Sinaida Wassiljewna Yerschowa

Zinaida Vasilyevna Jerschowa ( Russian Зинаида Васильевна Ершова ; born October 23 ^{. Jul} / 5. November  1904 ^greg. In Moscow ; † 25. April 1995 ibid) was a Russian radio chemist .

Life

After attending school, Yershova began studying at Moscow University (MGU) in 1923 and enrolled in the radiochemical laboratory. During her first course she met a son Nikolai Alexandrovich Vtorov and married him. During their honeymoon in Sochi, they both contracted typhus and he died of diphtheria . In the summer of 1924 she became Vice Director of the Leningrad Radium Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (AN-SSSR, since 1991 Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN)) Vitaly Grigoryevich Chlopinknown who was then its scientific director for a long time. At the end of her studies in the physical - mechanical department of the MGU, she defended her diploma thesis on radioactivity in 1929 .

After completing his studies, Yerschowa began to work on the industrial extraction of radium from the uranium ore of the Tuja-Mujun deposit in the Ferghana Valley in Marhamat district in accordance with Chlopin's advice in the Moscow plant for rare elements . In 1930 she became head of the physics laboratory, and in late 1931 the first radium was delivered.

Yerschowa married the first procurator of Moscow (1904-1938) AW Filippow, with whom she had the daughter Xenija (Xenija's daughter Marina Sergejewna Schukowa married the journalist Nikolai Karlowitsch Swanidze ). Filippov was shot dead during the Stalin Purge in 1938.

In December 1936, Yershova was sent to Paris to the Marie Curies laboratory of the Institut du Radium , where she determined the ²³⁸ U / ²³⁵ U ratio in U Y with Irène Joliot-Curie and published it in the Journal de Physique in 1937 . After returning to the USSR , on the recommendation of Chlopin, in 1938 she moved to the State Research Institute for Rare Metals (Giredmet) of the People's Commissariat for Non-ferrous Metals of the USSR as head of the Radium Laboratory .

During the German-Soviet War , Yershova was evacuated from Kazakhstan and headed a pig sowchos . In February 1943 she was suddenly ordered back to Moscow to work in the Giredmet on the Soviet atomic bomb project . By Igor Kurchatov she was commissioned as quickly as uranium carbide to deliver and uranium. In the same year she defended her candidate dissertation at the Moscow Lomonosov Institute for Fine Chemical Technology with the results of her Paris work. In December 1944, it produced the first Soviet uranium and shifted the required materials to Moscow Laboratory No. 2 (later Kurchatov Institute ), where the first F-1 nuclear reactor was built. In her report to the Vice People's Commissar for Internal Affairs (NKVD) Avraami Pavlovich Savenyagin , she called for the establishment of a new special institute in Moscow for the tasks set. The NKVD had already been asked to set up a special research institute for the atomic bomb project. On December 8, 1944, the State Defense Committee of the USSR (GKO) decided to establish this institute for special metals Inspezmet and within 15 days requested proposals for the organization of the Inspezmet, which then became the Research Institute NII-9 and later the High Technology Research Institute for Inorganic Materials ( WNIINM) and now bears the name Andrei Anatoljewitsch Botschwars . The technical task for the project planning was prepared at the beginning of 1945 by the Giredmet employees Jerschowa, Vsewolod Dmitrijewitsch Nikolski and NS Powizki.

Yershova memorial plaque at WNIINM

In May 1945, Yershova did not follow the suggestion to go to Germany to carry out the reparations . By resolution of August 30, 1945, it was commissioned to manufacture uranium bars with a mass of several kilograms in factory no. 12 (later mechanical engineering plant ) in Elektrostal . At the beginning of 1946 she moved to Inspezmet as laboratory manager with a group of employees. In the first two years she led the radiochemical work together with the first director Viktor Borissowitsch Shevchenko . In December 1947 the first micrograms of a light blue plutonium solution were obtained. In 1948, semi-industrial polonium production was carried out in Yershova's laboratory . Under her leadership, the constant ecological polonium production developed from this . The thermoelectric generator with the polonium isotope ²¹⁰ Po , developed in their laboratory at WNIINM in the late 1960s , was used in Lunochod 1 in 1970 and in Lunochod 2 in 1973 . She was a doctor of engineering and a professor . Igor Vasilyevich Petryanov-Sokolov was one of Yershova's students . Yefim Pavlovich Slavsky held her in high esteem . In 1989, Yershova left the WNIINM after more than 40 years of work.

Yershova was buried in the Vagankovo ​​cemetery .

In 2004, a commemorative plaque was put up at the WNIINM for Yershova's 100th birthday.

Honors, prizes

• Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1949)
• Stalin Prize (1949, 1951, 1953) for contributions to the development of the nuclear project
• Honored Scientist at the RSFSR
• Chlopin Prize of the AN-SSSR (1968) for work on polonium chemistry

Web links

• Literature by and about Ershova, Zinaida Vasilʹevna or Ershova, ZV in the bibliographic database WorldCat

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} WNIINM: ЕРШОВА ЗИНАИДА ВАСИЛЬЕВНА (accessed May 7, 2019).
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Rosatom : Выдающиеся деятели атомной отрасли Зинаида Васильевна Ершова (accessed May 7, 2019).
3. ↑ ^{a b} WNIINM: Зинаида Васильевна Ершова (accessed May 7, 2019).
4. ↑ Rosatom: К 110-летю со дня рождения Зинаиды Васильевны Ершовой (accessed May 8, 2019).
5. ↑ ^{a b} ЛЮБИМЫЕ ЖЕНЩИНЫ НИКОЛАЯ СВАНИДЗЕ (accessed May 7, 2019).
6. ↑ Плотников Владимир: ЗИНАИДА ВАСИЛЬЕВНА - Ночной кошмар с Николаем Сванидзе (accessed May 7, 2019).
7. ↑ Юлия Гришина: Расстрельное дело московских прокуроров . In: Komsomolskaya Pravda . tape 21 , no. 26169 , February 21, 2013 ( [1] accessed May 7, 2019).
8. ↑ ZV Erchova: Sur le coefficient d'absorption du rayonnement β de l'uranium Y . In: J. Phys. Radium . tape 8 , no. 12 , 1937, pp. 501–504 , doi : 10.1051 / jphysrad: 01937008012050100 ( [2] accessed May 7, 2019).
9. ↑ Атомный проект СССР. Экскурс в историю (accessed May 7, 2019).
10. ↑ Постановление ГКО № 7102сс / ов от 08.12.44 . ( Wikisource accessed May 7, 2019).
11. ↑ WНИИНМ: Первое упоминание об институте. Постановление ГКО от 8 декабря 1944 г. (accessed on May 7, 2019).
12. ↑ WNIINM: Первые шаги самоходной станции Луноход - 1 (accessed May 7, 2019).
13. ↑ Семейные истории: Ершова Зинаида Васильевна (accessed May 7, 2019).
14. ↑ Yershova's grave (accessed May 7, 2019).
15. ↑ RAN: Премия имени В.Г. Хлопина (accessed May 8, 2019).