1948

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1948
C-54 approaching Berlin-TempelhofWith the Berlin Airlift , the western allies respond to the Soviet blockade of Berlin .
Queue in front of a bank in Essen
Currency reform in West Germany .
Proclamation of the State of Israel
David Ben-Gurion proclaims the State of Israel .
1948 in other calendars
From urbe condita 2701
Armenian calendar 1396-1397
Ethiopian calendar 1940-1941
Badi calendar 104-105
Bengali calendar 1354-1355
Berber calendar 2898
Buddhist calendar 2492
Burmese calendar 1310
Byzantine calendar 7456-7457
Chinese calendar
 - era 4644-4645 or
4584-4585
 - 60 year cycle

Fire Pig ( 丁亥 , 24) -
Earth Rat ( 戊子 , 25)

French
revolutionary calendar
CLVI - CLVII
156-157
Hebrew calendar 5708-5709
Hindu calendar
 - Vikram Sambat 2004-2005
 - Shaka Samvat 1870-1871
Iranian calendar 1326-1327
Islamic calendar 1367-1368
Japanese calendar
 - Nengō (era): Shōwa 23
 - Kōki 2608
Coptic calendar 1664-1665
Korean calendar
 - Dangun era 4281
 - Juche era 37
Minguo calendar 37
Modern Olympics XIV
Seleucid calendar 2259-2260
Thai solar calendar 2491

In 1948 , the intensification of the Allied contradictions on the German question was the focus of world interest, which experienced a dramatic climax with the currency reform and the subsequent Berlin blockade , which the Western powers countered with the establishment of the Berlin Airlift . Another trouble spot is the Middle East, where the UN partition plan for Palestine from the previous year was unable to resolve the Jewish-Arab tensions; instead, they discharge in the Palestinian War , when the British mandate ends and Israel proclaims independence.

overview

Germany

The four zones of occupation

On the question of Germany, the different interests between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union are becoming increasingly evident. After the Communists under Gottwald took power in Czechoslovakia in February , there are fears in the West that a similar development could threaten Berlin and Germany. At the London Six Power Conference , the first important course was set in the direction of the planned establishment of a West German state, which the Soviet side regards as a violation of the Potsdam Agreement and leads to the withdrawal of the Soviet military governor Sokolowski from the Control Council . Conversely, the Soviet side is increasingly obstructing free access to West Berlin and is also intervening directly in the authority of the Berlin magistrate under Louise Schroeder, by making the police apparatus purposefully communist.

The events escalated after a new currency, the D-Mark, was introduced in the three western zones , which accelerated the end of the rationing economy there, but at the same time threatened the Soviet zone, where the Reichsmark was initially still in circulation, with inflation. Despite the Soviet warnings, the D-Mark was introduced in West Berlin a few days later. In the east, the reaction is to close the land and waterways between the western zones and West Berlin; The electricity supply for the three western sectors will also be cut. Ernst Reuter's dramatic appeal for help to the peoples of the world is helping the Western powers to make every effort to supply West Berlin by air.

In the meantime, concrete steps are being taken towards a constitution for the three western zones. The framework conditions for this are given by the Western powers in the Frankfurt documents ; After the first preparatory consultations in the Rittersturz Conference and the Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee , the Parliamentary Council in Bonn begins its work, which will ultimately lead to the drafting of the Basic Law - the name was chosen to emphasize the provisional character of the establishment of the state, the ultimate goal of which is the state Unity of Germany should be - culminates.

Palestine

In the second major trouble spot of the year, Palestine, there had been a latent civil war for a long time between the Arab population and the rapidly increasing Jewish population due to immigration from Europe. On the one hand, the British mandate was often the target of attacks, on the other hand, attacks between Jews and Arabs were the order of the day. The official end of the British mandate on May 15th caused the situation to escalate further and the Israeli side tried to counter the Arab attack by proclaiming a state of its own on May 14th (the 15th was a Sabbath). At first, the Israeli side was on the defensive, despite the immediate recognition of the new state by the superpowers; from the north the armies of Lebanon and Syria advanced into Galilee , Iraqi and Jordanian units conquered the West Bank and from Sinai Egyptian troops advanced towards Tel Aviv. After a while, however, the Israelis succeeded, not least by building up their own air force from Czech stocks, to make up ground, to secure the road between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem and to push back the enemy in Galilee. Attempts at international mediation initially had little effect; on the contrary, the UN Commissioner for Palestine, Count Bernadotte , fell victim to an attack by Jewish extremists because of his commitment to the Palestinian refugees.

Greece

In the Greek Civil War , the government troops made progress against the communist insurgents.

China

In China , Mao's People's Liberation Army is conquering Manchuria and threatening Beijing, which was initially held by national Chinese troops under the increasingly autocratic Chiang Kai-shek .

Korea

In Korea , the division of the state was consolidated with the establishment of the People's Republic in the north and the Republic under Rhee Syng-man in the south; However, the withdrawal of the US and Soviet troops initially gave rise to hope that an armed conflict would not break out. Beginning of the Jeju massacre .

India

The clashes between the two young states India and Pakistan over Kashmir continued on the Indian subcontinent . The murder of Mahatma Gandhi , who advocated a compromise between the two states, by a radical Hindu nationalist is symptomatic of the tensions in the region. The Nizam of Hyderabad, who initially stayed away from the Indian Union because of the high Muslim population in his country, is subjected to a one-week campaign by Indian troops.

United States

In the USA , the intensification of the Cold War is clearly noticeable at the political level . For the upcoming presidential election in November, polls predict a clear defeat for incumbent Harry S. Truman . However, this surprisingly succeeds in defeating his Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey . In July, Truman makes presidential available repealing racial segregation in the armed forces for attention.

Events

Politics and world events

January

Mahatma Gandhi (1929)

February

March

Berlin Court of Appeal: Seat of the Allied Control Council

April

May

June

  • June 2 : Some doctors from the Nazi era are executed after the verdict of the Nuremberg Doctors ' Trial.
  • June 3 : In a first referendum on Newfoundland's political future , none of the alternatives wins an absolute majority. A second referendum was then scheduled for July 22, 1948.
  • June 7th : As a result of the London Six Power Conference , the London Recommendations are adopted, in which the governments of Great Britain, the USA, France and the Benelux countries are presented with the framework conditions for a West German state to be founded. These conditions will be presented to the West German prime ministers as Frankfurt documents at the beginning of July. The conference also decides that the three western zones will join the ERP program .
  • June 8 : The Soviet Union halves the reparations payments of Hungary and Romania .
  • June 18 : In Italy For the first democratic parliamentary elections after the Second World War instead.
  • June 18 : Due to communist unrest, the British colonial power imposed an emergency law on Malaya .
10 DM note of the new currency
"Raisin Bomber"

July

August

September

Count Folke Bernadotte

October

November

December

economy

science and technology

Lake Gruyère

Culture

religion

Sports

Disasters

Minor accidents are listed in the sub-articles of Catastrophe .

Born

January

Gregor Gysi , 2013
Guido Knopp , 2008

February

March

April

May

Grace Jones , 2009
Klaus Meine , 2007

June

July

Cat Stevens, 1976
Otto Waalkes , 2010
Ludger Stratmann, 2014
Jean Reno

August

September

Jeremy Irons, 2013
George RR Martin, 2011
Olivia Newton-John, 2012

October

November

Charles, Prince of Wales

December

Samuel L. Jackson
Donna Summer , 2009

Day unknown

Died

January

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

February

Sergei Eisenstein

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Nobel Prizes

A Nobel Peace Prize was not awarded.

Web links

Commons : 1948  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Arno Scholz : nullvier - A vintage between the fronts , arani-Verlag , Berlin 1962, p. 466 f ( online )
  2. ^ McDonalds History