Jáchymov
| Jáchymov | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Region : | Karlovarský kraj | ||||
| District : | Karlovy Vary | ||||
| Area : | 5110.4001 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 22 ' N , 12 ° 55' E | ||||
| Height: | 672 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 2,511 (Jan 1, 2019) | ||||
| Postal code : | 362 51-363 01 | ||||
| License plate : | K | ||||
| structure | |||||
| Status: | city | ||||
| Districts: | 5 | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Mayor : | Bronislav Grulich (as of 2008) | ||||
| Address: | nám. Republiky 1 362 51 Jáchymov |
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| Municipality number: | 555215 | ||||
| Website : | www.mestojachymov.cz | ||||
| Location of Jáchymov in the Karlovy Vary district | |||||
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Jáchymov ( German Sankt Joachimsthal ) is a city in the Karlovy Vary Region in the Czech Republic .
After the discovery of considerable silver deposits in 1516, the old mining town developed in leaps and bounds from a previously existing mining settlement and rose to become the most important mining town in the entire Ore Mountains in the 16th century . The high profits from silver mining contributed to the development of an important complex of late Gothic and Renaissance city architecture, which is largely preserved to the present day , at the height of mining in the first half of the 16th century .
In the vicinity of Jáchymov there are also evidence of mining and metallurgy from the time of silver and non-ferrous metal mining from the 16th to the 19th century and uranium mining in the 20th century. These testimonies, as well as the urban monument protection zone declared in 1992, are part of the “Jáchymov Mining Cultural Landscape” in the Ore Mountains Mining Region UNESCO World Heritage Site .
Radon-containing springs discovered at the beginning of the 20th century in the course of mining established a health spa that has remained important up to the present day, as well as the status of the city as the oldest radium salt spa in the world.
geography
Location and surroundings
The city is located in western Bohemia on the steep southern slope of the Ore Mountains, on the state road Silnice I / 25 from the border crossing Oberwiesenthal - Boží Dar (Gottesgab) to Karlsbad. The city center extends in the deeply cut valley of the Jáchymovský potok (Weseritz), with the northern entrance to the village at around 775 m nm , the spa park in the south at just 600 m nm
City structure
The town of Jáchymov consists of the districts Jáchymov (Sankt Joachimsthal), Mariánská (Mariasorg), Nové Město (New Town), Suchá (Dürnberg) and Vršek (Werlsberg). Basic settlement units are Jáchymov-Radium Palace, Jánský vrch, Klínovec (Elbecken), Mariánská, Můstek (Rauschererb), Nové Město, Panorama, Popov (Pfaffengrün), Suchá, Svornost (unity) and Vršek.
The urban area is divided into the cadastral districts of Jáchymov and Popov u Jáchymova.
Neighboring places
| Boží Dar (God's gift) | Oberwiesenthal | |
| Abertamy (Abertham) |
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Loučná pod Klínovcem (Bohemian Wiesenthal) |
| Merklín (Merkelsgrün) | Ostrov (Schlackenwerth) | Krásný Les (Schönwald) |
history
.JPG)
16th Century
In 1516 large silver deposits were discovered near Conradsgrün, where insignificant mining was carried out. Before there was a great wilderness around this valley, in which the Meißner and Schlackenwerther were built. In the place where the sermon chair now stands, there was a patch of meadow where many a bear had been shot - a mill on the Brodmarket and a hammer (mechanism) where the two waters come together . The area of the meadow was called Konradsgrün . As a result, the place was renamed "Sankt Joachimsthal" in 1517 based on the mountain town of Sankt Annaberg . In 1518 the first printed mountain regulations for Sankt Joachimsthal appeared in Leipzig . In 1520 the Count Schlick , whose pledged possession was Joachimsthal, received the minting privilege and Joachimsthal was raised to a free mining town by the Bohemian King Ludwig II . Freudenstein Castle lay over the town . The Joachimstaler , which was probably struck for the first time in 1519 , later gave the taler and dollar their name.
The rich yield made the Count Schlick one of the richest noble families in Bohemia. Since 1517 Count Stefan Schlick and his brothers had the upper regiment over the "Thal". He was missing since the Battle of Mohács in 1526, nominally lord of Joachimsthal until 1528. After Stephen's declaration of death, the Habsburg new Bohemian King Ferdinand brought about the withdrawal of the coin privilege granted subject to the royal shelf. As a result, the Schlicks only minted as stewards in the name of the king, the Joachimstaler was no longer minted after 1528.
In 1533 silver mining reached its highest yield with 241,875 thalers, in the following year the city had 18,200 inhabitants in 1200 houses and over 900 mines with around 100 associated buildings, in which 9200 miners worked. In the course of this rapid growth, there had been repeated revolts by the miners, as early as 1517 - with a peaceful outcome. Another followed in 1523. When heavy looting took place in 1525, the Schlicks mobilized 2500 armed men to restore order.
The Schlicks had introduced the Reformation in Joachimsthal since 1523 . In the Schmalkaldic War of 1546–1547 they were therefore on the Protestant side against Habsburg, Joachimsthal was temporarily occupied by allied Saxon troops. After the decisive battle of Mühlberg , the Schlicks lost Joachimsthal to Habsburg.
For the year 1563 the stately numbers of 109 marriages and 396 child baptisms are noted, then with the increasing exhaustion of the silver deposits the decline of the city began: in 1584 only 200 miners were employed in silver mining, the yield in 1579 was only 6,450 thalers.
17th century
The city was re-Catholicized from 1621 onwards, and many Protestant citizens and miners emigrated to the nearby Electorate of Saxony .
19th century
In the 19th century, the city was the seat of a district authority , a district court and a mining and smeltery administration. The local mining industry was operated partly by state-owned and partly by private companies. In addition to silver (1885: 227 quintals), nickel , bismuth and pitchblende were also won .
However, the production of minable ores declined. In the middle of the 19th century, the Supreme Mining Administration in Vienna intended to keep pits and the associated iron and steel works in the village in order to secure income for the local population. Efforts were made to find a way to recycle the pitchblende that had only been removed / accumulated until then. In 1852, the chemist and mining scientist Adolf Patera was commissioned to try to improve existing methods of ore processing and to develop new processes. One result of this was the possibility of obtaining uranium dyes from pitchblende.
Patera recognized that uranium compounds could be used financially in the glass and porcelain industry. The improvement of the manufacturing process through his test results ushered in a turning point and as early as 1853 the scheduled mining of uranium ore for the production of paint began in the Einigkeit mine .
In 1856, a uranium dye factory was set up in the ironworks, which was under the state coal and steel administration in Vienna until the end of the First World War. This supplied the global glass and ceramics industry with the brown-black coloring uranium compounds necessary for glass coloring or painting and labeling. From 1907, radium compounds were produced here from practically uranium-free lye ore residues for scientific and medical purposes.
1,000 women workers were employed in the kk tobacco factory. There was also glove- making, cork stopper manufacture and lace-making. On March 31, 1873, the city burned down almost completely.
On September 4, 1898, the Emperor of Austria allowed the city of Joachimsthal to officially use and manage the title of "Imperial, Royal Free Mining City Sanct Joachimsthal", which the governor Karl Count Coudenhove announced on September 23, 1898.
At the end of the 19th century, Marie Curie discovered the element radium in the Joachimsthal uranium ore , for which she later received the Nobel Prize .
20th century
After the First World War , Joachimsthal became part of the newly created Czechoslovakia in 1919 . In October 1938 the place was occupied by German troops and then incorporated into the German Reich as part of the Sudetenland in accordance with the Munich Agreement . Under the name Radiumbad St. Joachimsthal , the city belonged to the district of Sankt Joachimsthal in the administrative district of Eger in the Reichsgau Sudetenland until 1945 .
On December 1, 1930, the city of Sankt Joachimsthal had 7,316 inhabitants (445 of them Czechs), 6,388 on May 17, 1939 and 6,806 on May 22, 1947.
- expulsion
1945 the expulsion (Odsun) of the German Bohemians from Joachimsthal took place. Their property was confiscated by the Beneš decree 108 , the property of the Protestant church was liquidated by the Beneš decree 131 and the Catholic churches were expropriated .
- Forced labor
During the Second World War, the German government set up a prisoner-of-war camp here for Russian and French prisoners who worked in the Unity mine. After the war, the Czech mining company Jáchymovské Doly (JD) began exploring and mining uranium ores in and around Jáchymov. The purpose was to extract uranium for the Soviet atomic bomb project and the emerging Soviet nuclear industry. Forced laborers served as workers . Initially these were German prisoners of war and non-displaced residents, after the February revolution of 1948 political prisoners , imprisoned by the regime of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , as well as civil workers who were forced to do so. Several “Czechoslovak Gulags ” were established in the area to house these workers . built. With almost 50,000, including over 10,000 political prisoners, the 18 camps reached their highest occupancy around 1955. In total, around 100,000 political prisoners and over 250,000 conscripts passed through the camps. Probably about half of them did not survive the mining industry. In 1964 uranium mining was stopped.
21st century
Selected evidence of mining and metallurgy in the urban area and the surrounding area as well as the urban monument protection zone declared in 1992 are selected components for the proposed candidacy for the UNESCO World Heritage Ore Mountains Mining Region .
Demographics
Until 1945 Sankt Joachimsthal was mostly populated by German Bohemia , which were expelled.
| year | Residents | Remarks |
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| 1520 | 5,000 | |
| 1526 | 15,000 | |
| 1533 | 18,000 | |
| 1600 | 3,000 | |
| 1783 | k. A. | 617 houses |
| 1830 | 4,371 | in 576 houses |
| 1846 | 4,740 | German residents in 582 houses |
| 1857 | 5,641 | on October 31st |
| 1890 | 7,046 | in 762 houses, of which 7025 residents speak German and twelve speak Czech (7014 Catholics, 22 Evangelicals, eight Israelites and two others) |
| 1900 | 5,953 | as a community 7358 German inhabitants. |
| 1913 | 7,545 | in 866 houses, of which 7,463 residents speak German and four speak Czech |
| 1921 | 7.092 | thereof 6821 (97%) Germans |
| 1930 | 7.216 | including 445 (6%) Czechs |
| year | 2004 1 | 2007 1 | 2011 1 | 2014 1 | 2018 | 2019 |
| Residents | 3,001 | 2,964 | 2,891 | 2,734 | 2,549 | 2,511 |
politics
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Coat of arms before 1564
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Coat of arms of the city of Jáchymov
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mayor
coat of arms
The city coat of arms was awarded to Regensburg by Emperor Ferdinand on July 15, 1546.
“A shield divided into 4 equal parts; the upper left and lower right diagonally divided into 2 parts, the lower yellow or gold and the upper red or ruby color, inside a lion appears with a double tail and red tongues, with a yellow or gold-colored royal crown on its head. In the other two parts of the shield, quite flab or Lazurfarb, two pointed mountains or rocks, meanwhile a yellow Göpel with a pointed roof appears. In the cross of the quartered shield of the House of Austria shield, in the whole shield cross-white 2 Berghammer. Behind the sign, holding with their hands, St.Joachim and St.Anna portraits in their clothes. "
Spa
Radioactive preparations successfully used in the treatment of skin diseases at the beginning of the 20th century led to a strong interest in radium on the part of medicine, which in turn led to an increased interest in studies of the radioactivity of soil, air, rain and especially ground and surface water. The realization that the health resort Bad Gastein has highly radioactive water led to a real boom in the search for these waters. The use of radioactive baths increased the public's belief in radium as a rescue from all disease. The West Bohemian health resorts, located in an area with strong terrestrial radiation, also came into focus. At the beginning of January 1905, the mine water in Joachimsthal was examined.
In March 1906, the Joachimsthal district doctor Gottlieb and a delegation from the city administration visited the responsible agriculture ministry in Vienna, where they called for mine water to be provided free of charge for the baths he offered. In addition, unclear considerations about a bathing facility, to be realized with his own funds and with the city administration, were presented. There was also another private interested party who wanted to build a health spa, and the ministry itself was also considering it. The spa business finally began in 1906 with the first private establishments, later the state took over the main role.
Mainly inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system and diseases of the peripheral nervous system are treated. These include a. rheumatoid arthritis , Reiter disease, degenerative conditions after inflammatory diseases of the limbs, rheumatism, neuralgia and neuritis in rheumatic diseases.
Radon-containing mine water from the former uranium ore mine Důl Svornost ( Unity Mine ), natural gas and moor are used as remedies . In order to optimize the therapeutic effect, certain healing methods are used: thermal baths with radon content , Curie therapy (so-called Joachimsthaler boxes), X-ray therapy, physiotherapy, hydrotherapy and physiotherapy, acupuncture and acupressure.
This form of therapy is unsuitable for people with acute infections, heart and breathing problems and diabetes mellitus that is difficult to control, for pregnant women and for children and adolescents under 18 years of age.
Culture and sights
Museums
- Královská mincovna Jáchymov with the royal coin.
Attractions
The historical core of Jáchymov was declared a monument protection zone in 1992. The most valuable architectural monuments include the All Saints Church from 1516, the Church of St. Joachim and St. Anna , which was built between 1534 and 1540 as the first Protestant church in Bohemia, the Royal Mint, the town hall built between 1782 and 1784 and a number of them imposing town houses. A Way of the Cross to Freedom (Jáchymov) commemorates the victims of communist terror. A well-developed 8.5 km long educational trail with 12 stations on the history of uranium mining between 1949 and 1964 begins here. West of the upper town center, two preserved towers still bear witness to Freudenstein Castle , the former residence and administrative seat of Count Schlick.
Also to the west of the upper town center is the abandoned silver and uranium ore mine Grube Einigkeit ( Důl Svornost in Czech ). As the owner and operator, the Kurbetriebsgesellschaft enables visits to be made at irregular intervals.
In the immediate vicinity of the headframe of the "Einigkeit" pit (Důl Svornost), there is "Stollen No. 1" (Štola č. 1), which has been accessible as a show mine since 2008 . Einigkeit-Grube and tunnel No. 1 have been recognized as part of the world cultural heritage " Ore Mountains Mining Region " since 2019 .
traffic
From 1896 to 1957 the city had a railway connection through the local railway Schlackenwerth – Joachimsthal .
A chair lift leads from the Weseritz valley to the 1244 m high Klínovec ( Keilberg ). In addition, MHD Jáchymov operates city transport with minibuses .
Personalities
literature
- Fiedler, Hornátová, Ježek, Borši and others: Jáchymov: město stříbra, rádia a léčivé vody (Jáchymov - city of silver, radium and healing springs). Atypo, Praha 2011, ISBN 978-80-902378-1-0 ( Czech ).
- Jiří Majer : Dolování v Jáchymově 1516–1966 (Mining in Sankt Joachimsthal from 1516 to 1966). Národní technické Muzeum, Prague, 1967 ( Czech ).
- Johannes Mathesius: Sarepta or Bergpostill / Sampt of the Joachimßthalischen short chronicles […]. Nuremberg 1564 (also Nuremberg 1562 and various later editions); therein from f. LI: Chronicle of the Keyserlichen freyen Bergkstadt Sanct Joachimsthal who (see above!) was previously named Conradsgrün / MDLXII ; The detailed chronicle was continued in one of the numerous later expanded editions of the Sarepta (e.g. Leipzig 1618 and 1621) up to the threshold of the Thirty Years War! ( Digitized Nuremberg 1562 ).
- Karl Anton Rösler, Johann Mayer: Mining news about the mountains and mining at Joachimsthal: Along with some news about the mountains on the road from Prague to Joachimsthal . Walther, Dresden 1792 ( digitized version )
- Hanns Rudthart: From the Weytberuffenem Berckwerg Sanct Joachimsthall . Leipzig 1523 ( digitized ).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/555215/Jachymov
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/casti-obce-obec/555215/Obec-Jachymov
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/zsj-obec/555215/Obec-Jachymov
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi-obec/555215/Obec-Jachymov
- ^ Report by Pastor Johannes Mathesius (1504–1565) in Outlines of a History of the Bohemian Mines , Kaspar Maria Graf v. Sternberg, Haase Verlag, Prague 1837, p. 317
- ↑ Johannes Mathesius : Berg-Postilla or Sarepta in it of all kinds of mines and metals / ... sampt the Chronico of the Freyen mining town in S. Joachimsthal / ... (year 1548). Zacharias Beckern, Freyberg 1679 ( slub-dresden.de ).
- ↑ Lukáš M. Vytlačil: Příběh renesančního Jáchymova [The Story of renaissance Jáchymov]; Evangelicus 2017, Praha 2016, s. 42-45. ( on-line )
- ↑ a b Ernest A. Kolbe: Adolf Patera and his work, concerning the factory extraction of uranium compounds from pitchblende in St. Joachimsthal in the Bohemian Ore Mountains 100 years ago . In: Technical Museum for Industry and Commerce in Vienna - Research Institute for the History of Technology (Hrsg.): Blätter für Technikgeschichte . No. Nineteenth. Springer Verlag, Vienna 1957, p. 73-76 ( digitized version [accessed July 19, 2018]).
- ↑ Irena Seidlerová, Jan Seidler: Jáchymover uranium and radioactivity research at the turn of 19-20. Century . Ed .: Rudolf Holze. Universitätsverlag Chemnitz, Chemnitz 2010, ISBN 978-3-941003-22-4 , p. 13–14 , urn : nbn: de: bsz: ch1-qucosa-62259 .
- ↑ State Law Gazette for the Kingdom of Bohemia 1898, p. 100
- ^ Joseph Braunbeck, The radiant double-headed eagle: Nuclear issues from Austria-Hungary
- ^ A b Rudolf Hemmerle : Sudetenland Lexikon Volume 4, page 386. Adam Kraft Verlag, 1985. ISBN 3-8083-1163-0 .
- ^ Rainer Karlsch, Zbyněk A. Zeman: Urangeheimnisse. The Erzgebirge in the focus of world politics 1933-1960 , Links, Berlin 2002, p. 119 ISBN 978-3-86153-276-7 .
- ↑ estimate, cf. Otfrid Pustejovsky: Stalin's bomb and the "Hell of Joachimsthal". Uranium mining and forced labor in Czechoslovakia after 1945 (= history; vol. 87), LIT Verlag, Berlin, Münster, Vienna, Zurich, London 2009, p. 442 ISBN 978-3-8258-1766-4
- ↑ a b c d Description of the city of Sankt Joachimsthal. Retrieved March 14, 2018 .
- ↑ Jaroslaus Schaller : Topography of the Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 2: Ellbogner Kreis , Prague 1785, pp. 81-92 .
- ↑ Yearbooks of the Bohemian Museum of Natural and Regional Studies, History, Art and Literature. Volume 2, Prague 1831, p. 199, point 2) .
- ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 15: Elbogner Kreis , Prague 1847, p. 111.
- ↑ Statistical overviews of the population and livestock in Austria . Vienna 1859, p. 40, left column .
- ↑ a b Genealogy Network Sudetenland
- ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 10, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, p. 258, item 1) .
- ^ Ernst Pfohl: Ortlexikon Sudetenland. Page 497. Helmut Preussler Verlag-Nürnberg. 1987. ISBN 3-925362-47-9
- ↑ Počty obyvatel v obcích (2001-2013). Ministerstvo vnitra České republiky, 2015, accessed January 8, 2016 (Czech).
- ↑ Dorothea Selig: Description of the city Sankt Joachimsthal (č. Jáchymov). Vereinigung Sudetendeutscher Familienforscher eV, accessed on April 15, 2015 .
- ↑ Irena Seidlerová, Jan Seidler: Jáchymover uranium and radioactivity research at the turn of 19-20. Century . .. Ed .: Rudolf Holze. S. 76-77, 100 .
- ↑ Irena Seidlerová, Jan Seidler: Jáchymover uranium and radioactivity research at the turn of 19-20. Century . .. Ed .: Rudolf Holze. S. 110-112 .
- ↑ Léčebné lázně Jáchymov as: The History of the Jáchymov Bath , accessed on April 3, 2016.