Stefan Schlick

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Stephan Schlick on a painting by David Frumerie that he painted around 1667 for Gripsholm Castle . The painting is now in the National Museum in Stockholm .

Stefan Schlick (also Stephan Schlik or Stephan Schlick , Czech Štěpán Šlik , born December 24, 1487 in Schlackenwerth ; † 1526 in the Battle of Mohács ), Count zu Passaun , Lord of Weißkirchen , Elbogen and Schlackenwerth, was a Bohemian nobleman and mining entrepreneur . In addition, he had the right to mint and had large numbers of Joachimsthal guldengroschen minted , which later became the name for thalersand dollars were.

Live and act

Stefan came from the influential Bohemian noble family Schlick . He was the eldest son of Count Kaspar Schlick II and Countess Elisabeth von Gutenstein. Kaspar Schlick  I, Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire and founder of the family, was his great-uncle . In 1515 he inherited from his father.

In the same year, silver was found in the area of ​​his rule, near the small settlement Konradsgrün . Stefan recognized the opportunity. Already 1515/1516 he made in Karlovy Vary together with Alexander von Leisnig , Wolf von Schoenberg , Hans Pflug of Rabenstein and Anna Berger trades a union . As the mine in 1516 already 516  dollars yield delivered, he retired professionals added from Saxony, which surveyed the occurrence and could build a Silberhütte. One of them, Heinrich von Könneritz , settled here and became a mining captain and mint master . Later other specialists came from Saxony: Wolf Sturtz became a mountain master in 1519 . Albrecht von Schreibersdorf, who minted the Klappmützentaler in the Annaberg Mint between 1512 and 1523 , came in 1523. Peter Hettersberger, who was tithe from 1519 to 1523 and triggered a miners' revolt by embezzlement in 1522/1523, came from Dresden.

Ruins of Freudenstein Castle after a steel engraving from the 19th century
The settlement was built on the slope of the narrow valley since 1517.

The yield rose rapidly: 1517 11,997 thalers, 1518 61,530 thalers, 1519 92,416 thalers and 1520 already 136,611 thalers. The Berggeschrey attracted miners in flocks of axes over the permeable boundary to Bohemia. If their settlement was initially unorganized, from 1517 farmsteads could be distributed, on which 1,200 houses were finally built in the narrow valley. Also in 1517, Schlick had Johann Münnich build the Freudenstein castle or castle in a short period of time to protect the settlement, the mines and to accommodate the mining officials . Since the Saxon miners insisted on their customary rights , which differed from those of the Bohemian mining law, he issued his own mining regulations with 106 articles on August 8, 1518. These Schlick Mountain Regulations were based strongly on the Annaberg Mountain Regulations of 1509, which is not surprising, as Könneritz had already worked on it. This mountain order also flowed into later Bohemian mountain orders and led to an alignment of Saxon and Bohemian mining law.

In the same year he was able to make a settlement with the knights of Haslau auf Gfung , who were enfeoffed with the area by the Schlicks. Now he was finally able to grant privileges that drove the further development of the settlement. This was named " Sankt Joachimsthal " (after Sankt Joachim ) around 1519 , so named in analogy to Sankt Annaberg (after Sankt Anna ). Finally, on January 6, 1520, the place was raised to a "free mountain town " by a letter of majesty from King Ludwig II .

In addition, he brought in external capital, which the Nuremberg patricians Jakob Welser and Hans Vorteilel made available for investments and wages. They paid for this with the silver produced ("silver purchase"), which, however, was offset below market value. Schlick made little profits in this way. Therefore, from 1519 Stefan Schlick tried to obtain the right to coin the king . He and his brothers were the first to receive this coin in April 1520 by means of a state parliament resolution , but with the note that it could be revoked at any time. This was also due to the fact that the Schlackenwerth rule was merely pawnbrokerage .

Probably as early as 1519, Schlick had the first trial mintings made in the castle. After granting the right to mint, he commissioned Könneritz to buy a house to be converted into a coin . Following the example of coinage in Tyrol and Saxony, he mainly had whole guldengroschen minted. Note 1 However, he was far more successful with it. On the one hand, this was due to the fact that the specifications for the silver content were meticulously adhered to. For example, he had coin trials carried out at the Leipzig trade fair, which takes place twice a year . In addition, Schlick consciously promoted the spread, negotiating with the rulers of the Electorate of Saxony that the guldengroschen should also be spread in Saxony. To do this, he had to promise that the mint master was a Saxon subject. It has been calculated that in the 9 years from 1519 to 1528 about 2.2 million Joachimsthalers were minted.

Joachimsthaler Guldengroschen from 1525.
On the obverse the patron saint Saint Joachim above the coat of arms of the Schlick family . The transcription contains Schlick's name: AR (ma) DOMI (norum) SLI (comum) STE (fani) E (t) 7 FRA (trum) COM (itum) D (e) B (assano) . Note 2 on the lapel the double-tailed, crowned Bohemian lion and the inscription in honor of Ludwig II.

In the few years of his reign there were troubled times in the emerging metropolis, which with 18,000 inhabitants was soon the second largest city in Bohemia. He was able to settle uprisings in 1517, 1522/1523 and 1525 again and again through negotiations and concessions. The last uprising was embedded in the German Peasants' War , which hit other mining towns, but hit Joachimsthal the hardest. Freudenstein Castle, the town hall and the mint were looted. Eventually this uprising was also settled, especially since a few days earlier Müntzer had lost in the battle of Frankenhausen . Schlick hardly implemented any punitive measures, also to protect capital. Instead, the Bergordnung of 1518 was extended by some additions and published in 1525.

But his activities did not only extend to Joachimsthal. In 1523 he bought the right to the lead tithe for 270 guilders from the Lords of Hertenberg and laid the foundation for the later mining town of Pencil Town (Oloví) through mountain freedom . In 1524 he supported Duke Heinrich the Younger in his efforts to revive mining in the Upper Harz by recommending his former miner Wolf Sturtz there.

Like many Schlicks, Stefan was open to the Reformation that began in 1517 . Even before becoming a town, he bought the right of patronage from the dean of Falkenau an der Eger and transferred this to the township.

Schlick was married to Margaretha Pflug von Rabenstein since 1521 . They had a son, the Kalixtiner Moritz, with whom the Schlackenwerther line died out in 1578, and a daughter Sybila. In 1526, Stefan and his brother Heinrich and numerous miners joined King Ludwig II in the fight against the Ottoman army under Suleyman the Magnificent . After the devastating defeat in the Battle of Mohács on August 29, 1526, his traces are lost. According to Johannes Mathesius , it is said to have been sold to Armenia . Investigations by his family, who sent two messengers to Constantinople in 1527 , were inconclusive. Until 1528 he was still considered the head of the family, co-owner of the family estates and the first person entitled to mint. The coins continued to bear his name. Eventually he was pronounced dead. King Ferdinand I , enthroned in 1527, took advantage of this opportunity and in 1528 had the right to mint coins as a shelf belonging to the king in the Budweis state parliament . Due to the merits of Stefan Schlick, a comparison with the heirs was made in the same year. These were allowed to continue to coin, but only with a royal coat of arms and name, as in other royal mints.

This ended the relatively short time of the Joachimstaler , which is often also called Schlick (en) taler . This was so successful that the name was transferred to the Reichstaler and the Taler . Foreign currencies are also derived from this, such as the dollar , the jefimok in Tsarist Russia and the tolar in Slovenia.

Commemoration

In Jáchymov, a monument erected in 1924 commemorates the city's founder. In Berlin-Zehlendorf the Schlickweg was named after the “founder of the Bohemian silver mining”. In Karlovy Vary there is Schlickgasse (Šlickova ulice) as well as a mural depicting four important representatives of the Schlick family, including Stefan Schlick.

ancestors

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heinrich Schlick
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Matthes Schlick Count of Passaun-Weißkirchen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Constantia by Collalto
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kaspar II. Schlick Count of Passaun-Weißkirchen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Erkinger I. von Seinsheim, Baron von Schwarzenberg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kunigunde von Schwarzenberg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barbara von Abensberg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stefan Schlick Count of Passaun-Weißkirchen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Burian von Gutenstein
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elisabeth von Gutenstein
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heinrich V. Count of Ortenburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sigunda von Ortenburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elisabeth von Torring
 
 
 
 
 
 

Remarks

Note 1Guldengroschen got their name because they correspond in value to one gold gulden . Their weight was set at 2 loth or 1  ounce (about 27.2 g silver) (Uncials) .
Note 2Means something like: Coat of arms of Messrs. Schlick, Stefan and his 7 brothers, Counts of Bassano

Fonts

  • Order of the Freyen vnd laudable miners in Sant Joachimsthal . Gutknecht, Nuremberg 1518 ( digitized version )
  • Auffgerichte act on emergency and promotion of the miners b in addition to the assumed and assumed order / Jnn S. Joachims Thale . Johann Schönsperger the Elder J., Zwickau 1525 ( digitized version )

literature

Web links

Commons : Stephan Schlick  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Siegfried Sieber : The Joachimsthaler uprising in 1525 in its relations with Saxony . In: Bohemia. Journal of the history and culture of the Czech lands . tape 4 , no. 1 , 1963, p. 40 ( digitized version ).
  2. ↑ Helmut Wilsdorf : The embezzlement of the Joachimsthaler tithe Peter Hettersberger and their connection with the miners' uprising 1522/1523 . In: Freiberg research books . D 11, 1955, p. 45-82 .
  3. ↑ a b A. Jäger: The coinage of Count Schlick . In: Berlin Numismatic Journal . 17 and 18, 1954 ( copy [PDF]).
  4. ↑ H. Sturm: The Erzgebirge Mining in the 16th Century 1964, p. 36.
  5. ^ Siegfried Sieber: The participation of Erzgebirge miners in the Peasants' War in 1525 . In: Freiberg research books . D 11, 1955, p. 98 .
  6. ^ Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia; Represented statistically and topographically . 15. Elbogner Kreis. Friedrich Ehrlich, Prague 1847, p. 47 ( digitized version in the Google book search).
  7. ↑ Josef Hrdlička: Evangelical church ordinances for aristocratic lords in Bohemia and Moravia between 1520 and 1620 . In: Katrin Keller, Petr Mat'a, Martin Scheutz (eds.): Nobility and religion in the early modern Habsburg monarchy . Böhlau, Vienna 2017, p. 25 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  8. ↑ Schlick. Counts of Passaun (Bassano) and Weisskirchen ( Memento from October 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ Johannes Mathesius: Sarepta or Bergpostill sampt the Joachimßthalischen short chronicles . 1562, p. CXXXV ( digitized in Google book search).
  10. ↑ Jáchymov - pomník Štěpána SLIKA. Retrieved February 24, 2018 (Czech).
  11. ^ History of Schlickweg. Retrieved February 24, 2018 .
  12. ↑ Rudolf and Hans Stanka's house. In: Historical encyclopedia of the city of Cheb. Retrieved February 24, 2018 .
  13. ↑ Pedigree: Stefan von SCHLIK-PASSAU. Retrieved February 2, 2020 .
personal data
SURNAME Schlick, Stefan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schlik, Stephan; Schlick, Stephan; Šlík, Štěpán (Czech)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Bohemian nobleman and coal and steel entrepreneur
DATE OF BIRTH December 24, 1487
PLACE OF BIRTH Slag value
DATE OF DEATH 1526
Place of death Battle of Mohács