Albrecht III. (Austria)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Albrecht III. of Habsburg

Duke Albrecht III. of Austria (* between November 18, 1349 and March 16, 1350 in the Vienna Hofburg or perhaps on September 9, 1349 or 1350; † August 28 / August 29, 1395 at Laxenburg Castle ), called Albrecht with the braid , was as Albrecht VII. Count of Habsburg . He ruled over the Duchy of Austria from 1365 to 1395 and, with interruptions, also over the Duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola and the County of Tyrol and other dominions that were owned by his dynasty. Despite the often oppressive financial situation as a result of territorial expansion, expansion of rule and military campaigns and (internal) family conflicts, his government is considered a good time, especially for the Duchy of Austria. In university circles and in historiography, he is also considered to be the actual founder of the University of Vienna.

Family, marriages and offspring

Albrecht III. was the son of Duke Albrechts II of Austria and his wife Johanna von Pfirt , the heir to Count Ulrich III. von Pfirt (1281–1324), born after his parents' marriage had remained childless for 15 years. Among his brothers are (Arch) Duke Rudolf IV of Austria and Duke Leopold III. of Austria . His sister Margarethe (1346-1366) was first married to Count Meinhard III. von Tirol (1344–1363) married and after his death with Margrave Johann Heinrich von Moravia (1322–1375). Another sister Katharina (approx. 1342-1381) was abbess of the Poor Clare Monastery of St. Clara in Vienna.

Elisabeth of Luxembourg (left), Albrecht III. (Middle) and Beatrix von Zollern (right) with their coats of arms in the monumental Habsburg family tree by Konrad Doll , Tyrol 1497 ( Neue Burg , Vienna)

In 1362, Duke Rudolf IV of Austria had concluded an alliance with the Hungarian King Ludwig I , which was directed against his father-in-law, Emperor Charles IV, and there was also a marriage with a legacy between Albrecht III. and Ludwig's niece Elisabeth of Anjou and Slavonia (approx. 1352-1380) . After Rudolf's death, Charles IV managed to dissolve this marriage project and betrothed Albrecht to Elisabeth of Luxembourg-Bohemia , one of his own daughters. Albrecht III married in 1366. the only eight-year-old, at the same time another inheritance contract was concluded between her families after the Brno inheritance contract . The marriage remained childless, Elisabeth died in 1373 at the age of 16.

In 1375 Albrecht married Beatrix von Zollern (* 1362; † June 10, 1414), a daughter of Burgrave Friedrich V of Nuremberg . In 1377 she gave birth to his only son, later Duke Albrecht IV of Austria . Beatrix outlived her husband by many years and spent her widow years mainly in the old castle in Freistadt and in Perchtoldsdorf near Vienna, where she also died.

Joint rule with Leopold III.

With regard to his successor, Albrecht II had already issued Habsburg house rules in 1355 , according to which the sons had to run government business together and on an equal footing. When he died on July 20, 1358, his eldest son, Duke Rudolf IV of Austria, took over the sole government due to the minority of the three younger sons. In 1364 he decided to issue the Rudolfinische Hausordnung , according to which the Habsburg lands are the common property of all brothers. A document with the signatures of all three brothers (the second oldest, Friedrich III. , Died in 1362) is the famous founding letter of the Vienna University in 1365 .

Just a few months later, Rudolf IV died surprisingly at the age of 25 and the two brothers Albrecht III. and Leopold III. the business of government was shared. The formal enfeoffment with the imperial fiefs and confirmation of the privileges by Emperor Charles IV took place on May 9, 1366. Due to the older age, Albrecht III came. the leading role in the joint government activity, which in view of the traditional differences in temperament of the two brothers - Albrecht is described as level-headed, Leopold, on the other hand, as ambitious and thirsty for action - soon led to increasing tensions.

In contrast to the politics of the older brother, Albrecht accepted a reference to Emperor Karl IV. With his backing and a flexible and balanced policy, he and his brother managed to master the crisis that had triggered Rudolf's death in a few years. After it was possible to consolidate their rule, further successes were achieved in their expansion. In particular, the first years of the young brothers' joint government activities were overshadowed by a series of armed conflicts. The Bavarian Wittelsbachers were by no means ready to give up their claims on the County of Tyrol. In 1368 they invaded Tyrol, but could be repulsed. It was not until 1369 that they recognized the Habsburg possession of Tyrol in return for financial compensation in the Treaty of Schärding . (The courts of Kufstein , Kitzbühel and Rattenberg , some of which were bound as pledges to the County of Tyrol, remained under the rule of the Wittelbachers. They did not come to the Habsburgs until 1504 in the Landshut War of Succession .)

In 1368 the city of Freiburg also submitted to the Habsburgs, who had to take over part of the expenses for their ransom from their previous master. This significantly expanded the rule of the Habsburgs in Breisgau .

Another goal of the Habsburg territorial policy was access to the Adriatic . In 1366 the lords of Duino submitted to the Habsburgs there. As a result, the port city of Trieste , which placed itself under the rule of the Habsburgs in the war against Venice (1369-1370) on August 31, 1369, succeeded in gaining another important base there, albeit only temporarily, as the war against Venice was lost and Trieste returned under the Venetian suzerainty in November 1369. In 1470 Venice bought the Habsburg waiver with a payment. In 1382, however, Trieste voluntarily placed itself under the rule of the Habsburgs. It remained under this until 1918/19.

1373-1378 a dispute took place in northern Italy, in which several ruling houses and states (Habsburgs, Carrara , the Hungarian Kingdom and Venice ) were involved in changing alliances. At least the actual territorial gains for the Habsburgs seem to be very small in view of the relatively high stakes. The rule over the cities of Feltre and Belluno could be maintained for the time being, but these fell to Milan at the end of the 1480s .

The situation in the Windische Mark and in Istria developed more successfully than with Count Albert III. In 1374 the Istrian line of the Gorizia Meinhardins died out. As a result of the inheritance contract, which he had concluded 10 years earlier with Duke Rudolf IV, the inner-Istrian counties around Mitterburg and the Görzer lords in the Windische Mark fell to the Habsburgs, who thus gained further access to the Adriatic on the Quarano.

In 1375 Albrecht and Leopold signed a purchase agreement with Count Rudolf von Montfort-Feldkirch, through which, after the Count's death in 1390, the County of Montfort - Feldkirch and a large part of the Bregenzerwald came under the rule of the Habsburgs. In doing so, they continued Rudolf's policy in what would later become Vorarlberg .

Division of government activity

On July 25, 1373, Albrecht and Leopold signed a contract for the first time in Vienna through class mediation, in which the administration of their dominions was divided among themselves and which was limited to two years. As a result, there were further written agreements, finally on September 25 and 26, 1379, at a meeting in the Cistercian monastery Neuberg an der Mürz, the division of the government as well as the lands and lordships owned by the Habsburgs was decided (this perhaps also at to prevent an open fight): In the Neuberg partition treaty concluded in 1379 (named after the former Neuberg monastery in the Mürz valley ), Albrecht received Austria for himself above and below the Enns (excluding the area of Wiener Neustadt ) including the Salzkammergut , while Leopold received Styria , Carinthia , Tyrol and the Swabian possessions got. As a further consequence, the Habsburg dynasty split into an Albertine and a Leopoldine line.

Leopold died in 1386 in the fateful battle of Sempach for the dynasty . The rule was initially taken over by his eldest son Wilhelm , who was still very young but of legal age. However, only a little later on October 10, 1386, with the consent of prelates and sovereigns, he accepted Albrecht as guardian for himself and his siblings, who then suspended the real division agreed in Neuberg for the time being and took over sole rule.

Albrecht's policy after 1373 and after 1379

When the occidental schism broke out in 1378 , Albrecht, like the Luxembourgers and most of the imperial princes, stood on the side of the Roman Pope Urban VI.

In 1394, Count Albrecht III sold. von Werdenberg-Heiligenberg-Bludenz (died 1420) Duke Albrecht III. his county Bludenz with the Montafon. At this point in time, the count had no inheritable successors. The contractual provisions, however, left him the rule in his county for life and a right of repurchase in the event that a son should be born to him. (In 1420, after his death, the county came to the Habsburgs.) In July of the same year, Duke Albrecht III. with Count Heinrich VI. and Johann Meinhard VII von Görz signed an alliance and inheritance contract that guaranteed the Habsburgs successors in the counties of Görz and Lienz, in the Palatinate in Carinthia and in their other possessions in the event of the childless death of one of the two counts. An existing inheritance agreement between the Counts of Görz and the Wittelsbachers was repealed by this contract.

In the Duchy of Austria, Albrecht succeeded in strengthening the position of the Habsburgs as sovereign princes and in enforcing the provisions of the Privilegium maius . B. had an impact on the emergence of the later federal state of Upper Austria . By buying several lordships pledged to the Counts of Schaunberg and the Schaunberg feud, he forced this dynasty to recognize its sovereignty over its territory. As a result, the land above the Enns (today's Upper Austria) was expanded to the Hausruck .

The purchase of further areas on the Upper Rhine and in Swabia resulted in the elevation of the cities there in 1379 and 1381. Only an alliance with the imperial cities of Lucerne and Zurich (in today's Switzerland) brought the desired success, but also led to the battle of Sempach in 1386 (see above). An armistice was signed on October 12, 1386, followed by a peace treaty on January 14, 1387, which was limited to a year. After its expiry, the war was continued in February 1388, which was directed primarily against Glarus . After the defeat of the Habsburg armed forces against the Glarus armed forces, reinforced by the Schwyz and Urnians, on April 9, 1388 at the Battle of Näfels , a peace treaty was concluded on April 1, 1389, which was limited to seven years and confirmed the federal conquests. The armistice was extended by twenty years as early as 1394 before it expired as a result of the conflict in the German Empire over the rule of King Wenceslas. In 1392 Albrecht also transferred the administration of the Vorderen Lande to one of his nephews, Duke Leopold IV .

In the course of the conflicts in the German Empire in the 1390s over King Wenzel , Albrecht himself is said to have ambitions for the royal throne. In 1393 an agreement on mutual protection was concluded in Znojmo between him, the Margrave Jobst of Moravia , the Hungarian King Sigismund and the Margrave Wilhelm I of Meissen , which was directed against King Wenceslaus, and in the spring of 1394 an alliance with Count Eberhard III followed. of Württemberg and fourteen Swabian imperial cities. It is possible that this conflict was also responsible for the overthrow of Albrechts Hofmeister Johann I von Liechtenstein (Hans von Liechtenstein) or a pretext for its elimination. After almost 30 years of government for Albrecht, Albrecht fell unexpectedly out of favor in 1494 and as a result was forced, together with his family, to forego some of his possessions, especially those south of the Danube .

Residences and Travel

Albrecht stayed in the city of Vienna for most of his life, the Hofburg is his preferred residence , and in the vicinity of Vienna. The castle in Laxenburg near Vienna, which his father had already acquired, was converted into a hunting lodge by him and is considered his favorite place to stay. Here he wrote his will in August 1495. Albrecht never took part in a court day during his entire reign, but there is evidence that he was together with Leopold III. in December 1366 in Nuremberg to meet Emperor Charles IV. Visits to Prague are related to his first marriage and ended after Elisabeth's death in 1373. In September 1387 he traveled to Burgundy for the wedding of his nephew Leopold IV . One of his most prestigious undertakings may have been his campaign in 1377 in the area of what would later become Prussia against the pagan Lithuanians and Samogites.

Albrecht as sponsor and patron

Albrecht surrounded himself with a circle of scientists and artists. But he is also considered a scholar, he is said to have been a particularly capable mathematician and also an astrologer . Evidence of activities as patrons and sponsors suggest that education was very important to the Duke and that he himself was very well educated. Albrecht is considered a book lover and book collector, on his initiative several Latin works were translated into German. In the "Wiener Hofwerkstatt", which began work under him (around 1385) and initially consisted of a group of illuminators who worked on princely and ecclesiastical orders, significant evidence of courtly book illumination emerged.

The oldest book that can be documented for the national library, the Gospels of Johann von Troppau written in 1368 (Vienna, ÖNB Cod. 1182, with valuable book illuminations) comes from his possession. The most extensive Austrian historical work of this century: the “Austrian Chronicle of the 95 Dominions”, which is attributed to Leopold von Wien , was initiated by him. It had a major influence on the history of the Habsburgs in the 15th and 16th centuries.

His commitment to the expansion and maintenance of the university founded by Rudolf IV in 1365, the Alma Mater Rudolphina , is of the greatest importance . On February 21, 1384 Albrecht reached Pope Urban VI. the approval for the establishment of the theological faculty, without which universities were not regarded as full at that time. The letter he initiated, which he presumably had issued in the autumn of the same year, is interpreted by some scholars as a new foundation. In the same year Albrecht donated the Duke's College , the Collegium ducale , the first actual university building. At that time, the University of Vienna was a center of science with a total of more than 3,600 enrolled students from 1377 to the end of the century, with an impact throughout Eastern Europe. Albrecht used the conflicts that broke out at the University of Paris because of the great schism to appoint well-known professors to Vienna. In addition, renowned workers were also recruited from southern Germany and Hungary.

He is also said to have continued the expansion of St. Stephen's Cathedral started by Rudolf IV .

Death and succession

Albrecht died in the middle of the preparations for a joint war campaign with Margrave Jobst of Moravia and the Hungarian King Sigismund against King Wenzel in August 1395 in Laxenburg. He found his final resting place in the ducal crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.

His son Albrecht IV succeeded him in the Duchy of Austria, although he had to share this with his cousin Wilhelm (Austria) from the Leopoldine line , who as the eldest male family member claimed Albrecht's successor as "head of the family". The of Albrecht III. established Albertine line of the House of Habsburg expired in 1457 with the death of his great-grandson Ladislaus Postumus .

presentation

A globe with the motto Ni adspicit non adspicitur ( if he doesn't look at you, you won't be seen ) is attributed to Albrecht as a symbol .

nickname

Albrecht, who had been a member of the Society of the Tempelaise - St. Georg since 1368, founded the Zopforden , a secular knightly order, around 1375 , with whose badge, a plaited braid, he was depicted several times. This badge can also be found in a manuscript dedicated to him (ÖNB Cod. 2765).

Titulatures and pictorial representations

The designation as Albrecht the Third was not common in his office. In official sources of the University of Vienna (e.g. the large undated university privilege or the statutes of the artist faculty of April 1, 1389) he is referred to as Albertus tercius . His contemporaries also counted him as the third person of this name.

Albrecht's big title was: Albrecht von gots gnaden herczog ze Osterreich, ze Steyr, ze Kernden and ze Krain, herre auf der Windischen marich and ze Portenow, graf ze Habspurg, ze Tyrol, ze Phirt and ze Kyburg, marggraf ze Purgow and lantgraf in Elsazze. Its small title was limited to naming the main countries: Albrecht von gots gnaden herczog ze Österreich, ze Steyr, ze Kernden and ze Krain, grave ze Tyrol etc.

The Archduke title can only be found with Albrecht in the house contract of November 18, 1364, in the deed of foundation of the Vienna University of March 12, 1365 and in the first letter for the collegiate monastery at St. Stephan in Vienna of March 16, 1365, which was still in his lifetime Brother Rudolf were written. Since Albrecht does not use this title in his later diplomas, the initiative for this is likely to have come from Rudolf. There are also no contemporary image documents showing Albrecht with archduke insignia. Nevertheless, there are indications that the archduke title was at least in use at Albrecht's court. So designated z. B. Heinrich von Langenstein him in a sermon given around 1388 as christianissimus Albertus archidux .

Albrecht's image sources show that the Duke used almost all of the visual media customary in his time in the context of his princely representation. A portrait of Albrecht has been preserved in the form of a copy from the 16th century, which is considered a true-to-original illustration. According to this, after his brother Rudolf, he was probably one of the first princes in late medieval Europe to use the pictorial genre as an instrument of his representation. Another image can be found on the donor's disc from St. Erhard in the Breitenau, where he is shown with his two wives. It is also believed that a glass painting of him, which has not survived, was in the Bartholomäuskapelle (King's Chapel) in St. Stephen's Cathedral. As a special feature, the initial of the seal leader appears for the first time on a Habsburg coat of arms seal.

Albrecht III. in sagas or legends

  • A (humorous) legend about the notorious Teufelsmühle on Wienerberg can be found in his reign. Here Duke Albrecht with the plait entrusts the protagonist with the clarification of haunted phenomena .
  • Another legend has arisen about the origin of Zopfordens. It is first handed down by Georg von Ehingen . Model for this legend should be founding legends around the English King Edward III. 1348 to be the Order of the Garter . In some later versions, the lady whose braid inspired Albrecht to found his order is his second wife, Beatrix.
  • He is also one of those princes and princesses whose death a legend (type "wandering legend") about breaking the fast is told. This legend can be found several times in late medieval chroniclers in connection with descriptions of death and was probably a popular stereotype for chronicle design at that time. A Christian commits the sin of breaking the fast and is fetched by the devil as punishment for it on the same day, whereby this legend is mostly tempered in the case of people from the upper class by the fact that the devil is not explicitly mentioned and death takes place after receiving the sacraments. With Albrecht it is, as later with his famous great-nephew, Emperor Friedrich III. , the enjoyment of melons that cost him his life. (However, there is no serious evidence that the legend has at least some true core.)

evaluation

In contemporary sources close to the court, Albrecht was judged very positively after his death. The “Austrian Chronicle of the 95 Dominions” dedicates a separate chapter to the Duke's death, in which the foundation of the university is highlighted as a special achievement by Albrecht. His documented activities as a patron and sponsor suggest that he was very educated. As a Habsburg, who was neither king nor emperor, Albrecht III. despite his importance as a politician, head of the family and sovereign, one of the rather unknown members of this family. In addition, he stands in the shadow of his older brother, whose activities he has partly continued or only realized. His initial reference to Charles IV, the partition treaty of Neuberg an der Mürz, the defeat in the Battle of Näfels and his policy in connection with the incipient disempowerment of King Wenzel are mostly assessed negatively in research, although this negative assessment is not free of "time-related fashion phenomena" and partisan or perspective-limited evaluations and usually ignore the actual political framework conditions. A current, source- and context-related biography that meets scientific standards does not yet exist.

literature

  • Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, pp. 14–49.
  • Alois Niederstätter : Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, pp. 172–193
  • Richard Reifenscheid: The Habsburgs in Life Pictures. From Rudolf I. to Karl I. Verlag Styria 1982, ISBN 3-222-11431-5
  • Franz Theuer : Der Raub der Stephanskrone , Edition Roetzer, Eisenstadt 1994, ISBN 3-85374-242-4 (with a short biography, p. 532)

Web links

Commons : Albrecht III. (Austria)  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 45
  2. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 14
  3. ^ Klarakloster in the Vienna History Wiki of the City of Vienna
  4. ↑ Wurzbach: Elisabeth of Bohemia .  No. 61. In: Biographisches Lexikon. 6th part. Vienna 1860, p. 165 ( digitized version ).
  5. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 172f.
  6. ^ Wurzbach: Beatrix of Nuremberg .  No. 38. In: Biographical Lexicon. 6th part. Vienna 1860, p. 156 ( digitized version ).
  7. ↑ The decree in the Treaty of Vienna (signed on November 18, 1364) that the second eldest should represent the elder in the event of illness could, however, be an indication that Rudolf's state of health was already questionable at that time and that his death was therefore by no means surprising, as Alois Niederstätter said : Austrian history 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, pp. 168f.
  8. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 173
  9. ↑ Konstantin Moritz A. Langmaier: Archduke Albrecht VI. of Austria (1418–1463). A prince caught between dynasty, regions and empire. Cologne u. a. 2015, p. 17f. and p. 28, has shown very convincingly that this characteristic, which was often handed down for pairs of brothers in the Middle Ages, is a cliché that says nothing about the actual characters, but depends on the position in the family group.
  10. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 175
  11. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 175
  12. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 175
  13. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 176f.
  14. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 177
  15. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 177
  16. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Verlag Ueberreuter, Vienna 2001, p. 189
  17. ↑ As early as 1363 Rudolf had bought the rule there with the castle Neuburg am Rhein (document dated April 8, 1363) and with this acquisition he first gained a foothold on the area of what later became Vorarlberg, see Alois Niederstätter: Österreichische Geschichte 1278–1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 158
  18. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 178f.
  19. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Verlag Ueberreuter, Vienna 2001, p. 188. The fact that Wilhelm's younger brother Leopold IV only agreed to this regulation in November 1386 could be an indication that he was also of legal age at that time.
  20. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 181
  21. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Verlag Ueberreuter, Vienna 2001, p. 189
  22. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 190
  23. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, pp. 181f.
  24. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, pp. 188f.
  25. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 192
  26. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, pp. 188f.
  27. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, pp. 190 and 192
  28. ^ Alois Niederstätter: Austrian History 1278-1411. The rule of Austria. Prince and country in the late Middle Ages. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 2001, p. 192f. and above all Christian Lackner: Rise and fall of Hans von Liechtenstein zu Nikolsburg in the 14th century , in: Jan Hirschbiegel (Hrsg.): The fall of the favorite. Court parties in Europe from the 13th to the 17th centuries . 8th symposium of the Residences Commission of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, organized in cooperation with the city of Neuburg an der Donau, the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt and the German Historical Institute Paris in Neuburg an der Donau, 21. – 24. September 2002. Ostfildern, 2004, pp. 251-262
  29. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 14f.
  30. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 38
  31. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 37f.
  32. ^ Peter Urbanitsch : Ostarrîchi - Austria 996-1996. People, myths, milestones ( Memento from May 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), catalog of the Austrian national exhibition in Neuhofen an der Ybbs and St. Pölten. Edited by Ernst Bruckmüller and Peter Urbanitsch. Catalog of the Lower Austrian State Museum. NF 388, 1996, p. 86
  33. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 22
  34. ↑ on this Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 22f.
  35. ↑ on this Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, pp. 18–20
  36. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 48, on the order see p. 33f. Brucker does not rule out that the portrayal with the braid around the neck is part of a self-portrayal. The claim that Albrecht is said to have expressed his close relationship with Hungary by wearing his hair in the special style of Hungarian braid is in contradiction to this. There is no scientifically sound evidence for this theory, which can be found in some popular science books.
  37. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 48, on the order see p. 27
  38. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 48, on the order see p. 27
  39. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 27f. and p. 48, which does not, however, rule out the possibility that the title of archduke might already have been in use at his court.
  40. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 47 and p. 48f.
  41. ↑ Gustav Gugitz (Heimatforscher) (Ed.): Die Sagen und Legenden der Stadt Wien, Vienna 1952, No. 33, S. 53ff., Digital version at http://www.sagen.at/texte/sagen/oesterreich/ Vienna / say_legends_gugitz / teufelsmuehle_2.html
  42. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 48, on the order see p. 33f.
  43. ^ Eva Bruckner: Forms of representation of power and self-portrayal of Habsburg princes in the late Middle Ages , phil. Dissertation, Vienna, 2009, p. 46
predecessor Office successor
Rudolf IV. Duke of Austria
1365-1395 		Albrecht IV.
Rudolf IV. Duke of Steier (mark)
1365–1379 (together with Leopold III. ) And 1386–1395 		1379 Leopold III. , 1395 Wilhelm
Rudolf IV./II. Duke of Carinthia
1365–1379 (together with Leopold III ) and 1386–1395 		1379 Leopold III. , 1395 Wilhelm
Rudolf IV. Count of Tyrol
1365–1379 (together with Leopold III ) and 1386–1395 		1379 Leopold III. , 1395 Leopold IV.
personal data
SURNAME Albrecht III.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Albrecht with the braid
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Duke of Austria
DATE OF BIRTH September 9, 1349 or September 9, 1350
PLACE OF BIRTH Vienna
DATE OF DEATH August 29, 1395
Place of death Laxenburg