Teatro alla Scala
The Milan Scala , Italian Teatro alla Scala in Milan , also Scala for short , is one of the most famous and important opera houses in the world. It is on the Piazza della Scala , after which the opera house was named. The square takes its name from the church of Santa Maria della Scala , built here in 1381 and named after the donor , Beatrice Regina della Scala , wife of Bernabò Visconti . La Scala in Milan seats 2,030 spectators.
History of the Opera House
The Scala is the successor building to the Teatro Regio Ducale that burned down in 1776 . In the capital of what was then Austrian Lombardy , Maria Theresa had the church of Santa Maria alla Scala demolished for the new building and the rather plain-looking new opera house built by the classicist architect Giuseppe Piermarini in just 23 months. The entrance is formed by a vestibule with a portico. Above the row of windows is a pediment with the sun chariot of Apollo . The new house was opened on August 3, 1778, and Antonio Salieri's opera L'Europa riconosciuta was performed for the premiere .
After being severely damaged in World War II (1943), the legendary opera house was rebuilt in record time. On May 11, 1946, the house was reopened with a concert conducted by Arturo Toscanini . Various mistakes were to blame for the hasty reconstruction, for example rubble was dumped under the orchestra pit, which impaired the acoustics. A thorough renovation was urgently needed. A heated discussion broke out about the type of renovation. Despite considerable protests, a collection of 18,000 signatures by the prima ballerina Carla Fracci in favor of the preservation and careful modernization of the fully functional stage equipment and despite court proceedings, the Scala was partially demolished. The foyer, the auditorium and the outer walls supported by steel beams remained. The entire back part, starting with the wooden stage, has been removed.
From 2002 to early December 2004, the Milan Scala was closed to bring the acoustics and stage technology up to date while largely preserving the style of the original interior. The Swiss architect Mario Botta was commissioned with the renovation . A theater with the most modern stage technology was built under his responsibility, but the foyer and auditorium received a reconstruction of the equipment from 1778. Since then, rehearsals have been possible on three stages at the same time. The new stage tower reaches a height of 38 meters.
The opera house was reopened on December 7, 2004 with the same opera as when it was first opened: L'Europa riconosciuta . Luca Ronconi was the director , Pier Luigi Pizzi designed the stage set , Riccardo Muti was the conductor , and the leading role was sung by the German soprano Diana Damrau . Among the 2000 invited guests were Sophia Loren and Giorgio Armani as well as members of several European royal houses. A ticket in the highest price category for the opening event cost 2,400 euros.
A conflict arose over the personality of the successor to artistic director Carlo Fontana . Music director Muti favored Maurizio Meli , but the workforce spoke out against him in protest meetings. The waves were so high that Muti no longer saw confidence in his person and resigned. Eventually, Stéphane Lissner , director of the festival in Aix-en-Provence and music director of the Wiener Festwochen , and Alexander Pereira , director of the Zurich Opera House , emerged as the most important successor candidates. Lissner was appointed in 2005 and gave up his position in Aix.
On October 1, 2014, Alexander Pereira succeeded Lissner.
In March 2019, the Scala board of directors rejected Saudi Arabia’s entry into the Milan opera house – in return for payment of a few million as a sponsor . After a major public rejection of the millions in funds arranged by artistic director Alexander Pereira against the appointment of the Saudi Arabian culture minister to the Scala supervisory board, politicians from all Italian parties opposed the initiative.
game time
The season begins every year on December 7th, the name day of Milan's patron saint, Bishop and Church Father St. Ambrose (Sant'Ambrogio).
Others
According to information from the opera house, the best seats in terms of visibility and acoustics are in boxes 19, which are in the middle of the back stalls.
All performances traditionally begin “on the hour” on the hour. This is also pointed out in bold on the website, as this is not at all customary for Italian customs. In the past it was even customary to set the clocks according to the start of the game.
A Google Doodle was dedicated to the opera house on the 238th anniversary of its inauguration on August 3, 2016 .
personalities
General Managers
- Giulio Gatti-Casazza (1898–1907)
- Jenner Mataloni (1932–1943)
- Carlo Gatti (1943-1946)
- Antonio Ghiringhelli (1946–1972)
- Paolo Grassi (1972-1977)
- Carlo Maria Badini (1977-1990)
- Carlo Fontana (1990-2005)
- Stephane Lissner (2005-2014)
- Alexander Pereira (October 1, 2014 – June 2021)
- Dominique Meyer (from July 2021)
Artistic Directors
- Mario Rossi
- Alberto Zedda (1992/1993)
music directors
- Guido Cantelli (1956)
- Claudio Abbado (1969-1986)
- Riccardo Muti (1986-2005)
- Daniel Barenboim (2006–2011) as Principal Guest Conductor
- Daniel Barenboim (2011-2014)
- Riccardo Chailly (since January 1, 2015)
choir directors
- Bruno Casoni
- Giulio Bertola (1983-1991)
- Gerhard Schmidt-Gaden (1984–1989)
- Vittore Veneziani
premieres
| date | Opera | Composer / Librettist |
Conducting (D) / direction (R) / stage design (B) / costumes (K) / cast | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 Aug 1778 | L'Europa riconosciuta |
Antonio Salieri / Mattia Verazi (~1730–1794) |
||
| 26 Dec 1805 | Adelasia ed Aleramo |
Johann Simon Mayr / Luigi Romanelli |
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| 1805 | Eraldo ed Emma |
Johann Simon Mayr / Gaetano Rossi |
||
| Sep 26 1812 | La pietra del paragone |
Gioachino Rossini / Luigi Romanelli |
||
| 14 Aug 1814 | Il turco in Italia |
Gioachino Rossini / Felice Romani |
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| 26 Dec 1820 | Fedra |
Johann Simon Mayr / Luigi Romanelli |
||
| 27 Oct 1827 | Il pirate |
Vincenzo Bellini / Felice Romani |
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| 14 Feb 1829 | La Straniera |
Vincenzo Bellini / Felice Romani |
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| 26 Dec 1831 | Norma |
Vincenzo Bellini / Felice Romani |
||
| March 13, 1832 | Ugo, conte di Parigi |
Gaetano Donizetti / Felice Romani |
||
| 26 Dec 1833 | Lucretia Borgia |
Gaetano Donizetti / Felice Romani |
||
| 30 Dec 1835 |
Mary Stuarda (Mary Stuart) |
Gaetano Donizetti / Giuseppe Bardari |
||
| 17 Nov 1839 | Oberto conte di San Bonifacio |
Giuseppe Verdi / Antonio Piazza, Bartolomeo Merelli (1794–1879) and Temistocle Solera (1815–1878) |
||
| 5 Sep 1840 |
Un giorno di regno (King for a day) |
Giuseppe Verdi / Felice Romani |
||
| March 13, 1841 |
Il proscritto (The exile) |
Otto Nicolai / Gaetano Rossi (1774–1855) |
||
| March 9, 1842 | Nabucco |
Giuseppe Verdi / Temistocle Solera |
||
| 1 Feb 1843 |
I Lombardi alla prima crociata (The Lombards on the First Crusade) |
Giuseppe Verdi / Temistocle Solera and Tommaso Grossi (1790–1853) |
Giacomo Panizza (D) | |
| 15 Feb 1845 | Giovanna d'Arco |
Giuseppe Verdi / Temistocle Solera |
||
| March 5, 1868 |
Mefistofele (1st version) |
Arrigo Boito | ||
| March 7, 1874 | I lituani (The Lithuanians) |
Amilcare Ponchielli / Antonio Ghislanzoni |
Franco Faccio (D) | |
| 8 Apr 1876 | La Gioconda |
Amilcare Ponchielli / Arrigo Boito |
Franco Faccio (D) | |
| 26 Dec 1880 | Il figliuol prodigo |
Amilcare Ponchielli / Angelo Zanardini (1820–1893) |
||
| March 17, 1885 | Marion Delorme |
Amilcare Ponchielli and Enrico Golisciani |
Franco Faccio (D) | |
| 5 Feb 1887 | Othello |
Giuseppe Verdi / Arrigo Boito |
Franco Faccio (D) | |
| 21 Apr 1899 | Edgar |
Giacomo Puccini / Ferdinando Fontana (1850–1919) |
Franco Faccio (D) | |
| Jan 20, 1892 | La Wally |
Alfredo Catalani / Luigi Illica |
||
| 9 Feb 1893 | Falstaff |
Giuseppe Verdi / Arrigo Boito |
Edoardo Mascheroni (D) | |
| 16 Feb 1895 | Guglielmo Ratcliff |
Pietro Mascagni / Andrea Maffei (1798–1885) (after Heinrich Heine ) |
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| March 25, 1895 | Silvano |
Pietro Mascagni / Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti |
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| March 28, 1896 | Andrea Chenier |
Umberto Giordano and Luigi Illica |
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| Jan 17, 1901 |
Le maschere (The Masks) |
Pietro Mascagni and Luigi Illica |
Arturo Toscanini (D) / Enrico Caruso (Florindo) | Simultaneous premieres on other stages: Genoa ( Teatro Carlo Felice ), Turin (Teatro Regio), Rome (Teatro Costanzi), Venice ( Teatro La Fenice ), Verona ( Teatro Filarmonico ) |
| March 1, 1902 |
Germania (Germany) |
Alberto Franchetti / Luigi Illica |
Arturo Toscanini (D) / with Enrico Caruso | |
| 19 Dec 1903 |
Siberia (Siberia) |
Umberto Giordano and Luigi Illica |
Cleofonte Campanini (1860–1919) (D) | |
| 17 Feb 1904 | Madam Butterfly |
Giacomo Puccini / Giuseppe Giacosa and Luigi Illica |
Cleofonte Campanini (D) | |
| March 29, 1906 | Notte di leggenda |
Alberto Franchetti / Giovacchino Forzano |
||
| 15 Dec 1913 | Parisina |
Pietro Mascagni / Gabriele D'Annunzio |
||
| Jan 14, 1915 | Notte di leggenda |
Alberto Franchetti / Giovacchino Forzano |
Gino Marinuzzi (1882–1945) (D) / Giulio Cirino (Conte Aldovrandi), Cecilia Gagliardi (Vanna Aldovrandi), Giuseppe De Luca (Principe Gualberto Vismundi), Manfredo Polverosi (Gilfredo dei Vaschi), Luigi Ferroni (Neri) | Premiere of the new version |
| March 20, 1915 | Fedra |
Ildebrando Pizzetti / Gabriele D'Annunzio |
||
| 16 Dec 1922 | Debora e Jaele | Ildebrando Pizzetti | ||
| 26 Apr 1923 | Belfagor |
Ottorino Respighi / Claudio Guastalla (1880–1948) |
Antonio Guarnieri (1880–1952) (D) / Giovacchino Forzano (R) / Vittorio Rota and Cesare Fratino (B) / Mariano Stabile (1888–1968) (Belfagor), Gaetano Azzolini (1876–1928) (Mirocleto) | |
| May 1, 1924 | Nerone | Arrigo Boito | Arturo Toscanini (D) | Fragment; supplemented by Antonio Smareglia , Vittorio Tommasini [1879–1964] and Arturo Toscanini |
| 20 Dec 1924 | La cena delle beffe (The Mockers' Supper) |
Umberto Giordano / Sem Benelli (1877–1949) |
Arturo Toscanini (D) | |
| March 7, 1925 |
I cavalieri di Ekebù (The Lords of Ekeby) |
Riccardo Zandonai / Arturo Rossato (after Selma Lagerlöf ) |
Arturo Toscanini (D) | |
| 25 Apr 1926 | Turandot |
Giacomo Puccini / Giuseppe Adami (1878–1946) and Renato Simoni (1875–1952) |
Arturo Toscanini (D) | premiere as a fragment; The version supplemented by Franco Alfano was played from the 2nd performance |
| 29 Dec 1927 |
Sly ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (Sly or The Legend of the Sleeper Reawakened) |
Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari / Giovacchino Forzano |
Ettore Panizza (1875–1967) (D) / Aureliano Pertile (Sly), Mercedes Llopart (1895–1970) (Dolly) | |
| May 16, 1928 | Fra Gherardo | Ildebrando Pizzetti | Arturo Toscanini (D) | |
| Jan 12, 1929 | Il rè (The King) |
Umberto Giordano / Giovacchino Forzano |
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| Feb 1929 | Le preziose ridicole (The Ridiculous Preciousnesses) |
Felice Lattuada (1882–1962) / Arturo Rossato (after Molière ) |
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| Jan 16, 1935 | Nerone |
Pietro Mascagni / Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti (after Pietro Cossa [1830–1880]) |
Pietro Mascagni (D) | |
| 12 Feb 1936 | Il campiello (The small square) |
Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari / Mario Ghisalberti (after Carlo Goldoni ) |
Gino Marinuzzi (1882–1945) (D) | |
| Jan 2, 1947 | L'oro (The Gold) | Ildebrando Pizzetti | Ildebrando Pizzetti (D) | |
| 21 Feb 1948 | Le Baccanti (The Bacchantes) |
Giorgio Federico Ghedini / Tullio Pinelli (b. 1908) (after Euripides ) |
||
| 14 Feb 1953 | Trionfo di Afrodite |
Carl Orff / (after Catullus , Sappho , Euripides ) |
Herbert von Karajan (D) | |
| March 24, 1954 | La figlia del Diavolo |
Virgilio Mortari / Corrado Pavolini (1898–1980) |
Nino Sanzogno (1911–1983) (D) | |
| March 24, 1954 | La gita in campagna (The Excursion to the Country) |
Mario Peragallo (1910-1996) / Alberto Moravia |
Nino Sanzogno (D) | |
| March 10, 1956 | L'ipocrita felice (The happy hypocrite) |
Giorgio Federico Ghedini and Franco Antonicelli |
Antonino Votto (D) | First performance at the Teatro Piccola Scala |
| Jan 10, 1957 | Caino (Cain) |
Felice Lattuada / Giuseppe Zambianchi |
Nino Sanzogno (D) / Mario Frigerio (R) / Nicola Benois (B) | |
| Jan 26, 1957 |
Les Dialogues des Carmélites (Conversations of the Carmelites) |
Francis Poulenc / (after Georges Bernanos ) |
Nino Sanzogno (D) / Margherita Wallmann / Nicola Benois (B) | |
| March 1, 1958 |
Assassinio nella cathedrale (Murder in the Cathedral) |
Ildebrando Pizzetti / (after T.S. Eliot ) |
Gianandrea Gavazzeni (D) / Margherita Wallmann (R) | |
| March 23, 1961 | Il calzare d'argento (The Silver Shoe) |
Ildebrando Pizzetti / Riccardo Bacchelli |
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| June 18, 1962 | Atlántida (Atlantis) |
Manuel de Falla / (after Jacint Verdaguer ) |
Thomas Schippers (D) / Margherita Wallmann (R) Teresa Stratas (Queen Isabella), Giulietta Simionato (Pirene), Roger Browne (Narrator) | Fragment; supplemented by Ernesto Halffter |
| March 5, 1963 |
Les mamelles de Tiresias (The Breasts of Tiresias) |
Francis Poulenc / Guillaume Apollinaire |
World premiere of the chamber orchestra version/Piccola Scala | |
| May 6, 1963 | Passaggio (crossing) |
Luciano Berio and Edoardo Sanguineti |
Piccola Scala | |
| March 1, 1965 | Clitennestra (Clytemnestra) |
Ildebrando Pizzetti | Gianandrea Gavazzeni (D) | |
| March 27, 1965 | nuclear death |
Giacomo Manzoni (* 1932) / Emilio Jonah |
Claudio Abbado (D) / Virginio Puecher (R) / Josef Svoboda (1920–2002) (B) | Piccola Scala |
| 1966 | L'albergo dei poveri (night shelter) |
Flavio Testi / (after Maxim Gorky ) |
Piccola Scala | |
| May 19, 1972 | La camera degli sposi |
Paolo Renosto / Antonio Rostagno |
Giampiero Taverna (D) / Diaz Antonelli Madau (R) / Savi (B) | Piccola Scala |
| March 2, 1973 | Amore e Psiche |
Salvatore Sciarrino / Aurelio Pes |
Giampiero Taverna (D) / Filippo Crivelli (R) / Cavaliere (B) | Piccola Scala |
| Apr 4, 1975 | Al gran sole carico d'amore |
Luigi Nono / Yuri Lyubimov (* 1917) |
Claudio Abbado (D) / Yuri Lyubimov (R) / David Borovskij (B) | World premiere with the Scala ensemble at the Teatro Lirico ; First performance of the 2nd version: February 11, 1978 |
| Apr 7, 1976 | Nottetempo (Night) |
Sylvano Bussotti / Romano Amidei |
Giampiero Taverna (D) / Romano Amidei (R) / Varisco (B) | |
| Dec 9, 1980 | Le Racine, pianobar pour Phèdre | Sylvano Bussotti | Massimo de Bernardt (D) | Piccola Scala |
| 5 Feb 1981 | Il sosia (The Double) |
Flavio Testi / (after Dostoyevsky ) |
Roberto Abbado (D) / Virginio Puecher (R) / Pagano (B) / With Philip Langridge | Piccola Scala |
| March 15, 1981 | Thursday out of light | Karlheinz Stockhausen | Péter Eötvös (D) / Luca Ronconi (R) / Gae Aulenti (B) | |
| March 9, 1982 | La vera storia (The true story) |
Luciano Berio / Italo Calvino |
Luciano Berio (D) / Maurizio Scaparro (R) / Tommasi (B) | |
| Jan 15, 1983 | Lohengrin |
Salvatore Sciarrino / (after Jules Laforgue ) |
Salvatore Sciarrino (D) | Piccola Scala |
| May 25, 1984 | Saturday off light | Karlheinz Stockhausen | Karlheinz Stockhausen (D) / Luca Ronconi (R) / Gae Aulenti (B) | |
| 16 Feb 1985 | breath | Franco Donatoni | Zoltán Peskó (D) / Giorgio Pressburger (R) / Maurizio Balò (B) | |
| Jan 27, 1987 | Riccardo III (Richard III) |
Flavio Testi / (after Shakespeare ) |
Roberto Abbado (D) / Virginio Puecher (R) / Grossi (B) | |
| July 7, 1987 | Il principe felice (The Happy Prince) |
Franco Mannino (1924–2005) / Maria Stella Sernas |
Franco Mannino (D) / Sandro Sequi (R) / Luzzati (B) | |
| May 7, 1988 | Monday from light | Karlheinz Stockhausen | Gabor Ötvös (D) / Michael Bogdanov (R) / Chris Dyer (B) | |
| May 16, 1989 | Doctor Faustus |
Giacomo Manzoni (b. 1932) / (after Thomas Mann ) |
Gary Bertini (D) / Robert Wilson (R) / Cristini (B) | |
| May 20, 1990 | Blimunda |
Azio Corghi (born 1937) / Jose Saramago |
Zoltán Peskó (D) / Jérôme Savary (1942–2013) (R) / Lebois (B) | |
| Oct 5, 1996 | Outis |
Luciano Berio / Dario Del Corno |
David Robertson (D) / Graham Vick (R) / Timothy O'Brien (B) | |
| 2002 | Il processo (The Process) |
Alberto Colla (b. 1968) / (after Franz Kafka ) |
Enrique Mazzola (D) / Daniele Abbado (R) / Giovanni Carluccio (B) | |
| Sep 22 2007 | Teneke |
Fabio Vacchi / Franco Marcoaldi (after Yaşar Kemal ) |
Roberto Abbado (D) / Ermanno Olmi (R) / Arnaldo Pomodoro (B+K) | |
| Apr 26, 2011 | quartet |
Luca Francesconi / (after Heiner Müller ) |
Susanna Malkki (D) / Àlex Ollé (R) | |
| Nov 15, 2018 |
Fin de partie (Endgame) |
György Kurtág / (after Samuel Beckett ) |
Markus Stenz (D) / Pierre Audi (R) / Christof Hetzer (B) |
See also
literature
- Giovanna Kessler: Teatro alla Scala. Rembrandt Verlag, Berlin 1963.
- Wolfgang Kostujak : From musical entertainment in the surveillance state: La Scala in Milan between Risorgimento and Romanticismo. Broadcast for the reopening of the Teatro alla Scala in December 2004, DeutschlandRadio Kultur, December 11, 2004, manuscript (PDF; 168 kB)
web links
- Official website (Italian or English)
- Seat Preview – Photo and panning panorama showing a view of the stage from each seat
- Teatro alla Scala on the ETHorama platform
itemizations
- ↑ Duden .
- ↑ Pereira becomes Scala director in October 2014. In: Daily Gazette . July 18, 2013 .
- ^ "Oil sheikhs undesirable at Milan's Scala" . SWR, March 18, 2019; Retrieved March 19, 2019
- ↑ The Perfect Plan. Hear well, see well, sit well . In: SZ-Magazine , No. 14/2009, p. 40
- ↑ Informazioni utili des Teatro alla Scalla : Tutti gli spettacoli iniziano puntuali. Si consiglia di arrivare in Teatro almeno venti minuti prima dell'inizio dello spettacolo. translated: All performances start on time. It is recommended to get to the theater at least 20 minutes before the start.
- ↑ 238th anniversary of the inauguration of the Teatro Alla Scala. 3 August 2016, retrieved 29 August 2020 .
- ↑ a b Dominique Meyer becomes the new head of La Scala in Milan. Retrieved June 28, 2019 .
- ↑ Daniel Barenboim appointed music director of La Scala . Zeit-Online , October 14, 2011; Retrieved October 14, 2011
- ↑ Scala: Riccardo Chailly becomes new music director. In: DiePresse.com. December 10, 2013, retrieved December 31, 2017 .
Coordinates: 45° 28′ 3″ N , 9° 11′ 22″ E