Bayern Munich

Common coat of arms of the Dukes of Bavaria (and the Electoral Palatinate)

The Duchy of Bavaria-Munich (also Upper Bavaria-Munich ) was a late medieval Bavarian partial duchy of the Wittelsbach family . It was created through the division of the country in 1392 and existed until the reunification of Bavaria after the Landshut War of Succession (1504/05). The royal seat of the dukes was Munich . It is often shortened to one of its predecessors as the Duchy of Upper Bavaria , especially after the union of Bavaria-Ingolstadt in 1447 with Bavaria-Landshut .

Territorial development

When the country was divided in 1392/93, the former Duchy of Upper Bavaria and the northern Gauze possessions, which Duke Otto V had received in 1373 from Emperor Charles IV as compensation for the Mark Brandenburg , were split into two fiscally roughly equal parts: the heavily fragmented Bavaria- Ingolstadt and the territorially much more closed Bavaria-Munich.

The division of Bavaria-Straubing 1429. The share of the Munich dukes is again shown in green.

The partial duchy of Bavaria-Munich essentially consisted of two areas, which were separated by a narrow strip near Indersdorf , which belonged to Bavaria-Landshut . The northern part extended from Riedenburg an der Altmühl via Neustadt an der Donau and Vohburg to Mainburg and Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm . The larger southern part, located on the Isar , was bounded in the west by the Lech . It reached from Dachau , Fürstenfeldbruck and Munich in the north via Starnberg , Wolfratshausen , Aibling and Tölz to the Kochel and Walchensee in the south. In addition, Regenstauf and Stadtamhof, north of the imperial city of Regensburg, belonged to Bavaria-Munich. In nominal terms, Schwandorf , Burglengenfeld , Velburg and Hemau auf dem Nordgau were also part of the duchy, but they had already been pledged to the Palatinate Wittelsbachers around 1350 .

In the 1420s, the dukes of Bavaria-Munich were able to significantly enlarge their territory. After the Bavarian War (1420-1422) they received the area around Ebersberg and Markt Schwaben from Bavaria-Ingolstadt and in the Pressburg arbitration award of 1429 they were awarded about half of the Straubinger Ländchen . Large parts of the Bavarian Forest around Furth , Kötzting and Regen as well as a wide strip south of the Danube with Kelheim and the residential town of Straubing fell to Bavaria-Munich.

After the death of the last Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt in 1447, Bavaria-Landshut took over the territory of his duchy, Bavaria-Munich was largely empty. In the Landshut War of Succession , which broke out in 1503 after the Landshut line died out in the male line, the Munich Duke Albrecht IV was finally able to secure almost the entire area of the united duchies of Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Ingolstadt, but he had to secure the "land in the mountains" around Kufstein , Kitzbühel and Rattenberg as well as Mondsee to Austria and possessions in the Nordgau and on the Danube to the newly created Duchy of Palatinate-Neuburg . The Duchy of Bavaria-Munich, enlarged by Albrecht IV, is again simply referred to as Bavaria.

Political history

The old court in Munich

For Bavaria, the late Middle Ages were an era of land division . The first division of Bavaria into Upper and Lower Bavaria took place in 1255 after the death of Duke Otto II. In 1340, Emperor Ludwig IV reunited Upper and Lower Bavaria, but in the Landsberg Treaty of 1349 Bavaria was divided again by the six sons of Ludwig. After Duke Meinhard's death in 1363, Upper Bavaria fell to Stephan II of Lower Bavaria-Landshut. In 1392 , the sons of Stephen II divided Bavaria again after 17 years of joint government. The three partial duchies of Bayern-Landshut, Bayern-Ingolstadt and Bayern-Munich were created. Bavaria-Landshut fell to Duke Friedrich , Bavaria-Ingolstadt became Stephan III. drawn and Johann II , on whose initiative the division went back, received Bayern-Munich.

Ernst and Wilhelm III.

Stephan III. felt that the division had taken advantage of it and so there were armed conflicts between the Munich and Ingolstadt lines in the Bavarian House War in 1394/95 . After the end of the hostilities, the dukes agreed to administer Bayern-Munich and Bayern-Ingolstadt together again. After Johann II died in 1397, Stephan III tried to give priority to Johann's sons Ernst and Wilhelm III. asserted and supported the uprising of the Munich guilds against the young dukes. It was not until 1403 that Ernst and Wilhelm were able to regain control of the city and enforce a permanent return to the division of 1392.

The next decades were from the conflict between Friedrich's son Heinrich XVI. and Stephen's son Ludwig VII . Ludwig tried with all legal and finally in the Bavarian War (1420-1422) also with military means to get Heinrich to compensate him because of the disadvantage of the Ingolstadt line in the division of 1392. The Munich dukes Ernst and Wilhelm III. tried again and again to mediate between the parties, but after the alliance expectation from Eichstätt in 1410 they finally sided with the Landshuter. They became members of the Konstanz League , a defensive alliance directed against Ludwig, and also supported Heinrich after he had assaulted Ludwig in 1417 at the Council of Constance .

The Munich dukes won the trust of Emperor Sigismund , Wilhelm III. appointed protector of the Council of Basel , and therefore received half of the Lower Bavarian areas of the Duchy of Straubing-Holland in the Pressburg arbitration award in 1429 . When Wilhelm died in 1435, his son Adolf was still a toddler. All hopes for the successor therefore rested on Ernst's only son Albrecht III. However, he had entered into a relationship with the bather's daughter Agnes Bernauer and refused to enter into a proper marriage. His father Ernst had Agnes Bernauer drowned in the Danube , whereupon Albrecht briefly sided with Ludwig VII of Bavaria-Ingolstadt. In 1436, however, father and son were reconciled, and Albrecht married Anna von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen .

Albrecht III. and his sons

Albrecht IV (ruled 1465–1508)

Shortly after Ernst's death in 1438 a war broke out between Ludwig VII. And his son Ludwig VIII . Albrecht III. supported Ludwig VIII and was able to secure the market of Swabia. Ludwig VII was taken prisoner by his son in 1443 and after his death in 1445 was first given to Albrecht Achilles of Brandenburg-Ansbach and then to Heinrich XVI. passed on from Bayern-Landshut. After Louis VII died, Heinrich XVI. Bavaria-Ingolstadt with the support of Emperor Friedrich III. his duchy, which Albrecht finally accepted in the Erdinger Treaty in 1450 .

Albrecht III, who rejected the Bohemian crown offered to him in 1440 , founded the Andechs monastery in 1455 . He left five sons, of whom Johann IV and Siegmund succeeded him in 1460 . After Johann's death Albrecht IV forced his participation in the government. From 1467 he ruled alone, while Siegmund was resigned to Bayern-Dachau , which fell back to Bayern-Munich after his death. When Duke Georg von Bayern-Landshut died in 1503, the Landshut War of Succession broke out , which finally ended in 1505 with the reunification of the Bavarian sub-duchies as a result of Emperor Maximilian's speech in Cologne . Albrecht IV was thus Duke of all of Bavaria and in 1506 issued a primogeniture law that prevented further divisions.

List of dukes

Surname	Reign	ancestry
Johann II.	until 1392 Duke of Bavaria (responsible for Upper Bavaria ) 1392–1397 Duke of Bavaria-Munich	Son of Stephen II
serious	1397–1438 Duke of Bavaria-Munich	Son of Johann II.
William III.	1397–1435 Duke of Bavaria-Munich	Son of Johann II.
Adolf	1435–1441 nominally Duke of Bavaria-Munich	Son of Wilhelm III.
Albrecht III.	1438–1460 Duke of Bavaria-Munich	Ernst's son
Johann IV.	1460–1463 Duke of Bavaria-Munich	Son of Albrecht III.
Siegmund	1460–1467 Duke of Bavaria-Munich then Duke of Bavaria-Dachau	Son of Albrecht III.
Albrecht IV.	1465–1505 Duke of Bavaria-Munich then Duke of all of Bavaria	Son of Albrecht III.

Timeline

The dukes of Bayern-Munich are shown in blue, those of Bayern-Ingolstadt in green, those of Bayern-Landshut in yellow and those of Straubing-Holland in red.

literature

Overview works

Max Spindler , Andreas Kraus (Ed.): The old Bavaria. The territorial state from the end of the 12th century to the end of the 18th century (= Handbook of Bavarian History . Volume II ). 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-406-32320-0 .
Reinhard Stauber: The dukes of Munich. The restoration of national unity . In: Alois Schmid , Katharina Weigand (Hrsg.): The rulers of Bavaria. 25 historical portraits of Tassilo III. until Ludwig III . 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54468-1 , p. 142-157 .

Individual dukes

Georg A. Gut: Albrecht III., Duke in Bavaria, husband of Agnes Bernauer. The life of the duke and what happened in Munich and Bavaria . Self-published, Munich 1993.
Christof Paulus: fields of power. Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria (1447 / 1465–1508) between dynasty, territory and empire (= research on the imperial and papal history of the Middle Ages . Volume 39 ). Böhlau, Vienna et al. 2015, ISBN 978-3-412-50138-9 .

Law firm and deeds

Klaus von Andrian-Werburg : Deeds, chancellery, council and government system of the dukes Johann II., Ernst and Wilhelm III. von Bayern-Munich (1392–1438) (= Munich historical studies. Department of Historical Auxiliary Sciences . Volume 10 ). Lassleben, Kallmünz 1971, ISBN 3-7847-4410-9 (also dissertation, University of Munich 1961).
Christoph Kutter: The Munich dukes and their vassals. The fief books of the dukes of Upper Bavaria-Munich in the 15th century. A contribution to the history of feudalism . Dissertation, University of Munich 1991.
Gerda Maria Lucha: Chancellery documents, chancellery, council and system of government under Duke Albrecht III. of Bavaria-Munich (1438–1460) . Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 1993, ISBN 3-631-43942-3 (also dissertation, Munich 1990).

Special examinations

Andreas M. Dahlem: The Wittelsbach Court in Munich. History and Authority in the Visual Arts (1460-1508) . Dissertation, University of Glasgow 2009 ( online ).
Thomas Feuerer: The monastery policy Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria. Statistical and prosopographical studies on the pre-Reformation sovereign church regiment in the Duchy of Bavaria from 1465 to 1508 (= series of publications on Bavarian regional history . Volume 158 ). CH Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-10772-6 ( specialist review ).
Katrin Nina Marth: "To the laudable Hawss Beirn to pesserung, Aufnemung and expansion ...". The dynastic politics of the House of Bavaria at the turn of the late Middle Ages to the modern age . Dissertation, University of Regensburg 2009, p. 119–153 ( uni-regensburg.de [PDF]).

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b On the division of the country from 1392 Beatrix Ettelt: The partition contract of November 19, 1392 . In: Siegfried Hofmann, Beatrix Ettelt (ed.): Bayern-Ingolstadt, Bayern-Landshut 1392–1506. Splendor and misery of a division . Ingolstadt City Archives, Ingolstadt 1992, ISBN 3-932113-06-3 , p. 9-17 .
↑ ^a ^{b In} detail on the division of Bavaria-Straubing Dorit-Maria Krenn: The end of the Duchy of Niederbayern-Straubing-Holland . In: Alfons Huber, Johannes Prammer (ed.): 650 years of the Duchy of Lower Bavaria-Straubing-Holland. Lecture series of the historical association for Straubing and the surrounding area . Historical association for Straubing and the surrounding area, Straubing 2005, ISBN 3-00-014600-8 , p. 347-375 . With extensive source evidence Bernhard Glasauer: Duke Heinrich XVI. (1393–1450) the empire of Bavaria-Landshut. Territorial politics between dynasty and empire (= Munich contributions to historical science . Volume 5 ). Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8316-0899-7 , p. 201–252 (also dissertation, University of Munich 2009). See also Krenns Dorit-Maria Krenn: Article . In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria .
↑ ^a ^b To the end of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt Beatrix Ettelt: Takeover of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt by Duke Heinrich von Bayern-Landshut . In: Siegfried Hofmann, Beatrix Ettelt (ed.): Bayern-Ingolstadt, Bayern-Landshut 1392–1506. Splendor and misery of a division . Ingolstadt City Archives, Ingolstadt 1992, ISBN 3-932113-06-3 , p. 96-99 . Detailed information on the disputes since 1438 Renate Kremer: The disputes about the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt 1438–1450 (= series of publications on Bavarian regional history . Volume 113 ). CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-10694-3 (also dissertation, University of Mannheim 1989).
↑ A detailed map of the territorial development of Bavaria in the 15th century is provided by Max Spindler (Hrsg.): Bayerischer Geschichtsatlas . Bayerischer Schulbuch-Verlag, Munich 1969, p. 21 .
↑ See z. B. Alois Schmid : Wittelsbach and Habsburg in the age of the division of states . In: Archival Journal . tape 88 , 2006, p. 847-869 . Wilhelm Störmer offers a brief overview of the various divisions: The Wittelsbach state divisions in the late Middle Ages (1255–1505) . In: Suzanne Bäumler, Evamaria Brockhoff, Michael Henker (eds.): By Kaisers Gnaden. 500 years of Pfalz-Neuburg . House of Bavarian History, Augsburg 2005, ISBN 3-937974-01-6 , p. 17-23 .
↑ To Wilhelm III. August Kluckhohn : Duke Wilhelm III. of Bavaria, the protector of the Basel Council and governor of Emperor Sigmund . In: Research on German history . tape 2 , 1862, p. 519-615 .
↑ On the events up to 1403 Rudolf Böhmer: The time of the four dukes in Upper Bavaria-Munich and their prehistory. Attempt to represent the exact timing of the events . CH Beck, Munich 1937.
↑ On Bavaria and the Council of Basel see Heribert Müller's Heribert Müller: Article . In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria .
↑ Introducing Agnes Bernauer Claudia Märtl : Straubing. The execution of Agnes Bernauer in 1435 . In: Alois Schmid , Katharina Weigand (Hrsg.): Schauplätze der Geschichte in Bayern . CH Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-50957-6 , p. 149-164 . Detailed Marita Panzer: Agnes Bernauer. The murdered 'Duchess' . Pustet, Regensburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-7917-2045-6 . With an overview of the reception history Werner Schäfer: Agnes Bernauer. History - poetry - picture . Attenkofer, Straubing 1995, ISBN 3-931091-02-3 .
↑ On the history of events Max Spindler, Andreas Kraus (ed.): Das Alte Bayern. The territorial state from the end of the 12th century to the end of the 18th century (= Handbook of Bavarian History . Volume II ). 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-406-32320-0 , p. 232-321 .

[Teilung_1392-1] On the division of the country from 1392 Beatrix Ettelt: The partition contract of November 19, 1392 . In: Siegfried Hofmann, Beatrix Ettelt (ed.): Bayern-Ingolstadt, Bayern-Landshut 1392–1506. Splendor and misery of a division . Ingolstadt City Archives, Ingolstadt 1992, ISBN 3-932113-06-3 , p. 9-17 .

[Straubing-2] {b In} detail on the division of Bavaria-Straubing Dorit-Maria Krenn: The end of the Duchy of Niederbayern-Straubing-Holland . In: Alfons Huber, Johannes Prammer (ed.): 650 years of the Duchy of Lower Bavaria-Straubing-Holland. Lecture series of the historical association for Straubing and the surrounding area . Historical association for Straubing and the surrounding area, Straubing 2005, ISBN 3-00-014600-8 , p. 347-375 . With extensive source evidence Bernhard Glasauer: Duke Heinrich XVI. (1393–1450) the empire of Bavaria-Landshut. Territorial politics between dynasty and empire (= Munich contributions to historical science . Volume 5 ). Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8316-0899-7 , p. 201–252 (also dissertation, University of Munich 2009). See also Krenns Dorit-Maria Krenn: Article . In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria .

[Auseinandersetzungen_1438-3] To the end of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt Beatrix Ettelt: Takeover of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt by Duke Heinrich von Bayern-Landshut . In: Siegfried Hofmann, Beatrix Ettelt (ed.): Bayern-Ingolstadt, Bayern-Landshut 1392–1506. Splendor and misery of a division . Ingolstadt City Archives, Ingolstadt 1992, ISBN 3-932113-06-3 , p. 96-99 . Detailed information on the disputes since 1438 Renate Kremer: The disputes about the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt 1438–1450 (= series of publications on Bavarian regional history . Volume 113 ). CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-10694-3 (also dissertation, University of Mannheim 1989).

[4] A detailed map of the territorial development of Bavaria in the 15th century is provided by Max Spindler (Hrsg.): Bayerischer Geschichtsatlas . Bayerischer Schulbuch-Verlag, Munich 1969, p. 21 .

[5] See z. B. Alois Schmid : Wittelsbach and Habsburg in the age of the division of states . In: Archival Journal . tape 88 , 2006, p. 847-869 . Wilhelm Störmer offers a brief overview of the various divisions: The Wittelsbach state divisions in the late Middle Ages (1255–1505) . In: Suzanne Bäumler, Evamaria Brockhoff, Michael Henker (eds.): By Kaisers Gnaden. 500 years of Pfalz-Neuburg . House of Bavarian History, Augsburg 2005, ISBN 3-937974-01-6 , p. 17-23 .

[Wilhelm-6] To Wilhelm III. August Kluckhohn : Duke Wilhelm III. of Bavaria, the protector of the Basel Council and governor of Emperor Sigmund . In: Research on German history . tape 2 , 1862, p. 519-615 .

[7] On the events up to 1403 Rudolf Böhmer: The time of the four dukes in Upper Bavaria-Munich and their prehistory. Attempt to represent the exact timing of the events . CH Beck, Munich 1937.

[8] On Bavaria and the Council of Basel see Heribert Müller's Heribert Müller: Article . In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria .

[Agnes_Bernauer-9] Introducing Agnes Bernauer Claudia Märtl : Straubing. The execution of Agnes Bernauer in 1435 . In: Alois Schmid , Katharina Weigand (Hrsg.): Schauplätze der Geschichte in Bayern . CH Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-50957-6 , p. 149-164 . Detailed Marita Panzer: Agnes Bernauer. The murdered 'Duchess' . Pustet, Regensburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-7917-2045-6 . With an overview of the reception history Werner Schäfer: Agnes Bernauer. History - poetry - picture . Attenkofer, Straubing 1995, ISBN 3-931091-02-3 .

[10] On the history of events Max Spindler, Andreas Kraus (ed.): Das Alte Bayern. The territorial state from the end of the 12th century to the end of the 18th century (= Handbook of Bavarian History . Volume II ). 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-406-32320-0 , p. 232-321 .