Leningrad nuclear power plant
| Leningrad nuclear power plant | ||
|---|---|---|
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| location | ||
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| Coordinates | 59 ° 51 '8 " N , 29 ° 3' 4" E | |
| Country: |
 Russia
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| Data | ||
| Owner: | Rose energoatom | |
| Operator: | Rose energoatom | |
| Project start: | March 1, 1970 | |
| Commercial operation: | Nov. 1, 1974 | |
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Active reactors (gross): |
3 (3000 MW) | |
| Energy fed in in 2010: | 25,305.49 GWh | |
| Energy fed in since commissioning: | 752,758 GWh | |
| Website: | http://www.lnpp.ru | |
| Was standing: | June 9, 2011 | |
| The data source of the respective entries can be found in the documentation . | ||
The Leningrad nuclear power plant ( Russian Ленинградская АЭС [ ]) consists of four reactors of the type RBMK with an output of 1,000 MW each and is located 70 km west of Saint Petersburg on a bay of the Gulf of Finland . The power plant is also known under the name of the workers' town of Sosnovy Bor . The successor power plant Leningrad II is being built in the immediate vicinity of the Leningrad nuclear power plant . The abandoned Sosnovy Bor nuclear power plant is also located on the site .
The first two units of the power plant belong to the first generation, the third and fourth units to the second generation of RBMK reactors. First generation RBMK are believed to be the most dangerous reactors in the world.
history
The plant was planned from 1967. The first two reactors were connected to the grid in 1973 and 1975 and, after almost a year of trial operation, went into production the following year. With Unit 1, the first RBMK-1000 reactor ever built was used. The third and fourth reactors were connected to the grid in 1979 and 1981 and went into production every six months. The state-owned company Rosenergoatom is the owner and operator of the nuclear power plant .
According to the competent authority Rosatom , the nuclear power plant is designed to generate around 28 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. In 2004 it generated 24.279 billion kilowatt hours, according to Rosatom. 28% of the generated electricity is supplied to the Saint Petersburg area and covers 50% of their electricity needs. 25% of the electricity generated is exported to Finland.
In 2003, upgrade work was carried out on reactor 1. The Russian Atomic Energy Agency extended the operating license for reactors 1 and 2 for another 10 to 15 years. The upgrade from Unit 3 to MKER technology was completed on May 12, 2008 after a one-year shutdown . This extended the operating time of the block by a further 20 years.,
Today, units 1 and 2 are already significantly older than the decommissioning criterion of 40 years originally intended for western NPPs (which can now be exceeded after a thorough top-to-bottom analysis and strict aging monitoring).
Environmental damage
According to Russian environmentalists from the Green World organization, pine trees within a five-kilometer radius of Sosnovy Bor have three times more cell renewal than those 30 kilometers away. This is a clear sign of poor environmental conditions. A long-term study by the Institute for Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology has also proven damage to the pine tree around Sosnowy Bor.
In addition, there is major damage from the warm wastewater that is pumped into Koporskaya Bay in the Gulf of Finland. The warm water provides an excellent basis for blue-green algae . Several million fish die each year in the weirs, which severely damages the food chain and the entire Gulf of Finland ecosystem. In addition, there is the burden of rotting wood chips that are added to the cooling water to seal leaks in the heat exchanger.
Incidents and dangers
The first accident occurred in the first year of operation on February 6, 1974. In block 1, the heat exchanger broke due to boiling water. Radioactive water from the primary circuit was released into the environment together with highly radioactive filter sludge. Three people died. ( INES : 4–5)
Soon afterwards, in October 1975, the next accident occurred in Unit 1 of the power plant. Several fuel assemblies melted and the reactor core was partially destroyed; however, the graphite moderator blocks did not catch fire. As with the Windscale fire , an attempt was made to counter the risk of fire by pumping an emergency reserve of nitrogen through the reactor core and then blowing off about 1.5 megacurie (55 PBq) of gaseous fission products through the exhaust chimney together with the gaseous fission products that had escaped from the damaged fuel elements. ( INES : 4–5)
This accumulation of accidents in the early operating phase is attributed in expert circles to the pressure of the political leadership to put some flagship nuclear power plants into operation on the scheduled date regardless of the fact that they are not yet fully completed. From the technically related unit 1 of the Ignalina nuclear power plant in Lithuania, also a prestige project of the former Soviet Union, it became known on record in the context of Lithuania's accession negotiations to the EU, for example, that it was put into operation, although only some of the safety equipment was operational.
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In 1992, a fuel pipe broke in the third block of the Leningrad nuclear power plant. The resulting radioactive cloud drifted first to Finland, then back and as far as central Russia. Since this incident at the latest, it has been assumed that the pine forest around the nuclear power plant is contaminated.
On December 15, 2005 at 3:00 am, one of the melting furnaces of a metal smelter built under questionable circumstances on the power plant site, in which low-level radioactive metal waste from the nuclear power plant is recycled, exploded. Radioactivity was not released outside the facility, but at least three workers were injured by the metal ejection, at least one of whom died from his injuries. Violations of the accident prevention regulations were given as the reason for the accident. The branches of the Norwegian environmental protection organization Bellona and Greenpeace in Saint Petersburg have been pointing out the danger that a metal smelter in the immediate vicinity of a nuclear power plant, which has actually been built without a permit, has been for years. At the time of the accident, reactor 2 had already been shut down for almost six months due to a general overhaul.
On August 15, 2006, the first reactor block was automatically disconnected from the grid and shut down due to a short circuit.
On October 28, 2006, the second block was automatically switched off due to the striking weather. The reason for this was a short circuit at 6:58 a.m. in the 330 kV network into which turbo generator number 4 is feeding. At 7:15 am the turbo generator number 3 stopped. Therefore, the entire block 2 had to be shut down.
After the completion of the upgrade of Unit 3 on May 12th, an automatic shutdown occurred on May 15th, 2008 after an error in the system. The reactor should be restarted after the error has been eliminated. A false report was spread in the news that block 3 of the power station had exploded. This was based on information from hackers who had manipulated the Rosatom homepage. The hackers wrote a press release stating that Unit 3 of the power plant had exploded and that the area was being prepared for an evacuation. On May 20th, many reporters came to the power plant because of this hoax. The norm of 0.13 mSv / h was not exceeded. Shortly after the media reported the hoax, a press release was issued by the Civil Protection Service that it was a hoax. Those responsible were identified and arrested for panicking the Saint Petersburg area.
On October 2, 2015, a storm caused a large amount of seaweed to get into the cooling circuit of Unit 3, which then had to be shut down. This led to a three-day failure of the reactor block, which could be restarted on October 5, 2015 after the seaweed was manually removed.
In December 2015, the power plant had to be shut down manually after a pipeline burst and steam was released into the environment. It is unclear whether the steam was radioactively contaminated, as the power plant only has one water cycle. The operator denied that the steam was contaminated and that no values exceeding the limit value were measured.
The power plant with the same technology as in Chernobyl is causing some concern, especially in Finland (see for example the accident in 1992). Finnish territory is around 200 km away. If the Chernobyl cloud had escaped here, drifted partly to the west / north-west and partly rained out over this area ( wash-out ), the contamination would have been approximately the same as in the Belarusian region north of Gomel, which was badly hit in 1986 .
Leningrad II
The Leningrad II nuclear power plant is to replace the old power plant. In May 2006, the head of the Russian atomic energy agency Rosatom presented plans for a new building with six reactor blocks. On the one hand, these should replace the current four blocks [obsolete] by 2019 at the latest and , on the other hand, withstand the growing energy demand in the Saint Petersburg area. Six pressurized water reactors of the type WWER-1160 are planned. Each block should have an output of 1160 MW. Construction work began on August 30, 2007. The VVER-1160 will be the first of its kind and is likely to be followed by a series. The VVER-1160 is based on experience gained during the construction of the reactors in Tianwan and Kudankulam . Atomstroiexport won the tender to build the new power plant on February 28th . The cost is said to be around 135 billion rubles . According to Rosatom, the commissioning of the first block should take place in 2013, but actually only took place in March 2018. On October 29, 2018, Leningrad II-1 went into commercial operation, but on December 22, 2018, Leningrad I-1 was shut down.
Data of the reactor blocks
The Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant has four blocks :
| Reactor block | Reactor type | net power |
gross power |
start of building | Network synchronization |
Commercialization of essential operation |
switching off processing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leningrad 1 | RBMK-1000 | 925 MW | 1,000 MW | 03/01/1970 | December 21, 1973 | 11/01/1974 | December 22, 2018 |
| Leningrad 2 | RBMK-1000 | 925 MW | 1,000 MW | 06/01/1970 | 07/11/1975 | 02/11/1976 | (Planned for 2021) |
| Leningrad 3 | RBMK-1000 | 925 MW | 1,000 MW | December 01, 1973 | December 07, 1979 | 06/29/1980 | (Planned for 2025) |
| Leningrad 4 | RBMK-1000 | 925 MW | 1,000 MW | 02/01/1975 | 02/09/1981 | 08/29/1981 | (Planned for 2026) |
See also
swell
- ↑ a b World Nuclear Association - "Nuclear Power in Russia"
- ↑ http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/eng/press/news/article/?article-id=37F64D1D-67F5-41A1-9CD4-3B8662D43E98 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically saved as marked defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ HSK : Annual report 2002 of regulatory safety research
- ↑ Page of the environmental protection organization Bellona (English) ( Memento of the original dated December 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Prof. Dr. MV Malko: The Chernobyl Reactor: Design Features and Reasons for Accident ( PDF )
- ^ Reyl, Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant
- ↑ Melting furnace explodes ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ More - Storm in Saint Petersburg: Nuclear Power Plant Shuts Down
- ↑ The administration of Leningrad NPP and Sosnovy Bor have commented on the rumors about accident at LNPP ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Rosatom May 15, 2008: Presscenter 3rd unit of Leningrad NPP has been stopped, radiation background is within norm ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ http://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2015-10-seaweed-shuts-down-reactor-at-leningrad-nuclear-plant
- ^ Hot steam in Sosnovy Bor . In: Die Tageszeitung , December 19, 2015. Accessed December 21, 2015.
- ↑ Federal Commission for AC Protection et al. (Switzerland): 10 years after Chernobyl , 1996
- ↑ Article in Rosatom about the planned construction of the Leningrad II nuclear power plant on March 12, 2008 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/en/for-journalists/news/29805/
- ↑ Power Reactor Information System of the IAEA : "Russian Federation: Nuclear Power Reactors" (English)
- ↑ a b c Nuclear Power in Russia. World Nuclear Association (WNA) , March 22, 2017, accessed April 23, 2017 .
Web links
- Leningrad nuclear power plant at operator Rosenergoatom ( Russian / English )
- Plague: Leningrad (Russia)
- The nuclear power plant on a German private website
- The nuclear power plant on the website of the environmental organization Bellona (English)
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