History of social security in Germany

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The history of social insurance in Germany extends from the German Empire to the present . The German Social Security has often been reformed (z. B. Agenda 2010 2003-2005) and often object was political discussions.

Origins of social security

100 years of social security: special postage stamp from 1981

The miners' associations as job-specific supply systems for miners are the forerunners of today's social insurance . State systems emerged in the German Empire at the end of the 19th century. The German Empire was the pioneer in the development of state welfare systems worldwide.

First approaches to statutory insurance

  • 1845, January 17th: A law comes into force in Prussia authorizing the establishment of health insurance funds for workers. This is considered to be the first step in the development of social security. The municipalities can force workers and assistants to join the coffers ( compulsory insurance ).
  • 1867 Founding of the commercial association for sales assistants in Barmen , one of the forerunners of today's Barmer substitute fund

Empire

  • 1876, April 7th: The auxiliary cash system is uniformly regulated.
Facsimile of the Imperial Embassy
The employer pays 100 percent of the contributions. The carriers are the industrial, construction, maritime, agricultural and forestry professional associations . In the period that followed, the group of insured persons was gradually expanded through the following laws:

Weimar Republic

  • 1921 to 1923 - Due to the devaluation of money in 1921 , the German pension insurance lost almost all of its assets.
  • 1924: The Employee Insurance Act replaces the VGfA.
  • 1925: Expansion of accident insurance to include commercial occupational diseases
  • 1927, October 1st: The law on job placement and unemployment insurance comes into force.
  • 1929: The "severe pneumonia (silicosis)" is recognized in the second BKV of February 11, 1929 as an occupational disease.

National Socialism

  • 1933–1945: During National Socialism, the structure of the health insurance funds was fundamentally changed in terms of organization, financing and supervision. Self-government is abolished.
  • 1936: The replacement funds are no longer allowed to accept voluntarily insured persons and transfer them to mutual insurance associations. This is the start of several private health insurance companies .
  • 1938: The Craftsman Supply Act (HVG) includes compulsory insurance for self-employed craftsmen.
  • August 1, 1941: All pensioners are covered by health insurance and have been automatically insured since then . Until January 1, 1983, all pensioners pay a lump sum.
  • 1941: The 1933 pension cuts are lifted.
  • 1941: Introduction of the wage deduction procedure instead of the contribution stamp procedure
  • October 21, 1941: Guideline rate decree for the subsistence level
  • 1942: Entitlement of divorced partners to a survivor's pension

post war period

  • 1945–1969: After the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany, self-government was restored in 1951. The Law on Continued Wage Payment of 1969 brings the equality of workers and employees with regard to the continued payment of wages in the event of illness.
  • 1953: First social election to fill the self-governing bodies of the insurance carriers
  • 1957, January 1st: Pension reform : it is of fundamental importance. Pension insurance is being expanded into a wage-related and contribution-related insurance system based on the intergenerational contract, after it had previously been more of an extra income to family provision. The core of the reform is the introduction of the dynamic. The new pension formula is based on the principle: "The pensions follow the gross wages". This dynamization was controversial in politics and society. The main counter-argument was fears that the higher pension would trigger inflation . The SPD tries to enforce old-age insurance that treats the self-employed, workers and higher-level employees largely equally. The main supporter of the pension reform is Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer . This pension reform was prepared by the so-called Rothenfels memorandum , a scientific report published in 1955 by Professors Hans Achinger , Joseph Höffner , Hans Muthesius and Ludwig Neundörfer . The memorandum contained the reorganization of social benefits and was drawn up at Adenauer's request.
  • 1957, October 1st: Old-age insurance for farmers is introduced
  • 1958: Replacement funds in West Berlin are approved.
  • 1960: Replacement funds in Saarland are approved.
  • 1963: The law to revise the law of statutory accident insurance (Accident Insurance New Regulation Act - UVNG) of April 30, 1963 ( Federal Law Gazette I p. 241 ) is promulgated.
  • 1968: Financial Amendment Act → Last possibility of exemption from statutory pension insurance for employees
  • 1970–1976: Due to the economic upturn, changes in health insurance law are pending. These included the Performance Improvement Act and the Rehabilitation Act of 1974. At this time, the group of insured persons expanded to include self-employed farmers, students, disabled people in sheltered facilities as well as artists and publicists (= journalists, scientists and writers).
  • 1972: The Pension Reform Act (RRG 1972) opens pension insurance for the self-employed and housewives, the flexible age limit is introduced.
  • 1972, October 1st: The law for the further development of the law of statutory health insurance (Law on the Health Insurance of Farmers - KVLG) establishes the agricultural health insurance funds .
  • 1975: The gradual development of the Social Security Code begins
  • 1977: Introduction of the marginal earnings limit
  • 1977–1983: The introduction of cost-containment laws is intended to counteract the service expenditures that arise due to the increase in the number of people subject to compulsory insurance.
  • January 1, 1983: Introduction of the 50 percent health insurance contribution for pensioners, which is also common for salaried employees, with a special ceiling
  • 1984: Greater inclusion of the so-called one-off payments in the obligation to contribute and the obligation to contribute to sick pay as well as expansion of the requirements for the payment of disability pensions and disability pensions
  • 1985: Allowance for child-rearing periods
  • 1986: Reorganization of survivors' rights in pension insurance
  • 1988: Regulation of health insurance according to SGB V
  • 1989, January 1st: The Health Reform Act is incorporated into the Social Security Code as the fifth book. The main innovations include benefits to promote health, early detection of diseases, benefits in the event of the need for heavy care and reimbursement of costs for orthodontic treatments.
  • 1991, January 1st: After the fall of the Berlin Wall, health insurance rights also apply in the new federal states due to the Unification Treaty.
  • 1993, January 1st: The law to secure and improve the structure of the statutory health insurance comes into force, the core of which is the organizational reform of the statutory health insurance. The aim is, while maintaining the structured insurance system, more fair contributions for the insured and more competition between the health insurers. The introduction of the freedom to choose health insurance for all members from 1996 as well as the risk structure compensation are among the most important innovations.
  • 1995: The establishment of the statutory long-term care insurance closes a large gap in social care. For the first time, around 80 million people in Germany have insurance cover in the event of need for care.
  • 1997, January 1st: The law on contribution relief for statutory health insurance comes into force.
  • 2000–2014: Different laws to reform the statutory health insurance, with the aim of making health care more economical and more quality-assured, come into force. The areas of regulation included the strengthening of general practitioner care, quality assurance, the financing system in inpatient care and various individual measures in membership, contribution and organization law. The most important new regulation was the general compulsory health insurance introduced on April 1, 2007 (regardless of the respective employment status). After an almost unchanged number of uninsured people - an estimated 200,000 German citizens - had been ascertained for 2008, this law was extended from January 1, 2009 to all previously uninsured people who would have to reckon with penalties in the event of reinsurance. As of December 31, 2013, the law on the elimination of excessive social demands in health insurance contributions came into force, according to which the statutory health insurances can reduce the contribution debt for the subsequent collection period to the level of a significantly more favorable entitlement insurance (according to § 256a SGB V).

See also

literature

Web links

Wikisource: Legal texts  - sources and full texts
Wikisource: The Reich Insurance, Presentation of the State of Social Insurance in Germany (1914)  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wolfgang Ayaß : Social Democratic Labor Movement and Social Insurance up to the turn of the century . In: Ulrich Becker, Hans Günter Hockerts, Klaus Tenfelde (eds.): Sozialstaat Deutschland. Past and present . Bonn 2010, pp. 17–43.
  2. ↑ On health insurance in the 19th century, cf. Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914 , Department I: From the time of the establishment of the Empire to the Imperial Social Message (1867–1881), Volume 5: Commercial benefit funds, edited by Florian Tennstedt and Heidi Winter, Darmstadt 1999; Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914, Section II: From the Imperial Social Message to the February Decrees of Wilhelm II (1881–1890), Volume 5: The statutory health insurance and the registered auxiliary funds, edited by Andreas Hänlein, Florian Tennstedt and Heidi Winter, Darmstadt 2009; Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914, III. Department: Expansion and differentiation of social policy since the beginning of the New Course (1890–1904), Volume 5, The statutory health insurance, edited by Wolfgang Ayaß , Florian Tennstedt and Heidi Winter, Darmstadt 2012.
  3. ↑ Reichstag minutes of the 5th legislative period (2nd session 1882 to 1883): 86th meeting on May 25, 1883 , 87th meeting on May 26, 1883 and 90th meeting on May 29, 1883 with the final votes on the individual paragraphs and annex No. 330 with the text of the draft law in the approved version in digitized form at the Munich Digitization Center of the Bavarian State Library
  4. ↑ On statutory accident insurance in the 19th century, cf. Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914 , Section I: From the time of the establishment of the Reich to the Imperial Social Message (1867-1881), Volume 2: From liability legislation to the first accident insurance proposal, edited by Florian Tennstedt and Heidi Winter, Stuttgart a. a. 1993; Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914, Section II: From the Imperial Social Message to the February decrees of Wilhelm II (1881–1890), Volume 2, Part 1: From the second accident insurance bill to the Accident Insurance Act of July 6, 1884 , edited by Florian Tennstedt and Heidi Winter, Stuttgart a. a. 1995; Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914, Section II: From the Imperial Social Message to the February decrees of Wilhelm II (1881–1890), Volume 2, Part 2: Extension legislation and the practice of accident insurance, edited by Wolfgang Ayaß , Darmstadt 2001; Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914, III. Department: Expansion and differentiation of social policy since the beginning of the New Course (1890–1904), Volume 2, The revision of the accident insurance laws and the practice of accident insurance, edited by Wolfgang Ayaß, Darmstadt 2009.
  5. ↑ reichstagsprotocol.de
  6. ↑ On the emergence of pension insurance in the 19th century, cf. Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914 , Department I: From the time when the Reich was founded to the Imperial Social Message (1867–1881), Volume 6: Pension and Invalid Funds, edited by Florian Tennstedt and Heidi Winter, Darmstadt 1999; Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914, Section II: From the Imperial Social Message to the February Decrees of Wilhelm II (1881–1890), Volume 6: The statutory invalidity and old-age insurance and the alternatives based on trade unions and companies, edited by Ulrike Haerendel, Darmstadt 2004; Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914 , III. Department: Expansion and differentiation of social policy since the beginning of the New Course (1890-1904) , Volume 6, The Practice of Pension Insurance and the Disability Insurance Act of 1899 , edited by Wolfgang Ayaß and Florian Tennstedt , Darmstadt 2014.
  7. ↑ Insurance notifications . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1943, in front of part 1, p. In front of page 1. “Berliner Verein - mutual health insurance”.
  8. ↑ krankenversicherung-vergleich.de: Law: General compulsory health insurance in Germany (accessed on May 17, 2017).
  9. ↑ Sozialgesetzbuch-sgb.de : Section 256a SGB V Reduction and waiver of premium debts and late payment surcharges (accessed on May 17, 2017).