Nikolai Antonowitsch doll scarf

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nikolay Dollezhal ( Russian Николай Антонович Доллежаль * 15 . Jul / 27. October  1899 greg. In Omelnik , yekaterinoslav governorate , Russian Empire , now in the Zaporizhia Oblast , Ukraine ; † 20th November 2000 in Moscow ) was a Soviet power engineers who contributed to the construction of the first Soviet atomic bomb and later worked as the chief developer of graphite-moderated nuclear reactors . The best-known reactor line from his development is the RBMK .

biography

Dolleschal graduated from Moscow State Technical University in engineering in 1923. From 1925 to 1929 he worked in various design offices before taking a trip to Europe in 1929. On his return he was arrested in 1930 and released in January 1932. Dolleschal was the director of various factories in Kiev, Leningrad and Sverdlovsk. In 1943 he was appointed head of the Institute for Chemical Drives ( химического машиностроения ) in Moscow. In 1946 the institute was affiliated with the project to build the Soviet atomic bomb . Together with Igor Kurchatov , he constructed the first nuclear reactors (built in the Mayak nuclear facility ) in which the plutonium for the construction of the first Soviet nuclear explosive devices was extracted. From 1950 he developed nuclear reactors for use in submarines . With the participation of Anatoli Petrovich Alexandrow , Dolleschal took over the scientific work for the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk from 1949 . The construction of the reactor was taken over by Kurchatov, whereby in a vote against the will of Kurchatov the choice fell on a graphite-moderated model. The plant started operations in 1954.

In the same year he designed a light water reactor that was small enough for use in a submarine. In 1958, the Research and Construction Institute for Energy Technology (NIKIET) headed by Dolleschal since 1952 was able to put the EI-2 (Tomsk-7) nuclear power plant into operation. In addition to the production of fissile material that could be used by the military, it was also suitable for civilian energy generation by using the waste heat generated during plutonium production. In 1958 Dolleschal also put the nuclear power plant in Troitsk into operation. This used reactors from its own development. The plant was already used to generate electricity on a large scale, but the main purpose of the plant was also here to generate plutonium.

In 1964, Dolleschal put the Belojarsk nuclear power plant into operation, the first AMB-100 reactor of which was used for the first time to generate electricity directly. A special feature of the reactor was that it worked with superheated steam (→ boiling water reactor ). This design led to technical problems with the AMB-100. Therefore, in 1967, the second reactor with a capacity of 200 MW was put into operation in Belojarsk in a revised and slightly improved version of the first unit. Since the first reactor models did not work economically enough, Dolleschal and Alexandrow tackled the development of a high-performance reactor, which later became known as the RBMK-1000 with an output of 1000 MW. The development of the pressurized water reactors of the VVER type had already begun at this time. However, Dolleschal and Alexandrow were the heads of the most influential institutes in the Soviet Union in nuclear energy, which is why the development of the components for the RBMK could be carried out much faster than for the VVER. Another reason for preferring the RBMK was that there were many more supporters of Dolleschal's technology.

In 1973 the RBMK-1000 model first went into operation in the Leningrad nuclear power plant , followed by 16 more reactors of this line. After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, six other projects involving RBMK reactors were canceled. In the same year Dolleschal went unofficially into retirement because of the Chernobyl reactor disaster. Yevgeny Olegowitsch Adamow took over the management of the institute named after him .

Doll scarves grave

After his death in 2000, Nikolai Antonowitsch Dolleschal was buried in a simple grave in a small cemetery near Zvenigorod, west of Moscow.

Awards

In the course of his career, Dolleschal received, among other titles, the Order of Hero of Socialist Labor twice (1949, 1984), which was one of the highest endowed civil awards in the Soviet Union.

In 1957 he received the Lenin Prize for the development of the Obninsk nuclear power plant .

In 1999 he was awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland II degree.

Publications

  • Доллежаль Н.А. et al .: Развитие энергетических реакторов типа Белоярской АЭС с ядерным перегревом пара (development of nuclear reactors of the steam-powered reactor type); III. Международная конференция ООН по использованию атомной энергии в мирных целях; Доклад № 309. 1964
  • Энергетика будущего (The Future of Energy Production ), magazine «Наука и Жизнь» (Science and Life) 5/1964
  • Н.А. Доллежаль, И.Я. Емельянов: Канальный ядерный энергетический реактор , Atomisdat , Moscow 1980
  • Из воспоминаний (About memories), magazine «Наука и Жизнь» (Science and Life) 10/1985
  • У истоков рукотворного мира (At the roots of the human-made world), “Знание” (Knowledge) magazine, Moscow, 1989
  • Трисекция угла ( trisection of the angle ), magazine «Наука и Жизнь» (science and life) 3/1998 ( online )

literature

  • Thomas B. Cochran, William M. Arkin, Robert S. Norris, Jeffrey I. Sands: Soviet Nuclear Weapons ; Harper & Row. New York 1989; ISBN 0-88730-049-9
  • В.С. Емельянов (Red.): Атомная энергия , Государственное научное издательство "Большая Совергия " , 1958
  • Andranik Melkonovich Petrosy'ants, WE Jones (transl.): Problems of nuclear science and technology: the Soviet Union as a world nuclear power ; Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press, 1981; ISBN 0080254624
  • Jeanne Vronskaya, Vladimir Chuguev: A Biographical Dictionary of the Soviet Union 1917-1988 ; KG Saur London 1989; ISBN 0-86291-470-1

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Vronskaya, Chuguev: A Biographical Dictionary of the Soviet Union , p 80
  2. ↑ a b c Vladimir M. Chernousenko: Chernobyl: The Truth. In: Rowohlt Verlag GmbH, Reinbek near Hamburg, 1992. ISBN 349806505X
  3. ↑ Petrosy'ants: Problems of nuclear science and technology , p. 103 (quote from Dollschal from 1976)
  4. ↑ Science and Technology (Наука и техника, 1987). Retrieved June 11, 2018 (Russian).
  5. ^ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 25, 1999. Retrieved June 11, 2018 (Russian).
personal data
SURNAME Doll scarf, Nikolai Antonowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Доллежаль, Николай Антонович (Russian spelling)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Soviet power engineer, and nuclear reactor developer
DATE OF BIRTH October 27, 1899
PLACE OF BIRTH Omelnik , Yekaterinoslav Governorate , Russian Empire , now Zaporizhia Oblast , Ukraine
DATE OF DEATH November 20, 2000
Place of death Moscow