Avraami Pavlovich Sawenjagin

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Awraami Pavlovich Sawenjagin ( Russian Авраамий Павлович Завенягин * April 1 jul. / 14. April  1901 greg. In the station uzlovaya ; † 31 December 1956 in Moscow ) was a Russian Metallurg and politicians .

Life

Savenjagin's father Pavel Ustinowitsch Savenjagin was a steam engine driver . The mother Pelageja Vladimirovna Savenjagina came from a farming family. Sawenjagin attended secondary school in Skopin from 1912 to 1919 . In November 1917 he became a member of the CPSU . 1919-1920 he was commissioner of the political department of a division of the Red Army . In 1920 he was sent to the Ukraine to work with the party . 1921–1923 he was secretary of the Okrug Committee of the CPSU in Jusowka .

1923-1930 studied Sawenjagin at the Moscow Mining Academy with training as a blast furnace . At the same time he was Vice-Rector for administrative and economic matters. In 1930 he was the first rector of the Moscow Institute for Steel and Alloys (MISiS). 1930–1931 he headed the Institute for the Design of Metallurgy Works in Leningrad . He then worked in the People's Commissariat for heavy mechanical engineering . From January to August 1933 he headed the metallurgy plant in Kamjanske .

1933–1937 Sawenjagin was director of the Magnitogorsky metallurgitscheski Kombat . After a brief activity as Deputy People's Commissar for Heavy Engineering, he became head of the construction of the Norilsk Mining- Metallurgy Combine (NGMK), which began in 1935 and which initially employed 8,000 and finally 1939 more than 19,000 NorilLag prisoners. The first production melt took place on March 6, 1939. On April 29, the NGKM delivered the first nickel .

In March 1941, Sawenjagin became Vice People's Commissar of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD, Ministry of the Interior from 1946). He was thus responsible for the general management of the NKVD industrial construction and structural measures with the main warehouse administrations of the mining-metallurgy companies, the hydropower plant buildings and the industrial buildings including the Dalstroi . Savenjagin became senior major in the state security of the NKVD in July 1941, third rank commissioner in February 1943 and lieutenant general in July 1945 .

According to the memories of Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov , Sawenjagin came into contact with the Soviet uranium project as early as 1943 , when the State Research Institute for Rare Metals (Giredmet) came into his area of ​​responsibility. There, in December 1944, Sinaida Vasilyevna Yerschowa produced the first uranium in the USSR. In the same month the State Defense Committee of the USSR (GKO) appointed Savenyagin responsible for uranium exploration in the USSR and the occupied territories. In addition, Sawenjagin also took over the uranium ore mining, which was previously carried out by the People's Commissars for non-ferrous metals Pyotr Fadejewitsch Lomako and steels Ivan Fyodorowitsch Tewosjan .

From 1945 to 1953, Savenyagin was a member of the special committee at the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the USSR, one of the leading figures in the Soviet atomic bomb project headed by Lavrenti Beria . As 1st Deputy Head of the 1st Headquarters at SNK, Sawenjagin was responsible for the entire production process from ore supply to plutonium production in nuclear reactors . According to the decision of August 20, 1945, the GKO Boris Lwowitsch Wannikow was the head of the 1st headquarters . As Beria's deputy, Wannikow was responsible for the engineering work in the project. He worked with the People's Commissar for the Chemical Industry, Mikhail Georgievich Pervukhin . Wannikow planned and built together with Igor Kurchatov , Sawenjagin and Nikolai Andreyevich Borisov (Deputy Chairman of Gosplan ) the work no. 817 (later Mayak ) and Isaak Kikoin , Sawenjagin and Borisov's work no. 813 (later Ural Electrochemical Combine ).

With Wannikow, who is also a member of the member of the State Defense Committee of the USSR Anastas Mikoyan was led Commission made Sawenjagin with the Gosplan chairman Nikolai Voznesensky , the People's Commissar for the electrical industry Ivan Grigoryevich Kabanov and Borisov for uranium ore -supply of Noginsker plant No. 12 (later Maschinenbauwerk Elektrostal ) through imports and reparations deliveries from the GDR . In Plant No. 12, the uranium rods for the F-1 nuclear reactor were melted using Soviet-made vacuum induction furnaces .

In 1945 Sawenjagin's staff had brought 40 German metallurgists, chemists and physicists , among them Nikolaus Riehl and Manfred von Ardenne , from the Soviet occupation zone to the USSR (over 300 people by 1948). Sawenjagin was now responsible for the work of the German laboratories . At the same time, under the leadership of Pawel Jakowlewitsch Meschik and Isaak Konstantinowitsch Kikoin, uranium reserves were searched for in the entire Soviet-controlled area. In addition to the known Taboshar - deposit was uranium production in Krywbas in Estonia and Trans-Baikal started. In Czechoslovakia , mining was resumed in Sankt Joachimsthal , and ore mining began in the Soviet occupation zone, which resulted in the Soviet-German joint stock company SDAG Wismut in 1954 .

When two accidents occurred in June 1948 during the commissioning of the A-1 nuclear reactor built by Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov in the Mayak combine, Savenyagin carried out the investigation with Kurchatov, during which he himself went to the contaminated central reactor hall. In the summer of 1949, the plutonium hemispheres for the first Soviet nuclear weapon were produced in the nuclear technology research institute KB-11 in Arsamas-16 in the presence of Sawenjagin . On August 19, 1949, Sawenjagin received the order for the transport of the RDS-1 from the KB-11 to the Semipalatinsk nuclear weapons test site and the final assembly. On the night of August 29, 1949, the neutron igniter was installed in his presence . Shortly after the test explosion on August 29, he drove to the explosion center in his car. There the car got stuck in the dust so that he had to return on foot and received a high dose of radiation .

In the 1950s, Sawenjagin devoted himself to coordinating applied and basic research. He approved the planning and construction of the world's first nuclear power plant Obninsk (1950) and took part in the first stages of building the nuclear fleet . His most important contribution was the clarification of the design principles when planning the nuclear reactors with regard to the competing groups of scientists ( Nikolai Antonowitsch Dolleschal , Anatoli Petrovich Alexandrow and others).

After Berias was shot and his closest collaborators were arrested in the summer of 1953, Savenyagin kept his position because of his twenty years of acquaintance with Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev . After the reorganization of the Ministry of Medium-Sized Machinery, Savenyagin became 1st Deputy Minister Vyacheslav Alexandrovich Malyshev and, in 1955, Minister as Malyshev's successor. Savenyagin's successor was Mikhail Georgievich Pervukhin in 1957.

Savenjagin was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1956) and a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1938-1956).

Savenjagin was married to Marija Nikiforovna Savenjagina and had two children. His granddaughter Alissa Juljewna Sawenjagina was an actress at the Moscow Yermolova - Theater .

Savenyagin's urn was buried on the Moscow Kremlin wall .

Sawenjagin monuments can be found in Uslowaya and Norilsk. The NGMK has had Sawenjagin's name since 1957. The icebreaker Awraami Sawenjagin leads ships on the Yenisei to the port of Igarka . There is an All-Russian Savenyagin competition of the best theses in the field of metallurgy and metallurgy .

Honors, prizes

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Елфимов Ю. Н .: Маршал индустрии: Биографический очерк о А. П. Завенягине . 2nd Edition. Юж.-Урал. кн. изд-во, Tscheljabinsk 1991, ISBN 5-7688-0491-9 ( biblioatom.ru [accessed May 7, 2019]).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Landeshelden: Завенягин Авраамий Павлович (accessed on May 6, 2019).
  3. ↑ Большая российская энциклопедия: ЗАВЕНЯ́ГИН Авраамий Павлович (accessed May 7, 2019).
  4. ↑ Принципиальный Завенягин (accessed May 7, 2019).
  5. ↑ О. Горст: ЧЕРЕЗ ТУНДРУ ОТ ДУДИНКИ ДО НОРИЛЬСКА . In: Камертон . No. 33 , 2003, p. 12 ( libozersk.ru [accessed May 7, 2019]).
  6. ↑ Распоряжение ГКО № 9887сс / оп от 08/20/45 . ( Wikisource [accessed May 3, 2019]).
  7. ↑ Протокол № 9 заседания Специального комитета 30 ноября 1945 . ( Wikisource [accessed May 4, 2019]).
  8. ↑ М. Г. Первухин: Как была решена атомная проблема в нашей стране . In: Новая и новейшая история . No. 5 , 2001 ( astronet.ru [accessed May 4, 2019]).
  9. ↑ Постановление ГКО № 9944сс / оп от 08/30/45 . ( Wikisource [accessed May 6, 2019]).
  10. ↑ a b М. Я. Важнов: А. П. Завенягин: страницы жизни . ПолиМЕдиа, Moscow 2002, ISBN 5-89180-038-1 ( webcitation.org [accessed May 6, 2019]).
  11. ↑ Шевченко, Теодор: Школа Завенягина (accessed May 6, 2019).
  12. ↑ Алиса Завенягина (Буланова Алиса Юльевна) (accessed May 6, 2019).
  13. ↑ АВРААМИЙ ЗАВЕНЯГИН (accessed May 6, 2019).
personal data
SURNAME Sawenjagin, Avraami Pavlovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Завенягин, Авраамий Павлович (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian metallurgist and politician
DATE OF BIRTH April 14, 1901
PLACE OF BIRTH Uzlovaya
DATE OF DEATH December 31, 1956
Place of death Moscow