December 1

The December 1 is the 335th day of the Gregorian calendar (the 336th in leap years ), so stay about 30 days until the end of the year.

Historic anniversaries November · December · January

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Events

Politics and world events

• 1145 : The loss of the Crusader state of Edessa causes Pope Eugene III. to address the French King Louis VII with the bull Quantum praedecessores . The head of the church advertises a second crusade .
• 1167 : Out of resistance against the Italian policy of Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa , several northern Italian cities merge in the Lombard League.
• 1453 : Emperor Friedrich III. declares the Prussian Confederation founded in 1440 to be illegal and orders its dissolution. His decision in favor of the Teutonic Order under Grand Master Ludwig von Erlichshausen led to the outbreak of the Thirteen Years' War two months later .
• 1503 : The death of Duke Georg von Bayern-Landshut leads to the Landshut War of Succession . Due to the lack of male heirs, the deceased made his daughter Elisabeth his heir, which contradicts the Wittelsbach house contract . This calls Albrecht IV as Duke of Bavaria-Munich on the scene.
• 1640 : With an assault on the royal palace , the Portuguese Cortes end the personal union of Portugal with Spain . The first king of the again independent Portugal becomes John IV of the House of Bragança .

1640: Elector Friedrich Wilhelm

• 1640 : After the death of his father Georg Wilhelm, Friedrich Wilhelm becomes Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia .
• 1651 : The English navigation act comes into force. After that, goods may only be imported on English ships or ships from the countries of origin . The law snubs the Dutch in particular and leads to the first Anglo-Dutch naval war a few months later .
• 1764 : King Charles III. moves with his family into the newly built royal palace in Madrid.
• 1774 : The thirteen colonies in North America begin the boycott of British goods decided by the first continental congress.
• 1821 : Costa Rica gets the provisional constitution Pacto de Concordia .

1822: Coronation of Dom Pedro I.

• 1822 : In Brazil is Dom Pedro I. crowned emperor. It is the first imperial coronation on the South American continent.
• 1879 : Russian nihilists carry out an explosives attack on the imperial train of Tsar Alexander II near Moscow .
• 1900 : A census in the German Empire shows a population of 56,345,014 inhabitants.
• 1918 : The unification of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania is proclaimed in Karlsburg .
• 1918 : The Serbian Prince Regent Alexander proclaims the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . Numerous influential groups, however, refuse to recognize the new state .
• 1918 : The German publicist Eduard Stadtler founds the Anti-Bolshevik League with financial support from the banker Karl Helfferich . This is subsequently responsible, among other things, for the contract killings of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg .
• 1918 : Iceland becomes an independent kingdom, but remains linked to Denmark in a personal union.
• 1919 : Lady Nancy Astor , elected on November 28th, takes her seat as England's first female MP .
• 1925 : Germany and the victorious powers of World War I sign the Locarno Treaties, negotiated in Locarno on October 16, in London , with the aim of normalizing relations between the states. Germany recognizes the western border established in the Versailles Peace Treaty .
• 1933 : The during the time of National Socialism adopted Act to Secure the Unity of Party and State submits Germany the party system .
• 1934 : The Soviet party functionary Sergei Mironowitsch Kirov is murdered. The act triggers the “ Stalin Purges ”, in which numerous political opponents of Josef Stalin are executed.
• 1936 : Adolf Hitler promulgates the law on the Hitler Youth , according to which it includes "the entire German youth".
• 1941 : Beginning of the systematic deportations of Jews from Württemberg . More than 1000 people are deported from Stuttgart North Station to Riga to the Jungfernhof camp. Most of them never return.
• 1946 : With the constitution of the State of Hesse , the first state constitution in Germany comes into force after the Second World War .
• 1946 : In a referendum in Bavaria, over 70% of the population vote for the adoption of the constitution of the Free State of Bavaria .
• 1950 : In West Berlin , the German Service Organization Berlin (Watchmen's Service) set up by the British armed forces on September 1, 1950 begins operations .
• 1952 : An article in the New York Daily News about her gender reassignment operation in Denmark started a media hype about the American Christine Jorgensen .

1955: Rosa Parks bus

• 1955 : Civil rights activist Rosa Parks is arrested in Montgomery for refusing to let a white man sit on a bus. This event subsequently leads to the 382-day bus boycott of Montgomery and the desegregation in the USA .
• 1959 : Twelve consultative states sign the Antarctic Treaty , which among other things "freezes" territorial claims in the Antarctic and prohibits military use of the continent. The "administration" is transferred to the two organizations SCAR and COMNAP .

1961: West Papua

• 1961 : The morning star flag is officially hoisted in West Papua as a sign of the planned independence from the Netherlands . After the annexation of West Papua by Indonesia and the legitimation of the Act of Free Choice by the UN, the Indonesian military kills an estimated 100,000 Papuans.
• 1963 : Nagaland becomes a separate state within the Indian Union .

1966: Ludwig Erhard

• 1966 : The German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard resigns after the breakup of the government coalition of CDU / CSU and FDP . Kurt Georg Kiesinger is his successor . For the first time, Germany is being ruled by a grand coalition of CDU / CSU and SPD .
• 1989 : John Paul II receives Mikhail Sergejewitsch Gorbachev, the only General Secretary of the CPSU who has traveled to a Pope .

1991: Ukraine

• 1991 : In a referendum , voters in Ukraine confirm with a large majority that the state has already declared independence from the Soviet Union .

2000: Vicente Fox

• 2000 : Vicente Fox Quesada becomes President of Mexico . He is the first President who is not a member of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional .
• 2009 : The Lisbon Treaty enters into force. Among other things, it includes the merger of the European Union and the EC .
• 2017 : The Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced after meeting with Emperor Akihito that the monarch would abdicate on April 30, 2019 . The place on the chrysanthemum throne is to be taken over by his eldest son, Crown Prince Naruhito.
• 2019 : First confirmed case of COVID-19 emerges in Wuhan .

economy

• 1838 : The Herzoglich Braunschweigische Staatseisenbahn built by Philipp August von Amsberg , the first state railway in Germany, opens its first section between Braunschweig and Wolfenbüttel .
• 1850 : In the Kingdom of Hanover , postage stamps are introduced.
• 1856 : With Malmö – Lund and Jonsered – Göteborg, the first sections of a national Swedish rail network of the SJ are opened.
• 1876 : Berlin has the first urban pneumatic tube network that is also accessible to the public.
• 1884 : Workers' health insurance comes into force in the German Empire . The employers pay one third and the workers two thirds of the contributions. The reform is a milestone in the history of social insurance in Germany .
• 1887 : One in Singapore Opened Bungalow in colonial style with ten rooms forms the basis for the now luxuriously decorated Raffles Hotel .
• 1909 : The airship Erbslöh has its official maiden voyage over Leichlingen .
• 1909 : The Western Pacific Railway opens the approximately 1500 km long railway line from Salt Lake City to San Francisco for freight traffic.
• 1910 : Germany's first purely municipal subway line, the Schöneberger Untergrundbahn, today's line 4 of the Berlin subway , goes into operation.
• 1913 : The Ford Motor Company introduces the assembly line into industrial production.
• 1922 : In Warnemünde are Heinkel of its namesake founded.
• 1935 : The Japanese bus and truck manufacturer Nippon Diesel Industries Co. Ltd. will be founded.

1948: Emergency sacrifice stamps

• 1948 : The Notopfer Berlin surcharge stamps become mandatory on letters in the Bizone . In Berlin , therefore, from January 1949 a “ postwar ” broke out in the eastern part of the city , affecting the whole of divided Germany.
• 1953 : Hugh Hefner publishes the first issue of Playboy with a circulation of 70,000 copies.

science and technology

• 1866 : The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge over the Ohio River near Cincinnati , built by John Augustus Roebling , can be crossed on foot for the first time a month before it opens. Until the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world with a span of 322 meters .

1910: the Kainan Maru

• 1910 : During the so-called " Golden Age of Antarctic Research ", the ship Kainan Maru leaves the port of Tokyo for Antarctica under the orders of Shirase Nobu . This is how Japanese Antarctic research begins . The expedition lasted until June 20, 1912.

FernUniversität Hagen, founded in 1974

• 1974 : The first and so far only German distance learning university is founded in Hagen .
• 1978 : The 14 kilometer long Arlberg road tunnel is opened in Austria .
• 1984 : Under the name Controlled Impact Demonstration , NASA brings a remote-controlled Boeing 720 to a controlled crash.
• 1985 : The world's most powerful floating crane , the McDermott Derrick Barge No. 102 , is being delivered by Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding , a company of the Japanese Mitsui Group .
• 1990 : The breakthrough occurs with the construction of the Eurotunnel . For the first time since the last Ice Age, you can walk from mainland Europe to Great Britain on dry feet.

Culture

• 1739 : In London, will premiere the opera Nancy, or The Parting Lovers of Henry Carey instead.
• 1823 : The opera Libussa by Conradin Kreutzer is premiered in Berlin .
• 1831 : The opera Casimir ou Le Premier Tête-à-tête by Adolphe Adam is premiered at the Théâtre des Nouveautés in Paris .
• 1860 : The by Charles Dickens published British weekly magazine All the Year Round begins with the preliminary impression of his novel Great Expectations ( Great Expectations ).

1903: Scene from The Great Train Robbery

• 1903 : The first Western film history, The Great Train Robbery (The Great Train Robbery) by Edwin S. Porter , will be premiered in the United States. Max Aronson plays three roles in it.
• 1909 : The Singspiel Brüderlein fein is premiered by Leo Fall in Vienna .
• 1909 : The first exhibition of the Neue Künstlervereinigung München opens in the Heinrich Thannhausers gallery .
• 1911 : Hugo von Hofmannsthal's play Jedermann is premiered in the Berlin Schumann Circus, directed by Max Reinhardt .
• 1924 : The first performance of the musical Lady, Be Good by George Gershwin takes place at the Liberty Theater in New York .
• 1924 : The actors Paul Morgan , Kurt Robitschek and Max Hansen found the comedians' cabaret in Berlin .
• 1956 : At the Martin Beck Theater in New York the romantic operetta Candide by Leonard Bernstein premiered.
• 1969 : Henri Verneuil's gangster film The Sicilian Clan premieres in France .
• 1984 : The station 3sat starts its program as a joint production by ZDF , ORF and SRG .
• 1986 : The first youth wave from Radio Bremen , Bremen Vier , starts broadcasting.

1986: Musée d'Orsay

• 1986 : The Musée d'Orsay , converted from a train station into an art museum , opens in Paris .
• 1991 : With SWF4 Rhineland-Palatinate , the first regional radio program of Südwestfunk goes on air.
• 1993 : The German music television broadcaster VIVA starts broadcasting.
• 2004 : After the Berlin Senate canceled the public grants for the Berliner Symphoniker despite protests, insolvency proceedings were opened against the sponsoring association in order to be able to maintain the orchestra as a privately owned company.
• 2012 : Michael Haneke's feature film Liebe wins the European Film Award .

society

• 1886 : The district judge Emil Hartwich dies after a duel. Theodor Fontane deals with the case in his novel Effi Briest .

religion

• 0722 : Pope Gregory II prescribes the missionary Boniface , how he should use the income of the church - the tithe created in the 8th century - and offerings.

Disasters

• 1923 : The Gleno dam in the Valle di Scalve in Bergamo , Italy breaks. Up to 600 people die in the disaster.
• 1981 : A McDonnell Douglas MD-80 ( Inex-Adria-Aviopromet-Flug 1308 ) of the Yugoslavian Inex Adria Aviopromet crashes into a mountain during the approach to the Corsican capital Ajaccio . All 178 people on board die.
• 2006 : Typhoon Durian triggers several mudslides on Mayon volcano in the Philippines , burying almost 1,000 people. Around a million people become homeless.

Minor accidents are listed in the sub-articles of Catastrophe .

Sports

• 2006 : A premiere in French football since the end of World War II : the football match between Paris Saint-Germain and Toulouse FC , which was to be played on the 16th day of Ligue 1 , has been postponed for security reasons. The catch-up game will be played on January 17, 2007.
• 2011 : The first world championship in roller derby begins in Toronto , which will take place until December 4th, 2011. The national teams of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Germany, England, Finland, France, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden and the USA take part.

Entries of track and field world records can be found under the respective discipline under track and field .

Born

Before the 18th century

• 1244 : Boniface , Count of Savoy
• 1415 : Jan Długosz , Polish diplomat, geographer and historian
• 1438 : Pierre II. De Bourbon , Duke of Bourbon
• 1466 : Agostino Chigi , Italian banker and patron
• 1504 : Melchior Kling , German lawyer and legal scholar
• 1521 : Takeda Shingen , daimyo of the Japanese Sengoku period
• 1525 : Tadeáš Hájek z Hájku , Czech astronomer and personal doctor of Rudolf II.
• 1533 : Basilius Amerbach , Swiss lawyer and art collector
• 1561 : Sophie Hedwig von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel , Duchess of Pommern-Wolgast
• 1566 : Philipp von Nassau , Dutch military
• 1611 : Nicolaus von Avancini , German Jesuit, educator, poet and playwright
• 1620 : Friedrich von Jena , German legal scholar, diplomat and statesman
• 1623 : Christian Ludwig I , Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
• 1655 : Wolf Christoph Zorn von Plobsheim , German architect

18th century

• 1702 : Moritz Adolf Karl von Sachsen-Zeitz-Neustadt , Bishop of Königgrätz and Bishop of Leitmeritz, Canon in Cologne, Duke of Sachsen-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt
• 1710 : Michele Marieschi , Italian painter
• 1716 : Etienne-Maurice Falconet , French sculptor
• 1717 : Grigory Teplov , Russian composer

Anna Louisa Karsch (* 1722)

• 1722 : Anna Louisa Karsch , German poet
• 1724 : Dismas Hataš , Bohemian composer
• 1726 : Eggert Ólafsson , Icelandic poet, naturalist, philologist, archaeologist, economist and historian
• 1727 : Stepan Iwanowitsch Scheschkowski , Russian privy councilor and chief investigator into particularly secret state affairs
• 1728 : Jędrzej Kitowicz , Polish clergyman and historian
• 1729 : Giuseppe Sarti , Italian composer (baptism date)
• 1737 : Johann Ludewig Hogrewe , German engineer and cartographer
• 1737 : William Shepard , American officer and politician
• 1743 : Martin Heinrich Klaproth , German chemist
• 1751 : Charles-Philippe Ronsin , French politician
• 1780 : Bernhard Rudolf Abeken , German philologist and schoolboy
• 1781 : Ferdinand Wedel-Jarlsberg , Norwegian officer
• 1785 : Victor de Broglie , French statesman and diplomat
• 1788 : Makari Ivanov , Russian monk
• 1789 : William Carr Lane , American politician

Nikolai Lobachevsky (* 1792)

• 1792 : Nikolai Lobachevsky , Russian mathematician
• 1792 : Francis Granger , American politician
• 1795 : Jean Lowry Rankin , American abolitionist, escape helper in the Underground Railroad network
• 1796 : Friedrich Wilhelm Buttel , Prussian master builder, senior building officer and court master builder
• 1797 : Olga Sergejewna Pavlishcheva , sister of Alexander Pushkin
• 1800 : Louise von Holtei , Austrian-German theater actress and singer
• 1800 : Mihály Vörösmarty , Hungarian poet, editor and translator

19th century

1801-1850

• 1803 : Wilhelm Winter , German lawyer, landowner and politician, District President of Nassau, MdL, MdR
• 1808 : Atto Vannucci , Italian historian and professor of humanities
• 1809 : Joseph Gungl , Hungarian composer
• 1819 : Philipp Krementz , German theologian, cardinal and archbishop of Cologne
• 1822 : Red Cloud , chief of the Lakota Indians
• 1823 : Karl Schenk , Swiss politician, Government Councilor of Bern, Federal Councilor, Federal President

Maria Amalia of Brazil (* 1831)

• 1831 : Maria Amalia of Brazil , Princess of Brazil
• 1832 : Friedrich Helbig , German lawyer and writer
• 1836 : Rudolph Freiherr von Roman zu Schernau , German politician, district president of Upper Franconia

Carl Arendt (* 1838)

• 1838 : Carl Arendt , German sinologist
• 1840 : Marie Bracquemond , French impressionist painter
• 1940 : Marie de la Croix , French nun and mystic
• 1844 : Alexandra of Denmark , Danish princess, wife of the British King Edward VII.
• 1845 : Georg Atzel , German politician, MdL
• 1845 : Eduard Riecke , German experimental physicist
• 1845 : Henriette von Poschinger , Bavarian glass designer
• 1846 : Ledi Sayadaw , Buddhist monk
• 1847 : Antonín Chittussi , Czech painter

Agathe Backer Grøndahl (* 1847)

• 1847 : Agathe Backer Grøndahl , Norwegian composer and pianist
• 1847 : Gustav Hertel , German historian
• 1847 : Christine Ladd-Franklin , American mathematician (logic) and psychologist
• 1847 : Ludwig Medicus , German chemist and pharmacist
• 1847 : Peter Norrenberg , German priest, historian and social politician
• 1847 : Helma Steinbach , German trade unionist, co-founder of the pro consumer cooperative
• 1848 : Enrique el Mellizo , Spanish flamenco singer
• 1848 : Evan E. Settle , American politician, member of the House of Representatives
• 1848 : Joseph Chaim Sonnenfeld , Hungarian chief rabbi
• 1848 : Franz Statz , German architect and master builder
• 1850 : Robert Wilson Shufeldt Jr. , American ornithologist, doctor, and officer

1851-1900

• 1851 : Eugenie Schumann , German pianist and author

John William Evans (* 1855)

• 1855 : John William Evans , Australian politician and Prime Minister of Tasmania
• 1856 : Georg Hummel , German electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur
• 1857 : Reinhold Steig , German literary historian
• 1861 : Sofie Brehm-Fritsch , German opera singer and vocal teacher
• 1861 : Carl Legien , German trade unionist
• 1861 : Maria Scholz , patroness and writer
• 1867 : Robert P. Lamont , American politician
• 1867 : Julian Michaux , Russian fencer
• 1867 : Ignacy Mościcki , Polish scientist and politician
• 1868 : Nettie Adler , British politician and social worker
• 1868 : Maria Tusch , Austrian worker and politician
• 1869 : Vladimir R. Đorđević , Serbian musicologist and ethnologist

Marija Alexandrovna Lochwitskaja (* 1869)

• 1869 : Marija Alexandrovna Lochwitskaja , Russian poet
• 1871 : Elisabeth Grünwaldt , German educator, doll designer, costume designer and silhouette artist
• 1872 : Eduard Paul Benedict Frese , German-Baltic clergyman and evangelical confessor
• 1873 : Viktor Chernov , Russian politician
• 1875 : Otto Ampferer , Austrian alpinist and geologist
• 1875 : Sophie Jourdan , German doctor, one of the first women admitted to study at the University of Rostock
• 1876 : Louvigny de Montigny , Canadian journalist, writer and critic
• 1878 : George Arundale , British-Indian Freemason and theosophist
• 1878 : Lorenz Rogger , Swiss Catholic clergyman and educator
• 1878 : Bruno Tanzmann , German writer and publisher
• 1878 : Amalie Volz , German founder of the first Protestant school for mothers in Württemberg
• 1879 : Blanche DuBuisson , Canadian singer and actress
• 1879 : Ogiwara Rokuzan , Japanese sculptor
• 1880 : Gertzlaff von Hertzberg , German lawyer and politician
• 1882 : Armida Barelli , Italian activist of the women's movement
• 1884 : Hans Eicke , German athlete

• 1884 : Franziska Schlopsnies , German fashion, poster and commercial artist
• 1884 : Karl Schmidt-Rottluff , German painter, graphic artist and sculptor of expressionism
• 1885 : Alexander Pawlowitsch Mogilewskij , Ukrainian-Russian painter
• 1885 : Sidonie Nádherná von Borutín , Bohemian baroness and salonière
• 1885 : Ekrem Bey Vlora , Albanian nobleman, politician and author
• 1886 : Karl Ludwig Jühlke , German Africa explorer
• 1886 : Rex Stout , American crime novelist
• 1891 : Sophie Tschorn , German radio pioneer and writer
• 1892 : Philine Leudesdorff-Tormin , German actress
• 1892 : Christel Felizitas Schmid , scout and founder of the order
• 1893 ; Robert Doutrebente , French racing car driver
• 1893 : Ernst Toller , German politician, revolutionary and writer
• 1894 : Günther Hermann Richard Arndt , German politician
• 1894 : Frank Fragale , American composer of Italian origin
• 1895 : Heinrich Krone , German politician, Member of the Bundestag, Member of the Bundestag and Federal Minister
• 1895 : Henry Williamson , British writer

Georgi Schukow (* 1896)

• 1896 : Georgi Zhukov , Soviet general and defense minister, four-time hero of the Soviet Union
• 1896 : Hans Müller , Austrian chess master, author and graphologist
• 1896 : Petko Stajnow , Bulgarian composer
• 1897 : Xaver Affentranger , Swiss ski jumper, Nordic combined skier and cross-country skier
• 1897 : Josef Auinger , Austrian detective
• 1897 : Helen de Guerry Simpson , Australian writer and politician
• 1897 : Else Hoppe , German literary scholar
• 1897 : Hansl Schmid , Austrian Viennese song singer
• 1899 : Emma Gumz , German laundry owner, Righteous Among the Nations
• 1899 : Anna von Helmholtz , German salonnière
• 1899 : Hedy Pfundmayr , Austrian dancer, choreographer and film actress

20th century

1901-1925

• 1901 : Susanne Fahrrad-Großmann , German politician
• 1902 : Hermann Auer , German physicist
• 1902 : Carola Williams , German circus director
• 1905 : Clarence Melvin Zener , American physicist and electrical engineer
• 1906 : Lore Grages , German translator for French and Dutch
• 1906 : Berta Scharrer , German-American neuroscientist
• 1909 : Franz Bardon , Czech esotericist
• 1909 : Hans-Heinrich Sievert , German athlete

Alicia Markova (* 1910)

• 1910 : Alicia Markova , British ballet dancer
• 1911 : Rudolf Eyfrig , German physicist
• 1911 : Franz Binder , Austrian-German football player and coach
• 1911 : Ralph Kercheval , American football player
• 1912 : Hans Hauschulz , German politician
• 1912 : Minoru Yamasaki , American architect
• 1913 : Mary Ainsworth , American developmental psychologist
• 1913 : Hans Glinz , Swiss linguist and Germanist
• 1913 : Mary Martin (actress) , American actress
• 1913 : Luggi Waldleitner , German film producer

Knud Børge Andersen (* 1914)

• 1914 : Knud Børge Andersen , Danish politician
• 1915 : Jo Wegener , German actress, radio play and voice actor
• 1917 : Gerd Schmückle , German general
• 1918 : Liselotte Schlosser , German homeland researcher and archivist
• 1919 : Lurlean Hunter , American jazz singer
• 1919 : Anne Cox Chambers , US Ambassador to Belgium
• 1920 : Yevgenia Andreevna Schigulenko , Soviet bomber pilot and film director
• 1922 : Monique Bauer-Lagier , Swiss politician
• 1922 : Gerd Mehl , German sports reporter
• 1923 : Morris , Belgian comic artist and author ( Lucky Luke )
• 1924 : Györgyi Székely-Marvalics , Hungarian foil fencer
• 1925 : Kurt Kelm , German translator
• 1925 : Manfred Köhnlechner , German alternative practitioner
• 1925 : Martin Rodbell , American medic
• 1925 : Peter Thomas , German film composer

1926-1950

• 1926 : Margret Krick , German publisher and entrepreneur
• 1926 : Allyn Ann McLerie , was an American actress, singer, and dancer
• 1926 : Rosemarie Pohl-Weber , German librarian, journalist, folklorist and museum director
• 1927 : Dick Guldstrand , American entrepreneur and racing car driver
• 1928 : Anna Heilman , participant in the armed uprising of the prisoner special command in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp
• 1928 : Emily McLaughlin , American actress
• 1929 : Wolfgang Anheisser , German opera singer
• 1929 : Alfred Moisiu , Albanian politician, president
• 1929 : Karl Otto Pöhl , German civil servant and banker, President of the Bundesbank
• 1930 : Marie Bashir , Australian politician and medical doctor
  

  Marie Bashir (* 1930)
• 1930 : Joachim Hoffmann , German historian and publicist
• 1930 : Carlheinz Hollmann , German television presenter
• 1931 : Juanita Abernathy , American civil rights activist, university teacher, and businesswoman
• 1931 : Jean-Claude Abrioux , French politician
• 1931 : Jimmy Lyons , American jazz saxophonist
  

  Jimmy Lyons (born 1931)
• 1933 : Horst Eylmann , German politician, Member of the Bundestag
• 1933 : Lou Rawls , American singer
• 1933 : Violette Verdy , French ballerina, choreographer, university teacher, writer and ballet director
• 1933 : James Wolfensohn , American lawyer and banker, President of the World Bank
• 1934 : Wilhelm Keim , German chemist
• 1934 : Billy Paul , American singer
• 1935 : Woody Allen , American comedian and director, writer, and actor
  

  Woody Allen (born 1935)
• 1935 : Walter Demel , German cross-country skier
• 1935 : Victorița Dumitrescu , Romanian handball player
• 1935 : Heinz Riesenhuber , German politician, Member of the Bundestag, Federal Minister
• 1935 : Ivica Šerfezi , Yugoslavian pop singer
• 1935 : Amedeo Tommasi , Italian jazz musician and composer
• 1936 : Lize Marke , Belgian singer
• 1936 : Peter Sutcliffe , British racing car driver and entrepreneur
• 1937 : Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga , Latvian psychologist, president
  

  Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga (* 1937)
• 1938 : Carlos Garnett , American jazz saxophonist
• 1938 : Anna Mazzamauro , Italian actress and singer
• 1938 : Toni Schumacher , German soccer player
• 1939 : Renate Breuer , German canoeist
• 1939 : Jens Ulbricht , German athlete
• 1940 : Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo , Mozambican Prime Minister
• 1940 : Richard Pryor , American comedian
• 1940 : Nora Schimming-Chase , Namibian politician and civil rights activist
• 1941 : Stephen A. Benton , American physicist
• 1941 : Federico Faggin , Italian entrepreneur
• 1941 : Günter Graf , German politician, Member of the Bundestag
• 1941 : Peter Letzgus , German politician, Member of the Bundestag
• 1942 : Mohamed Kamel Amr , Egyptian diplomat and politician
• 1942 : Dieter Annies , German politician, Member of the Bundestag
• 1942 : Harlene Anderson , American psychologist, psychotherapist, and non-fiction author
• 1943 : Wolf-Rüdiger Eisentraut , German architect
• 1943 : Ortrun Enderlein , German luge athlete
  

  Ortrun Enderlein (* 1943)
• 1943 : Evelyn Gressmann , German actress and voice actress
• 1943 : Marlis Heide Schmidt , translation scholar
• 1943 : Anne Tardos , Franco-American author and multimedia artist
• 1944 : Pierre Arditi , French actor
  

  Pierre Arditi (* 1944)
• 1944 : Noëlle Boisson , French film editor
• 1944 : Eric Bloom , American rock musician ( Blue Öyster Cult )
• 1944 : John Densmore , American musician and songwriter
• 1944 : Achim Exner , German economist and local politician
• 1944 : Eberhard Menzel , German local politician
• 1944 : Arja Saijonmaa , Finnish singer
  

  Arja Saijonmaa (* 1944)
• 1945 : Mariza Corrêa , Brazilian anthropologist and feminist
• 1945 : Bette Midler , American singer and actress
• 1946 : Tunç Hamarat , Austrian chess player
• 1946 : Gilbert O'Sullivan , Irish songwriter and singer
• 1947 : Rosmarie Bär , Swiss politician
• 1948 : Birgitta Ashoff , German film director, screenwriter and journalist
• 1948 : Eva Evdokimova , American prima ballerina
• 1948 : Eckhard Lesse , German athlete
• 1948 : Luciano Re Cecconi , Italian football player
• 1948 : Guy Tunmer , South African racing car driver
• 1948 : Christine Weber , German politician
• 1948 : Karin Wiedemann , German politician
• 1949 : Pablo Escobar , Colombian drug trafficker, smuggler and terrorist
• 1949 : Wolfgang Gerhards , German politician, Minister of Justice of North Rhine-Westphalia
• 1949 : Suzanne Lebsock , American historian and author
• 1949 : Sebastián Piñera , Chilean businessman and politician, president
• 1949 : Alison Wright , New Zealand-British medium and long distance runner
• 1950 : Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos , Brazilian geographer
• 1950 : Absalom Themba Dlamini , Prime Minister of Swaziland
• 1950 : Christiane Erdmann , German sculptor and photographer
• 1950 : Paul Vincent , German musician and composer
• 1950 : Ueli Maurer , Swiss politician

1951-1975

• 1951 : Sika Barbulowa , former Bulgarian rower
• 1951 : Lieselore Cyrus , German diplomat
• 1951 : Heather Lowe , American actress

Jaco Pastorius (* 1951)

• 1951 : Jaco Pastorius , American jazz musician and composer
• 1951 : Fausto Rey , Dominican singer
• 1952 : Béatrice Libert , Belgian poet and writer
• 1952 : Ellen McLain , American actress
• 1952 : Ruth Strasser , German medic
• 1952 : Pegi Young , American singer and songwriter
• 1953 : Robert Agnew , American sociologist and criminologist
• 1953 : Barbara Brezigar , Slovenian lawyer and politician
• 1953 : Margaret Horsfield , Canadian non-fiction author and journalist
• 1953 : Nancy Tellem , American lawyer and president of the radio and television network CBS
• 1954 : Viv Albertine , English musician, singer-songwriter, author and director
• 1954 : Annette Haven , American porn actress

Karl-Heinz Körbel (* 1954)

• 1954 : Karl-Heinz Körbel , German soccer player and coach

Medha Patkar (* 1954)

• 1954 : Medha Patkar , Indian human rights activist
• 1954 : François Van der Elst , Belgian football player
• 1955 : Veikko Onni Juhani Aaltonen , Finnish director, editor, film and television writer and actor
• 1955 : Cyrielle Clair , French actress
• 1955 : Graham Duxbury , South African racing car driver
• 1955 : Verónica Forqué , Spanish actress
• 1955 : Horst Günter Marx , German actor
• 1955 : Martina Michels , German politician
• 1955 : Maria Neubrand , German Roman Catholic theologian
• 1955 : Elaine Trepper , Namibian SWAPO politician and teacher
• 1956 : Julee Cruise , American singer

Claire Chazal (* 1956)

• 1956 : Claire Chazal , French journalist and news anchor
• 1956 : Evelyn McMeekin , British sprinter and middle distance runner
• 1956 : Jorge Pardo , Spanish saxophonist and flautist
• 1957 : Brigitte Marschall , Austrian theater scholar
• 1957 : Arnulf Meffle , German handball player
• 1957 : Ingrid Pahlmann , German politician
• 1958 : Javier Aguirre , Mexican soccer player and coach
• 1958 : Arthème Kwesi Séléagodji Ahoomey-Zunu , Togolese politician
• 1958 : Alberto Cova , Italian athlete
• 1958 : Candace Bushnell , American writer and columnist
• 1958 : Lisa Fischer , American singer, songwriter

Ekkehard Klemm (* 1958)

• 1958 : Ekkehard Klemm , German conductor
• 1958 : Charlene Tilton , American actress
• 1959 : Anne Ducros , French jazz singer
• 1959 : Sylvia Haider , Austrian actress
• 1959 : Urs Rohner , Swiss business lawyer and manager
• 1960 : Adriano Aguzzi , Italian-Swiss doctor and university professor
• 1960 : Carol Alt , American model and actress
• 1960 : Delphine Djiraïbé Kemneloum , Chadian lawyer and human rights activist
• 1960 : Andrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich , German speed skater
• 1960 : Ruth Elkrief , French television journalist

Petra Sitte (* 1960)

• 1960 : Petra Sitte , German politician
• 1961 : Charlene Heisler , Canadian astronomer
• 1961 : Kim Jin-ho , South Korean archer
• 1961 : Armin Meiwes , the "cannibal of Rotenburg"

Jeremy Northam (born 1961)

• 1961 : Jeremy Northam , British actor
• 1961 : Elisabeth Stadler , Austrian manager
• 1961 : Lito Vitale , Argentinian rock musician and composer
• 1962 : Detlev Buck , German actor and screenwriter, film producer and director
• 1962 : Sylvie Daigle , Canadian speed skater
• 1962 : Gail Z. Martin , American fantasy writer
• 1962 : Cao Yanhua , Chinese table tennis player
• 1963 : Katharina Klement , Austrian composer and pianist
• 1963 : Florence Rimbault , French soccer player
• 1963 : Jiao Zhimin , Chinese table tennis player
• 1964 : Ilona Bürgel , German psychologist and non-fiction author

Catherine Houseaux (born 1964)

• 1964 : Catherine Houseaux , French triathlete
• 1964 : Salvatore Schillaci , Italian football player
• 1964 : Tim Renner , German music producer, journalist and author
• 1964 : Jo Walton , Welsh-Canadian fantasy and science fiction writer
• 1965 : Jacqueline Alex , German swimmer

Andrew Ralph Adamson (born 1966)

• 1966 : Andrew Ralph Adamson , New Zealand director
• 1966 : Katherine LaNasa , American actress
• 1966 : Johanne Sutton , French radio journalist and reporter
• 1967 : Nela Boudová , Czech actress
• 1968 : Stephan Beckenbauer , German soccer player
• 1968 : Arja Nuolioja , Finnish ski orienteer
• 1968 : Sarah Fitz-Gerald , Australian squash player
• 1968 : Annegret Strauch , German rower
• 1968 : Nina Less , German actress and radio play speaker
• 1969 : Ariadne Daskalakis , violinist of Greek-American origin who lives in Germany
• 1969 : Alexandra Surer , Swiss actress and author
• 1970 : Jouko Ahola , Finnish strongman and actor
• 1970 : Sigurður Bjarnason , Icelandic handball player
• 1970 : Golden Brooks , American actress
• 1970 : Julie Condra , American actress
• 1970 : Tanja Schwarz , German writer

Sarah Silverman (* 1970)

• 1970 : Sarah Silverman , American comedian
• 1970 : Tisha Waller , American athlete, specialized in high jump
• 1971 : Emily Mortimer , British-American actress, screenwriter, and film producer
• 1971 : Chen Ying , Chinese badminton player
• 1971 : Christian Pescatori , Italian racing car driver
• 1972 : Svetlana Valeryevna Bashanova , Russian speed skater
• 1972 : Li Qing , Chinese water diver
• 1973 : Lydia Ankrah , Ghanaian soccer player
• 1973 : Andrea Bertolini , Italian racing car driver
• 1973 : Rania Youssef , Egyptian film actress
• 1974 : Costinha , Portuguese football player

Rosa Yassin Hassan (* 1974)

• 1974 : Rosa Yassin Hassan , Syrian author and human rights activist
• 1975 : Frank Bräutigam , German television journalist
• 1975 : Sara Hardaker , English badminton player
• 1975 : Christian Kössler , Austrian author
• 1975 : Thomas Nitzsche , German politician
• 1975 : Felipa Palacios , Colombian athlete
• 1975 : Anil Seepaul , badminton player from Trinidad and Tobago

1976-2000

Tomasz Adamek (* 1976)

• 1976 : Tomasz Adamek , Polish professional boxer
• 1976 : Eva von Angern , German politician
• 1976 : Laura Ling , American journalist
• 1977 : Brad Delson , American guitarist
• 1977 : Luis Díaz , Mexican racing car driver
• 1977 : Sophie Guillemin , French actress
• 1978 : Bryan Bouffier , French rally driver
• 1978 : Jen Psaki , US press officer
• 1979 : Lyn Byl , German handball player
• 1979 : Robert Dahlgren , Swedish racing driver
• 1980 : Olivier Andrey , Swiss badminton player
• 1980 : Kessy Schott , German soccer player and trainer
• 1980 : Kim Yoon-mi , South Korean short tracker

Flomena Chepchirchir (* 1981)

• 1981 : Flomena Chepchirchir , Kenyan long-distance runner
• 1981 : Rolf Hermann , German handball player
• 1981 : Seraina Mischol , Swiss cross-country skier
• 1981 : Anna Vitalievna Sorokina , Russian biathlete
• 1981 : Nora Waldstätten , Austrian actress
• 1982 : Riz Ahmed , British actor, MC and musician
• 1982 : Laurens Jan Anjema , Dutch squash player
• 1982 : Noengrothai Chaipetch , Thai high jumper
• 1982 : Zuzana Leharová , Slovak jazz musician and composer
• 1982 : Alfredo Pacheco , Salvadoran football player
• 1983 : Hilde Drexler , Austrian judoka

Oliver Ulloth (* 1983)

• 1983 : Oliver Ulloth , German politician
• 1984 : Corsin Casutt , Swiss ice hockey player
• 1984 : Diane Nukuri , Burundian athlete
• 1984 : Alexis Rhodes , Australian cyclist
• 1984 : Charles Michael Davis , American actor and model
• 1984 : Benno Schachtner , German opera singer
• 1985 : Ilfenesh Hadera , American actress
• 1985 : Nathalie Moellhausen , Brazilian-Italian sword fencer

Janelle Monáe (* 1985)

• 1985 : Janelle Monáe , American soul and funk singer, songwriter, actress and dancer
• 1985 : Chanel Preston , American porn actress
• 1985 : Emiliano Viviano , Italian football player
• 1985 : Björn Vleminckx , Belgian football player
• 1986 : Victoria Amelina , Ukrainian writer
• 1986 : DeSean Jackson , American football player
• 1987 : Giedrius Arlauskis , Lithuanian football player
• 1987 : Sina Doughan , German politician
• 1987 : Philippa Strache , Austrian model, presenter and politician
• 1988 : Léa Castel , French R&B singer
• 1988 : Tyler Joseph , American musician
• 1988 : Zoë Kravitz , American actress and model
• 1989 : Markus Rühmkorf , Austrian soccer player
• 1989 : Yvonne Zielinski , German soccer player
• 1990 : Chanel Iman , American model
• 1991 : Adam Bedell , American football player
• 1991 : Stephanie Capomolla , Italian-Swiss football player
• 1991 : Dion Waiters , American basketball player
• 1991 : Sun Yang , Chinese swimmer
• 1992 : Marco van Ginkel , Dutch football player
• 1993 : Taylor Smith , American soccer player
• 1997 : Jung Chae-yeon , South Korean pop singer and actress
• 1997 : Karitaake Tewaaki , Kiribati sprinter
• 1998 : Frida Sanggaard Nielsen , Danish rower
• 2000 : Sophia Flörsch , German automobile racing driver

21st century

• 2001 : Aiko , Japanese princess, daughter of Emperor Naruhito
• 2001 : Alice Robinson , New Zealand ski racer

Died

Before the 16th century

• 0659 : Eligius , Bishop of Noyon, saint
• 0792 : Philaretus , Orthodox saint
• 0927 : Heriger , Archbishop of Mainz
• 0984 : Othwin , Bishop of Hildesheim
• 1018 : Thietmar , Bishop of Merseburg and historian
• 1080 : Egilbert , Bishop of Minden
• 1114 : Hersendis of Champagne , co-founder of Fontevrault Abbey
• 1135 : Henry I , King of England
• 1151 : Werner von Steußlingen , Bishop of Münster
• 1241 : Isabella of England , Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Sicily
• 1246 : Eberhard von Regensberg , Archbishop of Salzburg
• 1255 : Ala ad-Din Muhammad , Imam of the Nizarites
• 1282 : Margarete Sambiria , regent of Denmark
• 1335 : Abu Sa'id , Ilkhan of Persia
• 1342 : Bertrand de Montfavez , French cardinal of the Catholic Church
• 1374 : Magnus II , King of Sweden
• 1406 : Johanna , Duchess of Brabant and Limburg
• 1431 : Elisabeth von Ziegenhain , Countess of Hanau
• 1433 : Go-Komatsu , 100th Emperor of Japan
• 1455 : Lorenzo Ghiberti , Italian goldsmith, ore caster and sculptor
• 1463 : Mary of Guelders , Queen of Scotland
• 1474 : Nicolò Marcello , 69th Doge of Venice
• 1476 : Agnes , Duchess of Burgundy
• 1483 : Charlotte of Savoy , wife of King Louis XI. from France

16th to 18th century

• 1503 : George the Rich , Duke of Bavaria-Landshut
• 1521 : Leo X , Pope
• 1530 : Margaret of Austria , governor of the Habsburg Netherlands
• 1535 : Gabriel von Eyb , Prince-Bishop of Eichstätt
• 1559 : Hermann Falke , Lübeck mayor
• 1580 : Giovanni Morone , Italian Catholic cardinal
• 1581 : Alexander Briant , English Jesuit, martyr and saint of Catholic Church
• 1581 : Edmund Campion , English Jesuit, martyr and saint of the Catholic Church
• 1633 : Isabella Clara Eugenia , Spanish infanta and governor of the Spanish Netherlands
• 1640 : Georg Wilhelm , German Elector of Brandenburg
• 1652 : Samuel Edel , German Lutheran theologian
• 1701 : Maria Benigna Franziska von Sachsen-Lauenburg , Princess Piccolomini, Duchess of Amalfi and mistress of the East Bohemian rule Nachod
• 1704 : Joan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen , Regent and Mayor of Amsterdam
• 1707 : Jeremiah Clarke , English composer
• 1709 : Abraham a Sancta Clara , German Catholic clergyman and writer
• 1727 : Johann Heinrich Buttstedt , German organist and composer of the Baroque
• 1729 : Christian Ludwig Boxberg , German composer and organist
• 1737 : Caroline von Brandenburg-Ansbach , Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Electress of Hanover
• 1737 : Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon , Count of Toulouse, illegitimate son of Louis XIV.
• 1749 : Maximilian Trumler , Hungarian-Austrian stonemason
• 1750 : Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr , German astronomer
• 1771 : Antal Grassalkovich I , Hungarian statesman
• 1775 : Thomas von Fritsch , statesman of the Electorate of Saxony

19th century

• 1804 : Friedrich Ludwig Aster , Electoral Saxon officer
• 1806 : Johann August Urlsperger , German Lutheran theologian
• 1807 : Wilhelm Christoph Diede zum Fürstenstein , Danish diplomat
• 1810 : Jean-Baptiste Treilhard , French politician and member of the board of directors
• 1814 : Georg Ludwig von Edelsheim , Minister of Baden
• 1818 : Carl Frederik von Breda , Swedish painter
• 1825 : Alexander I , Russian tsar
• 1848 : Kyokutei Bakin , Japanese writer
• 1848 : Kilian Joseph Fischer , German Roman Catholic theologian
• 1852 : Ernst Casimir I of Ysenburg and Büdingen , 1st Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen
• 1859 : John Austin , English lawyer and legal philosopher
• 1861 : Heinrich August Hahn , German Protestant theologian and university professor
• 1862 : Agustín Durán , Spanish literary scholar
• 1864 : William L. Dayton , American politician
• 1866 : Jules Auguste Demersseman , French flautist and composer
• 1866 : George Everest , English engineer
• 1869 : Eduard Vieweg , German publisher
• 1886 : Karl Ludwig Jühlke , German Africa explorer
• 1888 : Anthim I , Bulgarian prelate, politician, exarch and head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church
• 1893 : Anton Anno , German actor, director, theater director and playwright

20th century

1901-1950

• 1914 : François-Virgile Dubillard , French clergyman, Archbishop of Chambéry, cardinal
• 1916 : Charles de Foucauld , French theologian and founder of the order
• 1917 : George A. Banker , American cyclist, world champion 1898
• 1919 : Josef Rosemeyer , German track cyclist, inventor and entrepreneur
• 1930 : Adolph Hoffmann , German member of the Reichstag
• 1934 : Sergei Mironowitsch Kirow , Soviet state and party functionary, follower of Stalin
• 1935 : Bernhard Schmidt , German optician and inventor ( Schmidt telescope )
• 1937 : Sophie Countess Attems-Heiligenkreuz , Austrian writer
• 1939 : Nataly von Eschstruth , German writer
• 1941 : Alva B. Adams , American politician, House of Representatives, and Senator for Colorado
• 1943 : Amos Arbor , Canadian ice hockey player
• 1945 : Harvey Bartlett Gaul , American composer and organist
• 1945 : Conrad Heese , German lawyer and councilor
• 1945 : Ernst von Carnap-Quernheimb , German Africa explorer
• 1946 : Emmy von Egidy , German sculptor and writer
• 1947 : Friedrich Andres , German religious scholar
• 1947 : Aleister Crowley , British occultist
• 1947 : Franz Fischer , German chemist
• 1948 : Somerton man , unknown mysterious murder victim

1951-2000

• 1954 : Fred Rose , American music publisher, songwriter, producer
• 1956 : Jakob Rauch , German clergyman
• 1959 : Peter Christel Asmussen , German politician
• 1960 : Ernst Rowohlt , German publisher
• 1961 : Bienvenido Troncoso , Dominican singer, guitarist and composer
• 1964 : Michl Ehbauer , German dialect poet from Bavaria
• 1967 : John Gordon Aitken , Scottish football player
• 1969 : Magic Sam , American musician
• 1972 : Antonio Segni , Italian politician

David Ben-Gurion († 1973)

• 1973 : David Ben Gurion , Israel's first Prime Minister
• 1974 : Erich Aehnelt , German veterinarian and university professor
• 1974 : Lajos Zilahy , Hungarian writer
• 1975 : Ernesto Maserati , Italian racing car driver, engineer and entrepreneur
• 1975 : Hans Schweikart , German director
• 1977 : Kaionji Chōgorō , Japanese writer
• 1978 : Berko Acker , German film and theater actor
• 1984 : Wayland Becker , American football player
• 1984 : Roelof Frankot , Dutch artist
• 1985 : Kenshiro Abe , Japanese Jūdō teacher
• 1986 : Lee Dorsey , American singer and songwriter
• 1986 : Bobby Layne , American football player
• 1987 : James Baldwin , American writer
• 1987 : Vatche Hovsepian , Armenian duduk player
• 1987 : Alessandro Vallebona , Italian radiologist, developer of tomography
• 1989 : Alvin Ailey , American dancer
• 1989 : Heinz Brendel ; German racing car driver
• 1990 : Octavio Antonio Beras Rojas , Dominican clergyman, Archbishop of Santo Domingo
• 1990 : Sergio Corbucci , Italian film director
• 1990 : Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit , Indian politician
• 1990 : Rudolf Signer , Swiss chemist
• 1991 : George Joseph Stigler , American economist and Nobel Prize winner
• 1994 : Akeem Anifowoshe , Nigerian professional boxer
• 1995 : Elisa Huezo Paredes , Salvadoran writer and painter
• 1997 : Stéphane Grappelli , French jazz violinist
• 1998 : Bertil Nordahl , Swedish football player

21st century

• 2003 : Carl Schenkel , Swiss director
• 2004 : Bernhard zur Lippe-Biesterfeld , Dutch prince
• 2005 : Mary Hayley Bell , British actress
• 2005 : Michael Kehlmann , Austrian director and actor
• 2005 : Abu Hamza Rabi'a , Egyptian terrorist
• 2006 : Claude Jade , French actress
• 2006 : Edi Sudrajat , Indonesian Defense Minister
• 2007 : Tony Fall , British rally driver and team manager
• 2007 : Ken McGregor , Australian tennis player
• 2007 : Anton Rodgers , British actor
• 2008 : Peter Maiwald , German writer
• 2009 : Paul Naschy , Spanish director, screenwriter and actor
• 2010 : William Geoffrey Arnott , British Graecist
• 2010 : Georges Eggenberger , Swiss politician
• 2011 : Christa Wolf , German writer
• 2011 : Ragnhild Hveger , Danish swimmer
• 2012 : Raymond Ausloos , Belgian football player
• 2015 : Joseph Engelberger , American engineer, pioneer of robotics
• 2017 : Fredy Schmidtke , German track cyclist, Olympic champion
• 2018 : Ken Berry , American actor
• 2018 : Stefanie Tücking , German presenter

Holidays and memorial days

• Church memorial days
  • St. Eligius , Bishop of Noyon (Protestant, Catholic)
  • Sel. Charles de Foucauld , French. Officer and monk (catholic)

• Name days
  • Bianca , Natalie

• State holidays and memorial days
  • Romania : Declaration of the Unification of Transylvania and the Old Reich (1918)

• Anniversaries of international organizations
  • World AIDS Day ( UN ) (since 1988)

The list of days of remembrance and action contains further entries .

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Commons : December 1st  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files