Bavaria-Ingolstadt
The Wittelsbach sub- duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (also Oberbayern-Ingolstadt ) was created like Bavaria-Munich and Bavaria-Landshut in 1392 through the third division of Bavaria and split into around a dozen areas scattered on the Danube and Lech , on the Inn and on the Nordgau . The royal seat was Ingolstadt . Bavaria-Ingolstadt was ruled by Duke Stephan the Kneißel until 1413 and, after his death, by his son Ludwig the Bearded , to whom the Liebfrauenmünsterand the beginnings of the New Castle in Ingolstadt go back. Ludwig promoted the arts and modernized the administration, but was also involved in numerous disputes with his neighbor, against which he suffered a serious defeat in the Bavarian War (1420-1422). He died as a prisoner of his long-standing rival Heinrich the Rich of Bavaria-Landshut, who united Bavaria-Ingolstadt with Bavaria-Landshut in 1447.
Territorial development
When the state was divided in 1392/93, the former Duchy of Upper Bavaria and the northern Gauze possessions, which Duke Otto V had received in 1373 from Emperor Charles IV as compensation for the Mark Brandenburg , were split into two parts of roughly equal fiscally, the heavily fragmented Bavaria Ingolstadt under Stephan III. and Bavaria-Munich, which was territorially much more closed and administered by Johann II .
The resulting sub-duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt consisted of around a dozen non-contiguous sub-areas. In the partition contract of 1392 Duke Stephan III. The following territories were awarded: Höchstädt , Lauingen and Gundelfingen in Upper Swabia , Donauwörth , a larger area on the Danube and Lech with the counties of Graisbach , Neuburg , Ingolstadt , Aichach and Friedberg , the "land in front of the mountains" around Markt Schwaben and Wasserburg , which with it one narrow corridor west of the Chiemsee connected "Land im Gebirg" around Kufstein , Kitzbühel and Rattenberg as well as Hilpoltstein , Freystadt and the castles Landeck and Holnstein in the southwest of the Nordgau. In addition, the town of Weißenhorn and Wartstein Castle near Ulm and Mauerstetten in the Allgäu belonged to Bavaria-Ingolstadt. In October 1393, with Lauf and Hersbruck an der Pegnitz as well as Floß and Vohenstrauss , about two thirds of the “Bohemian pledge” that had come to Bavaria via Otto V.
In fact, Stephan III. but only freely dispose of part of his territory: since the 1370s, the Bavarian dukes had pledged most of their Upper Swabian possessions, Donauwörth, Rain, Floß and several castles, in order to alleviate their financial problems at short notice. Stephan continued this policy and, after 1392, pledged, among other things, the Grafschaft Graisbach, several localities in the area of Ingolstadt, Markt Schwaben, Kling and Wildenwart im Land vorm Gebirg as well as Kufstein and Kitzbühel. When he died in 1413, more than half of his territory was beyond his direct reach.
His son Louis VII, who as a brother and advisor to the French Queen Isabeau had considerable financial resources, began to buy back the areas pledged by his father as early as 1395. Until 1416 he had almost the entire duchy in the form envisaged in 1392/93, only for Weißenhorn and Mauerstetten he did not want to spend any money due to the great distance. In addition, around 1400 he acquired Gaimersheim near Ingolstadt, Reichertshofen and several castles in central Munich from the Munich dukes, who were also constantly struggling with financial difficulties . In 1406 he finally enlarged his property in the Nordgau to include Parkstein and Weiden (from the Landgraves of Leuchtenberg ) and Sulzbach (from King Ruprecht ).
The 1420s then brought two major territorial changes for Bavaria-Ingolstadt. Initially, Ludwig VII suffered extensive territorial losses in the Bavarian War (1420–1422): Large parts of the "Land vorm Gebirg" from Markt Schwaben to Wildenwart im Chiemgau fell to Bavaria-Munich and Bavaria-Landshut, and the holdings in the Nordgau also went up lost on Hersbruck and Hilpoltstein. Johann von Pfalz-Neumarkt and Friedrich von Brandenburg-Ansbach jointly took over Lauf, Parkstein, Weiden, Floß and Vohenstrauß as well as the Graisbach county, Johann also secured Sulzbach, Freystadt and Holnstein. Ludwig had to surrender the castles he controlled in the Munich area, and Donauwörth now also withdrew from his rule. In the Pressburg arbitration of 1429, however, he was able to expand his domain again: He received Kirchberg , Geiselhöring and Dingolfing in the south of the Straubinger Ländchen , the entitlement to the pledged Waldmünchen and the area around Schärding and Königstein east of the Inn. In addition, the Munich dukes gave back the Markt Schwaben, which they had conquered in the Bavarian War.
From 1438 the conflict between Louis VII and his son of the same name was reflected in the territorial development; the duchy was divided into two parts. Through his marriage to Margarete , the daughter of Frederick of Brandenburg, Ludwig VIII received Graisbach and the Brandenburg share of the possessions in the Nordgau lost in the Bavarian War, but had to pledge Parkstein, Weiden, Lauf, Markt Schwaben and Höchstädt to Fund war against his father. After the death of Ludwig VIII in April 1445, Bavaria-Ingolstadt was initially divided into two parts. When Ludwig VII died in May 1447, Heinrich von Bayern-Landshut, who had won Kirchberg and Dingolfing in renewed armed conflicts with Ludwig VII in 1436, took over the entire territory of the duchy. He also redeemed almost all of the areas pledged by Louis VIII. Bayern-Munich went largely empty-handed - only Markt Schwaben stayed with Munich - but was finally able to inherit the Landshut dukes in 1505.
Political history
For Bavaria, the late Middle Ages were an era of land division . The first division of Bavaria into Upper and Lower Bavaria took place in 1255 after the death of Duke Otto II. In 1340, Emperor Ludwig IV reunited Upper and Lower Bavaria, but in the Landsberg Treaty of 1349 Bavaria was divided again by the six sons of Ludwig. After Duke Meinhard's death in 1363, Upper Bavaria fell to Stephan II of Lower Bavaria-Landshut. The sons of Stephen II initially ruled Bavaria together, but in 1392 they again divided the country. The three partial duchies of Bayern-Landshut, Bayern-Ingolstadt and Bayern-Munich were created. As previously agreed, Bavaria-Landshut fell to Duke Friedrich , Bavaria-Ingolstadt became Stephan III. drawn and Johann II, on whose initiative the division went back, received Bayern-Munich.
Bavarian house war
Neither Johann nor Stephan could be really satisfied with the partition contract of November 1392, since Bavaria-Landshut was economically much more productive than the two Upper Bavarian duchies. The question of the “addition to the Netherlands” that should compensate for this difference arose early on. Friedrich paid Johann a larger sum as early as January 1393, and both dukes made provisions for a possible war against Stephan, who had got off worst at the time of the division. The fact that Friedrich renounced the “Bohemian pledge” on the Nordgau in favor of his brothers in October initially seems to have calmed the situation down somewhat. His unexpected death in December 1393 prevented any further compensation payments.
Stephan and Johann took over the guardianship of Friedrich's underage son Heinrich together with the Lower Bavarian vicarage . Friedrich's widow Maddalena Visconti recognized the threat that this situation posed to Bavaria-Landshut and formed an alliance with numerous Lower Bavarian aristocrats, markets and cities in order to ward off any desires of the ducal guardians. But at first they were mainly concerned with themselves. Also an arbitration ruling by Ruprecht II of the Palatinate , Friedrichs V of Nuremberg , Albrechts II of Bavaria-Straubing and Johann von Leuchtenberg from May 1394, which initially granted Stephan sole guardianship for one year and then Johann for the next two years, could only calm the situation temporarily.
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The rival dukes were now looking for support outside of Bavaria. Johann allied himself with Albrecht III. and Wilhelm of Austria, while Stephan won the trust of King Wenzel , who gave him the Swabian bailiffs for his support . The tensions finally erupted in the winter of 1394/95 in the first Bavarian house war . Stephen's son Ludwig VII attacked Freising on Christmas Eve , whose bishop Berthold von Wehingen was Chancellor of the Austrian dukes allied with the Munich line. Ludwig threatened Pfaffenhofen and plundered Neustadt an der Donau in the Duchy of Munich on Epiphany . In return, the Munich dukes turned against Aichach and Friedberg and burned the castle in Markt Schwaben down.
Soon after the end of the fighting, which did not produce a clear result, Stephan had to learn that King Wenceslaus was supporting his Italian opponent Gian Galeazzo Visconti , who ten years earlier had overthrown Stephen's father-in-law Bernabò Visconti and rose to be lord of Milan . He therefore turned to the opponents of King Wenceslas like his brother and made peace with John in September 1395. The two dukes merged Bayern-Ingolstadt and Bayern-Munich again in a new unity and planned to govern Bayern-Landshut together again. Duchess Maddalena and the Lower Bavarian aristocracy, however, took a stand, so that Johann and Stephan could initially only unite their own duchies.
Four ducal times
The union of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich was completed in November 1395, but the attitude of the dukes towards Gian Galeazzo of Milan soon sparked a new offense: while Ludwig in France an alliance directed against Gian Galeazzo around Maddalena's brother Gianmastino , the French King Charles VI. and Bernard d'Armagnac forged, Johann's eldest son Ernst married Maddalena's sister Elisabetta Visconti in 1396 - Gian Galeazzo paid the dowry . Nevertheless, the Upper Bavarian dukes initially continued to work together; in January they allied themselves with Archbishop Gregor von Salzburg , in February they concluded a coinage agreement and in May 1397 they demonstrated their unity to the outside world at a prince's day in Frankfurt .
When Johann died in June 1397, Stephan tried with all his might to enforce his claim to leadership. He threatened the Lower Bavarian countryside to take away the Duchy of Bavaria-Landshut from Heinrich within a year, and together with his son Ludwig supported the uprising of the Munich guilds against Johann's sons Ernst and Wilhelm . Although Count Palatine Ruprecht III. and Count Eberhard von Württemberg asked him in the Göppingen Spruch of July 1398 to recognize Ernst and Wilhelm as their father's successors and to return to the common government, Stephan waged war against his nephews in autumn 1398. However, he could not force a decision in his favor and had to renounce all of his demands in the course of 1399: Bavaria-Landshut, which had not participated in the war, remained independent, the four Upper Bavarian dukes now ruled together again, and they also divided again the guardianship over Heinrich.
In the meantime, Stephan had completely turned away from Wenceslaus of Bohemia and operated his deposition as Roman king . His candidate for the successor, Ruprecht III. von der Pfalz, was elected king in August 1400. In September Stephan traveled to Paris to ensure that his son-in-law Charles VI. did not intervene in the controversy for the throne in Wenceslas favor The new Roman King Ruprecht moved to Italy in the autumn of 1401, actively supported by Louis VII, but his army was not big enough to do much against Gian Galeazzo. In 1402 Ludwig wanted to win the French king for another offensive against Milan in Paris, but since Gian Galeazzo had died in the meantime, his proposal met with little approval. Nevertheless, he had not traveled to France in vain: on October 8, he married Anne de Bourbon , a lady-in-waiting of his sister Queen Isabeau .
While Ludwig was in Paris, King Ruprecht tried tirelessly to settle the dispute between the Upper Bavarian dukes. The difficult negotiations were further complicated by Stephen's suggestion that Ernst and Wilhelm should become dukes of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and, in return, leave Bavaria-Munich to him. In December 1402, an arbitration commission made up of members of the landscape finally brought the decision: The time of the Four Dukes was over, Upper Bavaria was again divided into Bavaria-Ingolstadt under Stephan and Ludwig and Bavaria-Munich under Ernst and Wilhelm. Only the Munich guild government offered resistance and even survived a siege by Ernst, Wilhelm and Heinrich, who had meanwhile been declared of age, but had to finally recognize Ernst and Wilhelm as dukes.
Stephan's last years
Even after Bavaria was divided again, the aging Stephan III got along. continued as a Bavarian Duke. He tried to preserve the unity of the House of Bavaria through joint coinage agreements, the joint support for the Council of Pisa in 1409 and a joint state peace order for all Bavarian duchies in 1412. However, he was only able to partially fill the leadership role he claimed as the oldest ruling duke. Although Wilhelm and Heinrich accompanied him when he in 1407 Friedrich VI. von Nürnberg assisted in the Rothenburg feud , and Wilhelm moved with him to Tyrol in 1410 when Heinrich von Rottenburg had convinced him that he could win Tyrol back for the Wittelsbachers. But when he claimed the Palatinate electoral vote against the provisions of the Golden Bull in the royal elections of 1410 and 1411 , he found no support from his nephews. He also had to undertake his new incursion into Tyrol in January 1413 alone; Heinrich had even allied himself with Stephen's Habsburg opponents and in November 1412 married Margaret of Austria .
Stephen's son Ludwig had been in France for the most part since 1402, but still closely followed developments in Bavaria and, with the help of the assets he had acquired in France, brought large parts of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, which his father had had to pledge, under his control. Again and again he tried to get his cousin Heinrich to compensate him for the disadvantage that Bavaria-Ingolstadt suffered when the country was divided in 1392. In April 1403 he brought an action against Landshut at the royal court. The proceedings ended without result, however, because Heinrich demanded Johann von Leuchtenberg, who was indispensable in Holland, as judge. Friedrich von Nürnberg and Eberhard von Württemberg were also unable to come to a decision on the matter and so Ludwig agreed with Heinrich in 1406 to appeal to an arbitration tribunal led by Duke Ernst regarding the "addition to the Netherlands".
The arbitral tribunal decided in the ruling on Munich in Heinrich's favor: Stephan III. I was able to transfer his claims from the division to his son, but Heinrich did not make any promises to Ludwig and was therefore not obliged to compensate him in any way. Ludwig did not want to be satisfied with that. He had renegotiations several times, and in the spring of 1407 he submitted the decision to King Ruprecht for review, who, however, confirmed the verdict. Now Ludwig tried to raise money in France for a war against Heinrich. During his absence, his father Stephan, who wanted to prevent further internal Bavarian disputes, initiated another arbitration procedure. Ludwig did not recognize the Freising arbitration awards of May 1408 and even appealed to Pope Gregory XII in 1409 . who, however, referred the proceedings back to King Ruprecht. As in 1407, the latter then confirmed the arbitral tribunal's decision.
When Ludwig returned to Bavaria for a few months in the autumn of 1410, Heinrich XVI showed himself. willing to compromise: he wanted to meet his demands, but could only pay after ten years. Heinrich had already prepared a corresponding contract, but Ludwig repeatedly delayed its sealing and instead tried to get the Dukes of Munich on his side. At the end of October he presented to Ernst von Bayern-Munich in Eichstätt an alliance agreement directed against Heinrich. Ernst asked for time to think about it and finally informed Heinrich about Ludwig's plans. This was outraged by Ludwig's double game and wanted nothing more to do with a contract with the Ingolstadt. Ludwig had to return to Paris without having achieved anything. From France he obtained a summons from Henry to Pope John XXIII in 1411 . which Heinrich did not follow, but soon had to concentrate on the French civil war of the Armagnacs and Bourguignons .
Bavarian War
Even when his father Stephan III. When Ludwig died at the end of September 1413, initially he could not think of returning to Bavaria. He had only recently escaped from captivity by the Cabochiens , had just married Catherine d'Alençon for the second time, a member of the French high nobility, and was involved in the defense of Paris against the Burgundians under Duke Johann Ohnefurcht . In early March 1415, he finally hit on the new king as head of the French embassy Sigismund excited Council of Constance one. At the council not only church political decisions were made, it was also a meeting place for secular princes. In July 1415, Ludwig's neighbors formed an alliance directed against him, the Konstanz League . Founding members of the league were Heinrich XVI. of Bavaria-Landshut, Ernst and Wilhelm III. of Bavaria-Munich, Frederick VI , who has just been promoted to Elector of Brandenburg . of Nuremberg and the sons of the late King Ruprecht, Ludwig III. von der Pfalz and Johann von Pfalz-Neumarkt .
After King Sigismund had declared the Freising arbitration awards and thus Duke Ernst's Munich ruling to be valid again on October 19, 1417 in Constance, the disputes between Ludwig VII and Heinrich XVI escalated. Ludwig insulted Heinrich in public, whereupon he ambushed him on the way home and inflicted serious injuries with his sword. Heinrich's skilful alliance policy in recent years has now paid off: his ally Friedrich von Brandenburg was able to prevent King Sigismund from imposing the imperial ban on him and, through his skilful arguments before the royal court, for which he also resorted to Roman law , he succeeded in getting Heinrich was not punished for his attack on Ludwig. With this, Friedrich also became hostile to Ludwig, which was reflected in an extensive exchange of scold letters between the two.
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The signs now pointed to war, and a meeting between Ludwig and Ernst, Wilhelm and Johann von Neumarkt in June 1419 did not result in lasting relaxation. Just a few days later, the Prince-Bishops Johann von Eichstätt and Albert von Regensburg joined the Konstanz League. Meanwhile, Ludwig sought support from the aristocratic opposition to Heinrich, with whom he allied himself in the Aichach unification , and tried with moderate success to recruit mercenaries abroad. When the Electors Friedrich von Brandenburg and Ludwig von der Pfalz were out of the country in March 1420, Ludwig VIII , Ludwig's son from his first marriage to Anne de Bourbon, attacked Count Ludwig and Friedrich von Oettingen , who then joined the Konstanz League. At the end of July, Ludwig VIII also declared war on Friedrich von Brandenburg, and in October Ingolstadt troops succeeded in setting fire to the Nuremberg burgrave festivals.
To a possible intervention of Henry XVI. To get ahead of the war, Ludwig VII attacked Neustadt an der Donau at the beginning of February 1421 , where the Landshut man wanted to gather his troops. Now Count Palatine Johann turned against the Ingolstadt residents and threatened their possessions in the Nordgau. In April 1421 the dukes of Munich and Ludwig von der Pfalz also declared war on Bavaria-Ingolstadt. In 1421 the people of Ingolstadt lost most of their northern Gauze territory to Johann von Neumarkt and Friedrich von Brandenburg and Markt Schwaben to Bavaria-Munich, in 1422 Friedberg and Graisbach fell. In August 1422, Ludwig VII had to conclude an armistice with Friedrich von Brandenburg and Heinrich von Bayern-Landshut, and a last offensive against Munich failed a month later in the Battle of Alling .
Louis VII and his son had stood alone against Heinrich and his allies and lost. By the end of the war, in addition to the Konstanz League, they had several imperial cities, the Archbishops of Cologne , Mainz , Trier and Magdeburg , the Electors of Saxony , the Dukes of Kleve and Lorraine , the Counts of Württemberg , the Margraves of Baden , the Landgraves of Leuchtenberg and numerous more nobles against them. King Sigismund, who, in view of the Hussite Wars , wanted to bring the military conflict in Bavaria to a quick end, even declared the Imperial War against Bavaria-Ingolstadt. After the defeat at Alling, Louis VII finally submitted to the king and followed him to his court. Sigismund had a four-year armistice and subordinated the significantly reduced Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt to a royal governor for several years.
Straubing inheritance
In addition to Bayern-Ingolstadt, Bayern-Landshut and Bayern-Munich, there was a fourth Bavarian partial duchy, Bayern-Straubing , which had hardly taken part in the internal Bavarian disputes of the past decades. When at the beginning of 1425 with Johann III. When the last male member of the Straubing line died, the struggle of the Bavarian dukes began for the Straubinger Ländchen , which comprised the agriculturally productive Gäuboden and large parts of the Bavarian Forest . Ludwig, as the oldest ruling duke, claimed the entire Straubing inheritance for himself, Heinrich proposed a division into three parts and the Munich dukes demanded a division by head: each of the four Bavarian dukes should receive a quarter of the Straubing area.
King Sigismund named Heinrich, Ernst, Wilhelm and probably Johann's nephew Albrecht V of Austria , the son of his sister Johanna , as possible heirs in Vienna in March 1426 . Louis claims were initially ignored, as this just in for his monastery policy excommunication was. A first hearing before the arbitration tribunal of the Konstanz League in Nuremberg was unsuccessful. It was not until September that the league, which did not want to alienate Heinrich, Ernst and Wilhelm, decreed a tripartite division in Amberg with the option of a later quadruple division. At the beginning of October, Sigismund also recognized Ludwig's claim to Bavaria-Straubing, who had meanwhile been removed from the church ban, but in January 1427 the Straubing estates only paid homage to Heinrich, Ernst and Wilhelm.
Disputes between Munich and Landshut led to a rapprochement between Munich and Ingolstadt in June 1427. Ludwig was now also paid homage to the Straubing estates, to whom the three dukes gathered in Straubing delegated the decision both on the division of the inheritance and on territorial disputes arising from the Bavarian War. Against the will of Duke Heinrich, who was just taking part in a campaign against the Hussites in Bohemia , the estates referred the decision to King Sigismund at the end of July. Although the people of Ingolstadt now also decided in favor of a tripartite division, the busy king decided in the Pressburg arbitration award of April 1429 in the interests of the Munich: Bayern-Straubing was divided into four parts from a fiscal point of view, which were allocated to the four dukes by lot in June. In addition, Ludwig was given back territories conquered by the people of Munich in the Bavarian War.
Although all dukes finally recognized the division of the Straubinger Ländchen established in 1429, the conflict between Ludwig VII. And Heinrich XVI. However, smoldering continued, and there was also disagreement between Heinrich and the Munich dukes. Ludwig brought Heinrich because of his assault in Constance before a Westphalian vein court , which found it guilty in January 1434, and asked King Sigismund to cut off Heinrich's hand that had wielded the sword. While Louis VIII was still trying to mediate between the parties, his father and Duke Heinrich were just waiting for an occasion to take up arms again.
The execution of Agnes Bernauer , the lover of Ernst's son Albrecht III. , by whose father in October 1435 offered this occasion. Albrecht III. assumed that Heinrich knew of the planned execution and had only invited him on a hunting trip at the beginning of October so that he could not prevent it. He therefore sided with the Ingolstadt residents who were already preparing for war. Ludwig VII continued the war after Albrecht had made peace with Heinrich in May 1436, and finally lost the Kirchberg and Dingolfing regional courts, which had been awarded to him in 1429. In addition, Bishop Leonhard von Passau , who was allied with Heinrich, attacked Ludwig's fortress in Königstein south of Passau and achieved its razing .
Father-son conflict
Louis VIII had his father in his arguments with Heinrich XVI. and always supported his allies, represented him in court and waged war for him. Nevertheless, Ludwig VII preferred his illegitimate son Wieland von Freyberg , gave him large sums of money and allegedly even planned to disinherit his legitimate son Ludwig VIII. Thereupon Ludwig VIII allied himself with Albrecht III in autumn 1438. of Bayern-Munich, who had meanwhile succeeded the late Duke Ernst, and with Friedrich von Brandenburg, his father's long-time opponent. To reinforce the new alliance, Louis VIII married Friedrich's daughter Margarete in January 1439 .
Ingolstadt fell to Ludwig VIII and Albrecht III. without a fight and Schrobenhausen, Rain am Lech, Hochstädt and Friedberg also submitted to the young duke in 1438. On the Inn, however, he was only able to secure the area around Markt Schwaben, Wasserburg and the "Land in the Mountains" remained as well as Schärding on the side of Ludwig VII. This entrenched himself in Neuburg, which is the only town in the western part of the duchy next to the between Father and son lavish Lauingen did not submit to his son. Emperor Sigismund's successors Albrecht and Friedrich III. of Austria, the two dukes urged peace in vain, and the death of Wieland von Freyberg in 1439 did not bring an end to the conflict.
On Easter Monday in 1443, some of the citizens of Neuburg, encouraged by Ludwig VIII in their request, turned against the old duke when his soldiers and servants were outside the city because of an Easter procession. However, Ludwig VII initially remained in control of the situation and was able to persuade the Neuburg residents to continue to tolerate him and his people in their city. Thereupon Ludwig VIII opposed the royal peace law and besieged Neuburg with the help of Brandenburg. On September 4, 1443, his troops stormed the city and took his father prisoner. Ludwig VII stayed in Neuburg, but now as a prisoner of his son, whom Lauingen, Rattenberg and Kitzbühel now also recognized as a duke.
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The death of Ludwig VIII in April 1445 changed the situation again: his widow Margarete inherited a large part of the area he controlled and Ludwig VII came under the control of her brother Albrecht Achilles von Brandenburg-Ansbach , who took him over in November to be brought to Ansbach . From there, too, Ludwig VII tried to influence the remaining part of his duchy by letter, and found support from officials and the landscape. Meanwhile, Albrecht von Bayern-Munich tried to secure his share in Bayern-Ingolstadt and therefore negotiated with Heinrich von Bayern-Landshut, Albrecht Achilles and finally with Ludwig VII and his landscape. Heinrich was anything but inactive, won the support of King Friedrich and in 1446 bought Ludwig from the Brandenburgers against his will.
Ludwig VII died in early May 1447 in Burghausen Castle as a prisoner of Heinrich von Bayern-Landshut. This could against Albrecht III. and Ludwig's landscape prevailed and incorporated the Ingolstadt territory into his duchy. The Duke of Munich waived his claims in the Erdinger Treaty of 1450. This ended the history of the partial duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, Bavaria was now only divided into two parts.
List of dukes
| Surname | Reign | ancestry |
|---|---|---|
| Stephan III. | until 1392 Duke of Bavaria (responsible for Upper Bavaria), 1392–1413 Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt |
Son of Stephen II |
| Louis VII | 1413–1447 Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, captured by Ludwig VIII in 1443 |
Son of Stephen III. |
| Louis VIII | 1438–1445 Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt | Son of Louis VII. |
Timeline
The dukes of Bayern-Munich are shown in blue, those of Bayern-Ingolstadt in green and those of Bayern-Landshut in yellow.
literature
- Bernhard Glasauer: Duke Heinrich XVI. (1393–1450) the empire of Bavaria-Landshut. Territorial politics between dynasty and empire (= Munich contributions to historical science . Volume 5 ). Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8316-0899-7 (also dissertation, University of Munich 2009).
- Siegfried Hofmann, Beatrix Ettelt (Eds.): Bayern-Ingolstadt, Bayern-Landshut 1392–1506. Splendor and misery of a division . Ingolstadt City Archives, Ingolstadt 1992, ISBN 3-932113-06-3 (exhibition catalog).
- Siegfried Hofmann, Theodor Straub : The Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt . Ingolstadt City Archives, Ingolstadt 1980 (exhibition catalog).
- Karin Kaltwasser: Duke and nobility in Bavaria-Landshut under Heinrich XVI. the rich (1393-1450) . Dissertation, University of Regensburg 2004 ( uni-regensburg.de [PDF; 5.0 MB ]).
- Renate Kremer: The disputes about the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt 1438–1450 (= series of publications on Bavarian regional history . Volume 113 ). CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-10694-3 (also dissertation, University of Mannheim 1989).
- Beatrix Schönewald: The Duchesses of Bavaria-Ingolstadt . In: Collection sheet of the historical association Ingolstadt . tape 113 , 2004, ISSN 1619-6074 , p. 35-54 .
- Theodor Straub : Duke Ludwig the Bearded of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and his relations with France in the period from 1391 to 1415 (= Munich historical studies. Department of Bavarian History . Volume 7 ). Lassleben, Kallmünz 1965 (also dissertation, University of Munich 1966).
- Theodor Straub: Bavaria under the sign of the divisions and partial duchies (1347–1450) . In: Max Spindler , Andreas Kraus (Ed.): Das Alte Bayern. The territorial state from the end of the 12th century to the end of the 18th century (= Handbook of Bavarian History . Volume II ). 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-406-32320-0 .
- Joachim Wild : The dukes of Straubing and Ingolstadt. Temporary residence cities . In: Alois Schmid , Katharina Weigand (Hrsg.): The rulers of Bavaria. 25 historical portraits of Tassilo III. until Ludwig III . 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54468-1 , p. 118-129, here pp. 123-129 .
Remarks
- ↑ a b On the division of land from 1392 Beatrix Ettelt, The partition contract of November 19, 1392, in: Bayern-Ingolstadt, Bayern-Landshut, pp. 9-17.
- ↑ a b For a good introduction to Isabeau with numerous further references, see Claudia Märtl : France. Duke Ludwig VII of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (1368–1447) and his sister Isabeau at the French royal court. In: Alois Schmid , Katharina Weigand (Hrsg.): Bavaria in the middle of Europe. From the early Middle Ages to the 20th century. CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52898-8 , pp. 107-120. A more recent work on the meaning and reception of Isabeau is Tracy Adams: The life and afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2010, ISBN 978-0-8018-9625-5 .
- ↑ a b In detail on the division of Bavaria-Straubing Dorit-Maria Krenn: The end of the Duchy of Niederbayern-Straubing-Holland. In: Alfons Huber, Johannes Prammer (ed.): 650 years of the Duchy of Lower Bavaria-Straubing-Holland. Lecture series of the historical association for Straubing and the surrounding area. Historical association for Straubing and the surrounding area, Straubing 2005, ISBN 3-00-014600-8 , pp. 347-375. With extensive references to sources Bernhard Glasauer, Duke Heinrich XVI., Pp. 201–252. See also: Dorit-Maria Krenn: Straubinger Erbfall, 1425–1429 . In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria .
- ↑ a b To the end of the Duchy Beatrix Ettelt, takeover of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt by Duke Heinrich von Bayern-Landshut, in: Bayern-Ingolstadt, Bayern Landshut, pp. 96-99. Detailed on the disputes since 1438 Renate Kremer, The disputes about the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt 1438–1450.
- ↑ A detailed map of the territorial development of Bavaria in the 15th century is provided by Max Spindler (ed.): Bayerischer Geschichtsatlas. Bayerischer Schulbuch-Verlag, Munich 1969, p. 21. For specific information on Bavaria-Ingolstadt, see Theodor Straub, Das Territorium Bayern-Ingolstadt and its development from 1392 to 1447, in: Bayern-Ingolstadt, Bayern-Landshut, pp. 18-21.
- ↑ See z. B. Alois Schmid: Wittelsbach and Habsburg in the age of the division of states. In: Archival Journal. Volume 88, 2006, pp. 847-869. Wilhelm Störmer offers a brief overview of the various divisions: The Wittelsbach regional divisions in the late Middle Ages (1255–1505). In: Suzanne Bäumler, Evamaria Brockhoff, Michael Henker (eds.): By Kaisers Gnaden. 500 years of Pfalz-Neuburg. House of Bavarian History, Augsburg 2005, ISBN 3-937974-01-6 , pp. 17-23.
- ↑ On the Aichacher Einung Karin Kaltwasser, Herzog und Adel, pp. 172–182.
- ↑ Introducing Agnes Bernauer Claudia Märtl: Straubing. The execution of Agnes Bernauer 1435. In: Alois Schmid, Katharina Weigand (Hrsg.): Schauplätze der Geschichte in Bayern. CH Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-50957-6 , pp. 149-164. Detailed Marita Panzer: Agnes Bernauer. The murdered 'Duchess'. Pustet, Regensburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-7917-2045-6 . With an overview of the reception history Werner Schäfer: Agnes Bernauer. History - poetry - picture. Attenkofer, Straubing 1995, ISBN 3-931091-02-3 .