1921), Bulgarian communist
  • Wassili Lichachev (1882–1924), revolutionary and politician
  • Nəriman Nərimanov (Nariman Narimanow, 1870–1925), Azerbaijani writer and politician, the city of Narimanow is named after him
  • Viktor Nogin (1878–1924), revolutionary and politician, the city of Noginsk and Moscow Square (and two metro stations in the past) Ploshchad Nogina are named after him
  • Vadim Podbelsky (1887–1920), revolutionary and politician, the Moscow street Ulitsa Podbelskowo is named after him (and the metro station of the same name from 1990 to 2014)
  • John Reed (1887–1920), American journalist and communist
  • Ivan Russakow (1877–1921), medic and revolutionary
  • Alexander Safonow (1871–1919), revolutionary and participant in the civil war
  • Vladimir Sagorsky (1883-1919), revolutionary and politician, the city of Sergiev Posad was named after him from 1930 to 1991 as Sagorsk
  • Ivan Schilin (1871–1922), revolutionary and member of the Cheka, confidante of Dzerzhinsky
  • Fyodor Sergejew ("Comrade Artyom"; 1883–1921), revolutionary and politician, who died while trying out an airplane-powered rail car; with him, among others, the designer of the car Walerian Abakowski (* 1895) and the German communists Otto Strupat (* 1893) and Oskar Helbrich (* 1884, also Hellbrück ), who are also buried here
  • Anton Stankewitsch (1862–1919), major general and civil war hero
  • Pyotr Woikow (1888–1927), revolutionary and party official, the Moscow metro station Woikowskaja is named after him
  • Wazlaw Worowski (1871–1923), literary critic, publicist and one of the first Soviet diplomats. Worowski was murdered in Lausanne in May 1923 ( Conradi affair ).

Urn graves

Most of the people who were given an urn - honorary grave on the Kremlin wall - were cremated in the crematorium at the new Donskoy cemetery . It was the first crematorium in Moscow and was established in the early 1920s when a former church was converted for this purpose. It operated until the mid-1970s and was also the only crematorium in the Soviet capital until then.

right side

(from right to left)

  1. William Dudley Haywood (1869–1928), radical American trade unionist
  2. Jenő Landler (1875–1928), Hungarian communist
  3. Arthur MacManus (1889-1927), British trade unionist
  4. Charles Ruthenberg (1882–1927), founder of the United States Communist Party
  5. Miron Vladimirov (1879–1925), revolutionary and politician
  6. Dmitri Ustinow (1908–1984), Marshal and Defense Minister of the Soviet Union
  7. Leonid Kostandow (1915–1984), politician
  8. Arvīds Pelše (Arwid Pelsche, 1899–1983), Latvian- Soviet politician
  9. Hovhannes Baghramjan (Iwan Bagramjan; 1897–1982), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  10. Alexei Kosygin (1904–1980), politician
  11. Fyodor Kulakov (1918–1978), politician
  12. Mstislaw Keldysch (Mstislavs Keldišs; 1911–1978), Latvian-Soviet mathematician, aerodynamics and space travel theorist
  13. Alexander Wassilewski (1895–1977), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  14. Georgi Zhukov (1896–1974), Marshal and Defense Minister of the Soviet Union
  15. Sergei Kamenew (1881–1936), military leader
  16. Alexander Karpinski (1847–1936), geologist and President of the Academy of Sciences
  17. Fritz Heckert (1884–1936), German communist
  18. Ivan Towstucha (1889–1935), Secretary of Stalin
  19. Pyotr Smidowitsch (1874–1935), revolutionary and politician
  20. Walerian Dowgalewski (1885–1934), revolutionary and diplomat
  21. Vyacheslav Menschinsky (1874–1934), revolutionary, politician and head of the GPU
  22. Alexander Steingart (1887–1934), politician
  23. Ilja Ussyskin (1910–1934), balloonist , had an accident with the stratospheric balloon Ossoawiachim 1
  24. Andrei Wassenko (1899–1934), balloon designer , had an accident with Ossoawiachim 1
  25. Pavel Fedossejenko (1898–1934), balloonist, had an accident with Ossoawiachim 1
  26. Anatoli Lunacharsky (1875–1933), cultural politician
  27. Sen Katayama (1859–1933), Japanese communist
  28. Abram Golzman (1894–1933), revolutionary and politician, first head of the Soviet civil aviation company
  29. Pyotr Baranow (1892–1933), revolutionary, military and party functionary
  30. Sergei Gusew (1874–1933), revolutionary and politician
  31. Alexei Swiderski (1878–1933), revolutionary and politician
  32. Michail Olminski (1863–1933), revolutionary, historian, literary critic and publicist
  33. Alexander Stopani (1871–1932), revolutionary and politician
  34. Kuprijan Kirkisch (1888–1932), revolutionary and politician
  35. Michail Pokrowski (1868–1932), Marxist and historian
  36. Pēteris Stučka (Peter Stucka, Pjotr ​​Stutschka; 1865–1932), Latvian-Soviet politician
  37. Juri Larin (Michail Salmanowitsch Lurje; 1882–1932), revolutionary, politician, economist and publicist
  38. Vladimir Triandafillow (1894–1931), military theorist
  39. Michail Michailow-Ivanov (1894–1931), revolutionary and economic politician
  40. Iwan Lepse (Janis Lepse; 1889–1929), Latvian-Soviet revolutionary, trade unionist and politician
  41. Ivan Skworzow-Stepanow (1870–1928), revolutionary, historian, economist and politician
  42. Alexander Zjurupa (1870–1928), revolutionary and politician
  43. Leonid Krassin (1870–1926), revolutionary and politician
  44. Clara Zetkin (1857–1933), German politician and women's rights activist

Left side

(from right to left)

  1. Grigory Ordzhonikidze ("Sergo"; 1886–1937), politician
  2. Sergei Kirov (1886–1934), politician
  3. Valerian Kuibyshev (1888–1935), politician
  4. Maxim Gorki (1868–1936), writer
  5. Marija Ulyanova (1878–1937), revolutionary and politician, sister of Lenin
  6. Valery Chkalov (1904–1938), pilot
  7. Nadeschda Krupskaja (1869–1939), revolutionary and politician, wife of Lenin
  8. Anatoli Serow (1910–1939), pilot and officer
  9. Polina Ossipenko (1907-1939), pilot
  10. Marina Raskowa (1912-1943), pilot
  11. Grigory Kravchenko (1912–1943), pilot and lieutenant general
  12. Konstantin Pamfilow (1901–1943), politician
  13. Jemeljan Jaroslawski (1878–1943), revolutionary, politician and journalist
  14. Klavdija Nikolajewa (1893–1944), revolutionary, politician and trade unionist
  15. Boris Shaposhnikov (1882–1945), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  16. Alexander Shcherbakov (1901–1945), politician and colonel general
  17. Vladimir Potjomkin (1874–1946), educator and diplomat
  18. Vasily Wachrushev (1902–1947), economic politician
  19. Rosalija Semlyachka (1876–1947), revolutionary and politician
  20. Fyodor Tolbuchin (1894–1949), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  21. Mikhail Vladimirsky (1874–1951), politician
  22. Alexander Yefremov (1904–1951), politician
  23. Lew Mechlis (1889–1953), revolutionary and politician
  24. Matwei Shkirjatov (1883–1954), politician
  25. Anatoli Kusmin (1903–1954), economic politician
  26. Andrei Wyschinski (1883–1954), lawyer and politician
  27. Leonid Goworow (1897–1955), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  28. Pavel Yudin (1902–1956), economic politician
  29. Ivan Likhachev (1896–1956), organizer of the Soviet auto industry
  30. Ivan Nossenko (1902–1956), politician and rear admiral
  31. Awraami Sawenjagin (1901–1956), lieutenant general and politician, one of the leaders of the Gulag
  32. Vyacheslav Malyshev (1902–1957), politician and colonel general
  33. Sergei Schuk (1892–1957), hydraulic engineering technician , site manager of large sewer construction projects in the Soviet Union
  34. Grigori Petrowski (Grygorij Petrowskyj; 1878–1958), Ukrainian-Soviet revolutionary and politician
  35. Ivan Tevosyan (1902–1958), politician
  36. Gleb Krschischanowski (1872–1959), revolutionary and politician, Vice President of the Academy of Sciences
  37. Igor Kurchatov (1903–1960), physicist, "father" of the Soviet atomic bomb
  38. Mitrofan Nedelin (1902–1960), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  39. Mikhail Khrunichev (1901–1961), politician
  40. Boris Wannikow (1897–1962), politician and colonel general
  41. Andrei Khrulyov (1892–1962), politician and army general
  42. Nikolai Dygai (1908–1963), politician
  43. Wladimir Kutscherenko (1909–1963), civil engineer and politician
  44. Otto Wille Kuusinen (1881–1964), Finnish- Soviet politician
  45. Sergei Birjusow (1904–1964), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  46. Frol Koslow (1908-1965), politician
  47. Sergei Kuraschow (1910–1965), health politician and publicist
  48. Sergei Koroljow (1907–1966), rocket designer, “father” of Soviet space travel
  49. Alexander Rudakov (1910–1966), politician
  50. Nikolai Ignatov (1901–1966), politician
  51. Jelena Stasowa (1873–1966), revolutionary and politician
  52. Rodion Malinowski (1898–1967), Marshal and Defense Minister of the Soviet Union
  53. Vladimir Komarov (1927–1967), cosmonaut, had an accident with Soyuz 1
  54. Nikolai Voronov (1899–1968), Marshal
  55. Juri Gagarin (1934–1968), cosmonaut and first person in space
  56. Vladimir Serjogin (1922–1968), pilot and colonel, had an accident with Yuri Gagarin
  57. Wassili Sokolowski (1897–1968), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  58. Konstantin Rokossowski (1896–1968), Marshal of the Soviet Union and Poland
  59. Kirill Merezkow (1897–1968), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  60. Semjon Tymoshenko (1895–1970), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  61. Andrei Jerjomenko (1892–1970), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  62. Nikolai Schwernik (1888–1970), politician, formally head of state of the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1953
  63. Georgi Dobrowolski (1928–1971), cosmonaut, had an accident with Soyuz 11
  64. Wladislaw Volkov (1935–1971), cosmonaut, had an accident with Soyuz 11
  65. Viktor Pazajew (1933–1971), cosmonaut, had an accident with Soyuz 11
  66. Matwei Sakharov (1898–1972), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  67. Nikolai Krylow (1903–1972), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  68. Ivan Konew (1897–1973), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  69. Andrei Grechko (1903–1976), Marshal of the Soviet Union
  70. Iwan Jakubowski (1912–1976), Marshal of the Soviet Union

literature

  • Alexei Abramov: At the Kremlin wall. Memorials and biographies of revolutionary fighters. Dietz , Berlin 1984.

Web links

Commons : Necropolis on the Kremlin Wall  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 55 ° 45 ′ 14.4 "  N , 37 ° 37 ′ 7.8"  E