James Baldwin

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James Baldwin (1969)

James Arthur Baldwin (born August 2, 1924 in Harlem , New York City , New York , United States , † December 1, 1987 in Saint-Paul-de-Vence , Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur , France ) was one of the most important US writer of the 20th century, who became known far beyond the borders of the United States .

Much of his work deals with topics such as racism and sexuality . His narratives are famous for the personal style in which questions of the identity of blacks and homosexuals and the associated social and psychological pressures come up long before the social, cultural or political equality of these groups was achieved.

life and work

Youth and religion

James Baldwin, photographed by Carl van Vechten , 1955

James Baldwin was born in Harlem in 1924 under the name James Arthur Jones as the first child of single mother Emma Berdis Jones; his father is unknown. After his mother's wedding to the factory worker and Baptist preacher David Baldwin, who had come to New York from New Orleans as part of the great migration , James was given his surname at the age of three. Emma and David Baldwin had eight children together in the following years.

James Baldwin's youth in the ghetto were primarily shaped by the experience of poverty, deprivation and discrimination as well as by the religious fanaticism of the store-front church or Pentecostler and Holiness movement, to which his family belonged. His father could hardly support the large family and, as a fanatical lay preacher, sought consolation and compensation in his consciousness of being chosen and the promises of a better life in the hereafter, but was ultimately driven into that delusion by the contradictions in his own existence ( "eaten up by paranoia" ) which James Baldwin has since portrayed as an inevitable consequence of racial hatred.

James had an extremely tense and severely disturbed relationship with his stepfather from an early age. After a visionary awakening experience as a fourteen-year-old, which then served as a template for the experiences of the same age John Grimes in his strongly autobiographical debut novel Go Tell it on the Mountain , James Baldwin found recognition as a youth in the Pentecostal church of his stepfather from 1938 until he was seventeen Preacher. The relationship with the stepfather was from then on characterized by increasing rivalry and rejection by him. This rejection and David Baldwin's strict religious fanaticism were later reflected as dominant themes in James Baldwin's works.

Although James Baldwin initially found "the way out of his hatred for the white oppressors and his contempt for the oppressed blacks" in a fanatical piety like his stepfather, he turned away from the church in 1941 after three years of successful preaching, which also resulted in final alienation caused by his stepfather. Baldwin had come to believe that the ghetto churches were only a mask for "hatred, self-hatred and despair" (" a mask for hatred and self-hatred and despair "), and that religion in Harlem was exclusively the "imagination of Revenge "serve (" a complete and exquisite fantasy revenge ").

The gifted James showed a great interest in literature from an early age. He was an avid reader as a child and adolescent who found his reading material in New York's public libraries. The works by Harriet Beecher-Stowe , Horatio Alger and Charles Dickens were among the first literary influences on him .

Beginnings as a writer

Shortly after his departure from Christianity, James Baldwin successfully completed his education in 1942 at De Witt Clinton High School , a school in the Bronx that was mainly attended by whites . There he had previously made a name for himself by publishing a school newspaper. He left the family and made a poor living from various casual activities to devote himself to writing.

In 1943 his stepfather died and Baldwin saw it as his duty to provide for the family's support. However, he did not give up his decision to become a writer, rather he was strengthened by this work. He found a sponsor in the writer Richard Wright , 16 years his senior , whom he first met in 1944. Through Wright's intercession, Baldwin received an Eugene F. Saxton Fellowship for a novel project, which, however, failed. As before, no publisher was found for another book project that was funded by a Rosenwald Fellowship grant.

In 1946, Baldwin published his first book review in The Nation newspaper . In the following years he became known as an essayist and reviewer; he published in well-known magazines and newspapers. His first major fictional work was the short story "Sonny's Blues" from 1948.

In Baldwin's relationship with his declared spiritual father Richard Wright, the conflict with his stepfather, which was still deep-seated for Baldwin, was repeated. A few years after the break with Store-Front-Church and the religious world of his stepfather, the break with Wright followed, whose enlightenment impetus he owed the liberation from the fanatical religious constraints of his childhood. In one of his first essays, Everybody's Protest Novel (1949), Baldwin Wright's novel Native Son criticized and accused him of puritanism . This renewed inner conflict with his spiritual foster father and supporter Wright became one of the essential drives in Baldwin's other literary work in the period that followed.

Baldwin in his adopted country of France

The initial unsuccessfulness of his first literary projects and the feeling of impossibility to find himself and his place in a society that oppressed or ignored him pushed James Baldwin into exile in Paris in November 1948 on Wright's footsteps. As he later emphasized, he could no longer stand the racism in New York. Unlike Wright, who moved around Sartre in the circles of the intellectual elite of France , James Baldwin initially lived in Paris in a completely different milieu, in the bitterest poverty among Afro-French people, the unemployed and the homeless. Influences of French existentialism can therefore not be felt in his work.

Baldwin spent most of the following forty years of his life in his adopted French home. Baldwin called this step "self-exile". In the USA he was not allowed to develop in the direction in which he could only develop: “Everything my compatriots had to offer me in those 24 years that I tried to live in the country death - a death to their liking. "

In Europe, Baldwin, who until his death refused all attempts by black Africans to derive their denied identity from their African roots, it became clear that as an author he could only be realized in the medium of Western culture and the English language. After a nervous breakdown, he stayed as stranger in the village , as it is called in his essay of the same name, to recover in the Swiss spa town of Leukerbad .

Breakthrough and return to America

James Baldwin in 1963 with Marlon Brando

After his recovery, James Baldwin achieved his literary breakthrough in 1953 with the publication of his first novel Go tell it on the Mountain , in which his childhood and youth experiences are reflected in the local Baptist church. In Europe he also completed his second novel Giovanni's Room , which caused a sensation and public discussion due to its subject matter.

In this novel, the white protagonist of which also goes to France to find himself, Baldwin deals thematically in the design of the hero's search for identity in a homosexual relationship with the literary issue of his own homosexuality , which is also central to the subject in his essay on André Gide and from then on plays an important role in the majority of his works.

Wright and Baldwin's friendship fell apart when the former mentor, who now also lived in France, criticized Baldwin's first lengthy manuscript and his essays "Everybody's Protest Novel" (1949) and "Many Thousand Gone" (1951) published in the Partisan Review . Baldwin, for his part, had the artistic quality and socio-political relevance of “protest novels” like Beecher-Stowes in the two essaysUncle Tom's cabin and especially Wright's native Son challenged.

Four years after his return to the USA as an already recognized and celebrated author, Baldwin sharply distinguished himself from his in 1961 in the three essays compiled into "Alas, Poor Richard" in his second anthology, Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son former mentor Wright and tried to break free from the standards of the previous generation of African-American writers. In his writing, Baldwin approaches the position of Ralph Ellison , who also rejected the postulate that Afro-American literature must necessarily be protest literature.

After Wright's death in Paris, however, Baldwin's later literary work saw a startling reversal: without being accused of imitation, Baldwin was now able to express the new theme of protest that he was also urgently looking for. In the novel Another Country , which quickly became a bestseller, and which probably found a large readership not least because of its numerous sex scenes, according to literary criticism, however, Baldwin does not succeed sufficiently in the artistic distance ( "artist" ) with the expression of the political Protestes ( "propagandist" ) to agree.

Engagement in the civil rights movement

James Baldwin during the Civil Rights March on August 28, 1963 in Washington DC

Baldwin was involved in the civil rights movement and especially against racism . His speeches and essays had a great influence, above all his work The Fire Next Time , in which, based on personal experiences, he analyzed the racist structure and the sexual double standards of American society. In contrast to other Afro-American writers of the 1950s and 1960s, Baldwin mostly retained his optimism that the ethnic conflicts in the USA could be overcome in the long term, albeit with great effort.

Late life in France

After the fatal attacks on Malcolm X on February 21, 1965 and Martin Luther King on April 4, 1968, Baldwin found himself again, as 20 years before, in a situation in which he needed peace, time and seclusion to deal with the changed situation reflect and continue his literary activity. For this reason he went into exile in France one more time in 1970 .

According to his own statements, while trying to write a screenplay for a film about Malcolm X in Hollywood , it finally became clear to him that "the dialogue is no longer possible and the American dream is over." His new role, which he claimed could take, he understood now as that of a contemporary witness who did not document the history of the Civil Rights Movement as he experienced it himself ( "not a documentary" ), but as a "personal book and testimony (or: testimony)" ( " A personal book - a testimony "). With the metropolis of New York City, in which many of his novels are set, he had a grimly ambivalent relationship that can also be described as a love-hate relationship .

Baldwin's late work primarily reflects his efforts, under the impression of a “new black aesthetic, to design positive self-images” in which, for example, his “exclusive interpretations of the black musical tradition, especially gospel and spiritual , as an expression of suffering and pain” are found . In his last novel, Just Above My Head (1979; Eng .: Close enough to touch, 1981), Baldwin takes up his lifelong engagement with the Afro-American church and music in a description of the life of a famous gospel singer.

James Baldwin died of esophageal cancer in 1987 at the age of 63 and was buried on December 8, 1987 in Ferncliff Cemetery, Hartsdale, New York.

reception

Grave of James Baldwin and his mother Berdis on the Ferncliff Cemetry in Hartsdale , New York

After his death, Baldwin was temporarily forgotten, at least in German-speaking countries. In the context of the “ Black Lives Matter ” movement and debates on racism, Baldwin was widely received worldwide in the 2010s and received new attention.

In spring 2018 dtv Verlagsgesellschaft started the gradual edition of James Baldwin's complete works in new translations by Miriam Mandelkow. The first volume to be published on February 28, 2018 was the new translation of Baldwin's debut novel Go Tell It on the Mountain under the title Of This World . This new translation was discussed in the literary quartet (ZDF), in the literature club (SRF / 3sat) and in the national features section. She made it onto the SWR best list (March / July / August 2018), the ORF best list (April 2018) and up to 12th place on the SPIEGEL bestseller list.

In the documentary I Am Not Your Negro by Raoul Peck from the year 2017, the unfinished manuscript Remember This House based cinematic for Pecks collage.

The film adaptation of If Beale Street Could Talk by director Barry Jenkins had its world premiere in September 2018 at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released in theaters in Germany in February 2019. Regina King won the Academy Award for Best Female Supporting Actress in 2019 for her role in this film .

Works

A three-volume, annotated edition of the work has appeared in the Library of America:

  • Early Novels & Stories: Go Tell it on the Mountain - Giovannis Room - Another Country - Going to Meet the Man . In: Toni Morrison (Ed.): Library of America, No. 97 . 1998, ISBN 978-1-883011-51-2 .
  • Collected essays . In: Toni Morrison (Ed.): Library of America, No. 98 . 1998, ISBN 978-1-883011-52-9 .
  • Later Novels: Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone - If Beale Street Could Talk - Just Above My Head . In: Darryl Pinckney (Ed.): Library of America, No. 272 . 2015, ISBN 978-1-59853-454-2 .

Essay collections

  • Notes of a Native Son , 1955 (German partly in black and white or What it means to be an American )
  • Nobody Knows My Name , 1961 (German partly in black and white , 1963)
  • The Fire Next Time , 1962 (German Hundred Years of Freedom Without Equal Rights , 1964)
  • No Name in the Street , 1972 ( A street and no name , 1984)
  • The Devil Finds Work , 1976 (German devil's work. Considerations on the role of colored people in film , 1977)
  • The Evidence of Things Not Seen , 1985 ( The face of power stays white , 1963)
  • The Price of the Ticket , 1985

Novels

stories

  • Going to Meet the Man , 1965 (German collected stories , 1968; later as: Des Menschen nackte Haut (Tb.), Sonny's Blues (born))

Poems

  • Jimmy's Blues. Selected Poems , 1983 (German Jimmys Blues. Poems. Bilingual , 1984)

theatre

  • Blues for Mister Charlie , 1964 (German book edition Blues for Mr. Charlie / Amen Corner , 1971)
  • The Amen Corner , first performance 1955 (German book edition Blues for Mr. Charlie / Amen Corner , 1971)

As a co-author

  • Nothing Personal , 1964 with Richard Avedon (Photos)
  • Little man, little man , 1976 with Yoran Cazac (illustrations); Children's book

Filmography

  • 1972: They called him Malcolm X ( One Day When I Was Lost ), a script written by Baldwin based on the autobiography of Malcolm X published by Alex Haley , but has not yet been made into a film
  • 1985: Go Tell It on the Mountain, TV film from Stan Lathan's American Playhouse series , with Paul Winfield and Olivia Cole
  • 1998: The color of the heart ( A la place du cœur ) by Robert Guédiguian , literary source
  • 2017: I Am Not Your Negro by Raoul Peck , documentary based on the unfinished manuscript Baldwin's Remember This House (with many film recordings of Baldwin's speeches)
  • 2018: If Beale Street Could Talk by Barry Jenkins , literary source

Interviews and discussions with James Baldwin

Prizes and awards

Baldwin has received a number of prizes for his work ( Guggenheim Scholarship , 1954; National Institute of Arts and Letters Award in Literature, 1956 (membership 1964); Ford Foundation grant-in-aid, 1959; George Polk Award ). In 1986 he was appointed commander of the French Legion of Honor . Since 1964 he was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters .

literature

  • Wolfgang Binder: Baldwin, James (Arthur) . In: Bernd Engler , Kurt Müller (Hrsg.): Metzler Lexicon of American Authors . Metzler, Stuttgart et al. 2000, ISBN 3-476-01654-4 , pp. 41-43.
  • Herb Boyd: Baldwin's Harlem. A biography of James Baldwin . Atria Books, New York, NY et al. 2008, ISBN 978-0-7432-9307-5 .
  • Rolf Franzbecker (with the collaboration of Peter Bruck and Willi Real): The modern novel of the American Negro. Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1979, ISBN 3-534-07366-5 , pp. 80-112.
  • Peter Freese : James Baldwin . In The American Short Story after 1945 Salinger Malamud Baldwin Purdy Barth . Athenaeum, Frankfurt a. M. 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 , pp. 246-320.
  • Eddie S. Glaude Jr .: Begin Again: James Baldwin's America and Its Urgent Lessons for Our Own. Crown Publishing Group, New York 2020, ISBN 978-0-525-57532-0 .
  • Trudier Harris: James Baldwin 1924-1987 . In: Paul Lauter et al. (Ed.): The Heath Anthology of American Literature . 3rd edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston 1998, ISBN 0-395-86823-8 , Vol. 2, p. 2221
  • Günter H. Lenz: James Baldwin . In: Martin Christadler (ed.), American literature of the present in single representations (= Kröner's pocket edition , 412). Kröner, Stuttgart 1973, ISBN 3-520-41201-2 , pp. 155-189
  • Simon Njami: James Baldwin ou le devoir de la violence. Seghers, Paris 1991, ISBN 2-232-10247-5
  • Monika Plessner : I am the darker brother · The literature of black Americans · From the spirituals to James Baldwin. Fischer Verlag Frankfurt a. M. 1979, ISBN 3-596-26454-5 , pp. 292-301.

Web links

Commons : James Baldwin  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Monika Plessner: I am the darker brother · The literature of black Americans · From the Spirituals to James Baldwin. Fischer Verlag Frankfurt a. M. 1979, ISBN 3-596-26454-5 , p. 292. See also Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In the other: The American short story after 1945 Salinger Malamud Baldwin Purdy Barth . Athenäum Verlag Frankfurt a. M. 1974, ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 , pp. 251 ff. And 320. Likewise Günter H. Lenz: James Baldwin . In: Martin Christadler (ed.): American literature of the present in individual representations. Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1972, ISBN 3-520-41201-2 , p. 155.
  2. ↑ Jean-François Gounardoo, Joseph J. Rodgers: The Racial Problem in the Works of Richard Wright and James Baldwin . Greenwood Press, 1992. p. 158 p. 148-200. See also Günter H. Lenz: James Baldwin . In: Martin Christadler (ed.): American literature of the present in individual representations. Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1972, ISBN 3-520-41201-2 , p. 155 ff.
  3. ↑ See Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In The American Short Story after 1945 Salinger Malamud Baldwin Purdy Barth . Athenäum Verlag Frankfurt a. M. 1974, ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 , p. 246 f.
  4. ↑ See Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenaeum, Frankfurt1974, ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 , p. 247. Baldwin's quotation is taken from the Notes of a Native Son (p. 74). See also Monika Plessner in detail about Baldwin's fanatical religious character in his youth: I am the darker brother. Black American literature. From the Spirituals to James Baldwin. Fischer, Frankfurt 1979 ISBN 3-596-26454-5 p. 292 ff. According to Plessner, Baldwin's tough, bitter stepfather ended up being a paranoid in a mental hospital (see p. 293).
  5. ↑ See more detailed Günter H. Lenz: James Baldwin . In: Martin Christadler (ed.): American literature of the present in individual representations. Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1972, ISBN 3-520-41201-2 , p. 157 ff.
  6. ↑ Cf. in detail Monika Plessner: I am the darker brother · The literature of black Americans · From the Spirituals to James Baldwin. Fischer Verlag Frankfurt a. M. 1979, ISBN 3-596-26454-5 , pp. 292 ff. See more detailed Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenaeum, Frankfurt 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 p. 247 f.
  7. ^ Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenaeum, Frankfurt 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 p. 247 f.
  8. ^ Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenaeum, Frankfurt 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 p. 248
  9. ^ Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenaeum, Frankfurt 1974, ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 , p. 249
  10. ↑ Cf. in detail Monika Plessner: I am the darker brother · The literature of black Americans · From the Spirituals to James Baldwin. Fischer, Frankfurt 1979 ISBN 3-596-26454-5 p. 293 f. See in more detail Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenaeum, Frankfurt 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 p. 251 ff.
  11. ↑ James Baldwin: "Blues for Mr. Charlie / Amen Corner". , Hamburg 1971, p. 96. See in more detail Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In The American Short Story after 1945 Salinger Malamud Baldwin Purdy Barth . Athenäum Verlag Frankfurt 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 , p. 249 ff. As well as Monika Plessner: I am the darker brother · The literature of the black Americans · From the spirituals to James Baldwin. Fischer, Frankfurt 1979, ISBN 3-596-26454-5 , p. 293 f.
  12. ↑ See Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenäum Verlag Frankfurt 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 p. 249 ff. As well as Monika Plessner: I am the darker brother · The literature of the black Americans · From the Spirituals to James Baldwin. Fischer, Frankfurt 1979 ISBN 3-596-26454-5 p. 293 f.
  13. ↑ See Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenaeum, Frankfurt 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 p. 250. See in detail Monika Plessner: I am the darker brother · The literature of black Americans · From the Spirituals to James Baldwin. Fischer, Frankfurt 1979 ISBN 3-596-26454-5 p. 295 ff.
  14. ↑ Cf. Monika Plessner: I am the darker brother · The literature of black Americans · From the Spirituals to James Baldwin. Fischer Verlag Frankfurt a. M. 1979, ISBN 3-596-26454-5 , p. 293 f. See in detail Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenäuml Frankfurt 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 , pp. 251-253
  15. ↑ See Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenaeum, Frankfurt 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 pp. 252-257. See also Maria Diedrich: Multiculturalism - Afro-American Literature . In: Hubert Zapf u. a .: American literary history . Metzler Verlag, 2nd act. Edition, Stuttgart 2004 ISBN 3-476-02036-3 p. 431. See also the comments by Günter H. Lenz: James Baldwin . In: Martin Christadler (ed.): American literature of the present in individual representations. Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1972, ISBN 3-520-41201-2 , p. 172 ff.
  16. ^ Cf. Günter H. Lenz: James Baldwin . In: Martin Christadler (ed.): American literature of the present in individual representations. Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1972, ISBN 3-520-41201-2 , p. 179 ff.
  17. ^ Peter Freese: James Baldwin . In: The American Short Story after 1945 · Salinger · Malamud · Baldwin · Purdy · Barth . Athenäum Verlag Frankfurt a. M. 1974 ISBN 3-7610-1816-9 p. 259 f.
  18. ↑ a b c Paula Pfoser: "The Better Protestroman" Beale Street Blues , review on ORF , July 29, 2018, accessed August 1, 2018
  19. ^ Maria Diedrich: Multiculturalism - Afro-American Literature . In: Hubert Zapf u. a .: American literary history . Metzler Verlag, 2nd act. Edition, Stuttgart and Weimar 2004, ISBN 3-476-02036-3 , p. 431.
  20. ↑ oA: Chronology . In: Collected essays. Library of America , No. 98 . 1998, ISBN 978-1-883011-52-9 , pp. 855 .
  21. ^ The dtv-James-Baldwin-Special
  22. ↑ SWR best list April 2018
  23. ↑ SWR best list July / August 2018
  24. ↑ ORF best list April 2018
  25. ↑ SPIEGEL bestseller list
  26. ↑ If Beale Street Could Talk (2018) , IMDb, accessed August 1, 2018
  27. ↑ If Beale Street Could Talk (2018) Release Info , IMDb, accessed August 1, 2018
  28. ↑ https://oscar.go.com/news/winners/oscar-winners-2019-live-updates-to-come
  29. ↑ Full text , accessed December 5, 2017.
  30. ↑ Leonharda Gescher Ringelnatz (ex.): Black and White or What It Means to be an American. 11 essays . Rowohlt, Reinbek b. Hamburg 1963, ISBN 978-3-499-14055-6 .
  31. ↑ Hans Georg Heepe (ex.): One hundred years of freedom without equal rights . Rowohlt, Reinbek b. Hbg 1964.
  32. ↑ Irene Ohlsdorf (ex.): A street and no name . Rowohlt, Reinbek b. Hbg 1984, ISBN 978-3-499-25023-1 .
  33. ^ Mark W. Rien (ex.): Teufelswerk. Considerations on the role of colored people in film . Rowohlt, Reinbek b. Hbg 1977, ISBN 978-3-499-25083-5 .
  34. ↑ The face of power remains white . Rowohlt, Reinbek b. Hbg 1963, ISBN 978-3-499-13362-6 .
  35. ↑ FAZ.net: Review
  36. ^ Website of the Guggenheim Foundation , accessed on December 5, 2017.
  37. ↑ Awardees and members of the National Institute of Arts and Letters , accessed December 5, 2017.
  38. ↑ James P. Werlock: James Baldwin . In: Abby HP Werlock (Ed.): Companion to Literature: Facts on File Companion to the American Short Story . Facts on File, ISBN 978-0-8160-6895-1 , pp. 56 .
  39. ↑ Members: James Baldwin. American Academy of Arts and Letters, accessed February 14, 2019 .
personal data
SURNAME Baldwin, James
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Baldwin, James Arthur
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American writer
DATE OF BIRTH August 2, 1924
PLACE OF BIRTH Harlem , New York City , New York , United States
DATE OF DEATH 1st December 1987
Place of death Saint-Paul-de-Vence , Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur , France