Raft (Upper Palatinate)

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coat of arms Germany map
Coat of arms of the raft market
Raft (Upper Palatinate)
Map of Germany, position of the Floß market highlighted

Coordinates: 49 ° 43 '  N , 12 ° 17'  E

Basic data
State : Bavaria
Administrative region : Upper Palatinate
County : Neustadt an der Waldnaab
Height : 487 m above sea level NHN
Area : 54.42 km 2
Residents: 3408 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density : 63 inhabitants per km 2
Postal code : 92685
Area code : 09603
License plate : NEW, ESB , VOH
Community key : 09 3 74 121
Market structure: 35 districts

Market administration address : 		Rathausplatz 3
92685 Raft
Website : www.floss.de
Mayor : Robert Lindner ( SPD )
Location of the Floß market in the Neustadt an der Waldnaab district
Landkreis Bayreuth Landkreis Schwandorf Weiden in der Oberpfalz Landkreis Tirschenreuth Landkreis Amberg-Sulzbach Georgenberg Pleystein Neustadt am Kulm Pressath Trabitz Eschenbach in der Oberpfalz Bechtsrieth Windischeschenbach Weiherhammer Waldthurn Waidhaus Vohenstrauß Theisseil Tännesberg Störnstein Schwarzenbach (Oberpfalz) Schlammersdorf Schirmitz Püchersreuth Pirk Parkstein Neustadt an der Waldnaab Mantel (Markt) Luhe-Wildenau Leuchtenberg Kohlberg (Oberpfalz) Kirchenthumbach Kirchendemenreuth Irchenrieth Grafenwöhr Flossenbürg Floß (Oberpfalz) Etzenricht Eslarn Altenstadt an der Waldnaab Speinsharter Forst Manteler Forst Vohenstrauß Heinersreuther Forst (Oberpfalz) Tschechien Vorbach Speinshart Moosbach (Oberpfalz)map
About this picture
Template: Infobox municipality in Germany / maintenance / market
Raft (2014)

Floß is a market in the Upper Palatinate district of Neustadt an der Waldnaab and can look back on more than 1000 years of history.

geography

Geographical location

The village of Floß is located on both sides of the river of the same name, in a valley about 13 kilometers west of the German-Czech border. The market also extends over the hills that form the north and south banks of the river. In the southeastern part of the village the Hardtbach coming from the southeast flows into the raft.

State road 2395 runs through Floß from Flossenbürg to Neustadt an der Waldnaab .

Community structure

There are 35 parish parts:

The name of the Grafenreuth district goes back to the family of Barons von Gravenreuth (first mentioned in 1181 as "Freyherrn von Gruinreuth").

The name raft and its origin

variants

In the 10th century: ad (= at) Flozzun, 1139 to 1141: Flossen, 1142: Flozze, around 1200: Floss, 1239: de (= from) Flozze, 1285: aput (at) Flozzam, 1301: Flozz, 1338 bis 1347: flozz, 1360: raft, 1476: raft. In addition, the spellings Vlozze and Flôtz appear.

There are different views (in chronological order) about the origin of the name Floß for both the locality Floß and the river Floß:

Origin from the Celtic

From around 500 BC Until the turn of the century, the Upper Palatinate was populated by Celts. Carl Siegert and Wilhelm Brenner-Schäffer take the Celtic word flathasach = bright, beautiful as the original name.

Origin from Germanic

From the turn of the ages to around 600 AD, Germanic tribes settled in the Upper Palatinate. From the middle of the 1st century BC Elbe Germanic tribes advanced from north to south and displaced the Celts. Around 500 the Upper Palatinate belonged to the Thuringian Empire . Several authors ( Reitzenstein , Schuster , Leonhard Bär, Albrecht Greule ) assume that the name Floß was given to the town and the river by the Germanic settlers. Bear derives raft from flow, river, seam sand, flözen. Reitzenstein takes an origin from the Germanic word flutō = the flowing one.

Origin from Slavic

In the 6th century the Thuringian Empire experienced a decline. The Germanic tribes withdrew from the Upper Palatinate. Slavic tribes immigrated and settled from about 500 to 900 in the Upper Palatinate to the Regnitz and Naab. During the time of National Socialism it was forbidden to mention this Slavic settlement. Until the 1970s, this ban meant that German archaeologists, against their better judgment, denied the Slavic settlement, which was clearly documented by excavations and place name research. Joseph Adelmar Lindner and Johann Baptist Brenner assumed the originally Slavic settlement of the northern Upper Palatinate in the 19th century, which was reflected in numerous place names. They ran raft from the Slavic word Vlitsche, which means lane, square, ravine. This explanation would fit well with the location of Raft.

Further assumptions about the origin of the name raft

Ernst Schwarz assumes an origin of Anglo-Saxon flot = deep water, sea as well as Old Icelandic flot = flowing, floating fat and Central German flot = brook, channel, gutter.

history

Beginnings to the 11th century

The villages surrounding Raft are older than Raft itself. At first, settlements arose on the heights, as the river lowlands were swampy and threatened by flooding. Floß then became a commercial and administrative center at the old intersection of the road from Weiden via Floß to Plößberg (today: Kreisstraße NEW 20 and Staatsstraße 2181 ) and the road from Flossenbürg via Floß to Neustadt an der Waldnaab (today: Staatsstraße 2395 ) in the middle old villages laid out. The original center of the village was the hill with the old church. The market fountain, a little below, is also a testimony to this ancient time.

Bavarian settlers came to the northern Upper Palatinate in the 9th and 10th centuries. During this time the Office of Floß and the Flosser Burg = Flossenbürg , built for its defense, came into being . The first written mention of Floß comes from the year 948 and mentions a battle on Flozzun, which was victorious for the Bavarians. It is believed that the Bavarian Duke Heinrich I defeated the Hungarians at Floß in this battle . Since 899 the Hungarians raided their western neighbors almost every year. These raids only came to an end with the battle of Lechfeld in 955 and the victory of Otto the Great .

12th century to 15th century

In the 12th century, Floß belonged to Adelheid von Sulzbach , daughter of Gebhard III. from Sulzbach . She was married to Theodorich von Kleve . At the end of the 12th century she sold Raft to Emperor Barbarossa . The Counts of Sulzbach brought mining and iron production to the Pfreimd and Zottbach area in the 12th century . In 1273 the Hammer zu Floß (Hammer von der Flozze, Altenhammer) is mentioned for the first time.

Raft was part of a Staufer Reichsguts and received in 1421 by his two sovereigns, Margrave Frederick of Brandenburg and Palatine Johann, a new market rights . Since 1438/49 the rule over Floß was then in the hands of Wittelsbach .

The taxes levied in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries were paid in kind. The Lower Bavarian Salbuch from the period between 1269 and 1320, the Bohemian Salbuchlein from the period from 1366 to 1373 and the Salbuch from 1416/1440 provide information about the amount of the taxes in Floß and its associated localities.

The harvested grain was measured with hollow dimensions. These dimensions were named Nepf (also: Napf, Naepf), Achtl (also: Achtel, Acht), Mut (also: Mutt, Muth), Schaff and Mess. The size of these measures of measure differed locally. In the Sage book of 1416/1440, the grain dimensions for raft are related to each other.

Grain measure in the rule raft:

  • 4 courage = 1 work
  • 4 courage = 7 eighths
  • 8 eight = 1 sheep or mess
  • 8 nepf = 1 eighth
  • 6 eight = 1 Regensburg sheep

Measured with the Floßer bowl, the following applies approximately:

  • 1 eight liter of wheat = 82.240 kg of wheat
  • 1 eightl of grain or barley = 71.640 kg of grain or barley
  • 1 eightl of oats = 62.240 kg of oats

It should be noted that the bowl and eight liters are hollow dimensions. So if the grain is damp and heavy, then an eighth weighs more than if it is dry and light.

Cattle, cheese and eggs were given in pieces. In the case of eggs, the measures shock and pound were still used .

  • 1 shock = 60 pieces
  • 1 pound (℔) = 240 pieces

16th century to 19th century

In 1505, Floß was added to the newly founded Wittelsbach principality of Young Palatinate . This was then ruled by Count Palatine and Elector Philipp (Palatinate) .

During the Thirty Years' War , the Amt Raft was between two enemy brothers:

As a result, the Amt Raft was viewed as hostile territory by both sides and suffered from the troops on both sides. Floß and its surrounding villages were particularly affected in 1620 and 1621 by the passage of Mansfeld soldiers. During these passes, cattle, grain, clothing, linen, dishes, tools, etc. were taken away from the farmers, and the farm and the outbuildings were often destroyed and burned. A list of damages from 1621 shows a loss of 1944 guilders and 19 cruisers for the village of Floß. For the entire raft office, the damage amounted to 21,403 guilders and 38 cruisers.

In 1614 part of the Young Palatinate became the newly founded Duchy of Palatinate-Sulzbach . To Pfalz-Sulzbach belonged the offices Sulzbach, Floß and part of the office Parkstein-Weiden. In 1656, Pfalz-Sulzbach became independent, sovereign, imperial territory through the Neuburg main settlement. This means that the ruler of Pfalz-Sulzbach only had real sovereignty over his area since 1656. Since 1632 this ruler was Count Palatine Christian August , who distinguished himself through religious tolerance. From 1656 he became Duke of Palatinate-Sulzbach through the Neuburg main settlement.

In 1684, Duke Christian August allowed four Jewish families to settle in Floß. They founded the Jewish community in Floß . From 1687 the Jews settled on the northern slope of the raft. Their settlement was called Judenberg and formed a ghetto and a politically independent community. It was not until 1870 that this community of Judenberg was included in the community of Floß.

In 1777 Floß came to Bavaria as part of the Wittelsbach Duchy of Neuburg-Sulzbach and later had a market court with its own magistrate rights.

20th century

At the end of the Second World War in April 1945, the death marches of concentration camp prisoners from the Flossenbürg concentration camp to the Dachau concentration camp began . On April 17, 1945, around 2,000 Jewish prisoners were transported by train from the Flossenbürg concentration camp. The train was attacked by American low-flying aircraft at Floß station. The SS jumped out of the train and took cover, the prisoners had to stay on the train. Some prisoners were killed by the attack on the train, and some managed to escape. The locomotive was shot. The next day, a new locomotive continued towards Weiden.

Incorporations

On January 1, 1972, the previously independent communities Bergnetsreuth, Gailertsreuth (with Diepoltsreuth, which was incorporated on April 1, 1949), Gösen, Grafenreuth, Schlattein and Schönbrunn were incorporated.

Population development

Between 1988 and 2018, the population decreased by 174 or 4.8% from 3,639 to 3,465.

politics

Municipal council

The 2014 election produced this result:

  • CSU / FL: 7 seats
  • SPD: 6 seats
  • FDP / UB: 3 seats

coat of arms

Coat of arms of Floß (Upper Palatinate)
 Blazon : "A red crowned black eagle growing out of blue waves in gold."

The coat of arms has been known since the 14th century.

Market fountain by Floß from the 16./17. Century with the red eagle and a tough mask; Inscription on the north side FONS ERECTUS , on the east side Renovated 1760 Samuel Horn

Culture and sights

Buildings

Architectural monuments

Natural monuments

  • Doost nature reserve , ice age rock formation near the district of Diepoldsreuth
  • District teaching garden Floß at the intersection of the southern outskirts with the Bocklradweg , open all year round during the day with free admission

Regular events

A well-known and popular event far beyond the borders of Floss is the Flosser Kirwa ( parish fair ), which takes place every year on the fourth Sunday in August (actually on August 24, Bartholomew's Day ). The event itself is held annually alternating between two boys' associations.

Sports

  • 1. SKC Floß eV (bowling)
  • Shooting Society 1834 raft
  • SV Floß 1946 eV
  • Gymnastics club raft

traffic

The Floß station was on the Neustadt (Waldnaab) –Eslarn railway line . From here, the Floß – Flossenbürg railway branched off in Floß . Both routes are closed. The next passenger train stop is Neustadt (Waldnaab).

Personalities

Sons and Daughters of the Market

Honorary citizen in Floß and its districts

This list is incomplete.
  • Israel Wittelshöfer (born February 4, 1813 in Floß; died 1896), bestowed on February 6, 1893 for his 50 years of activity as a rabbi in Floß, founder of a foundation from which twelve poor people were awarded annually.
  • Leonhard Bär (born January 28, 1865 in Nonnhof near Sulzbach; † November 21, 1945 in Munich), bestowed on February 22, 1927, teacher, market writer and local history researcher, editor of the book "The Market Raft in Past and Present".
  • Christof Müller (born January 7, 1870 in Alfeld near Hersbruck , † March 16, 1931 in Floß), awarded on February 22, 1927, teacher.
  • Johann Raß (born August 21, 1869 in Munich ; † October 21, 1958 in Floß), conferred on February 22, 1927, Catholic clergyman, initiated the construction of a kindergarten, home nursing, a sewing school and the construction of the Catholic churches in Floß Floß and in Flossenbürg, the construction of a cemetery, a morgue, a rectory, a clubhouse and a barracks for the needy. He was a member of the Welfare Committee of Raft and a helper for the poor, sick and less well off citizens of the market town.
  • Theodor Pfeiffer (born August 5, 1866 in Thumsenreuth ; † August 20, 1948 in Weiden in the Upper Palatinate), awarded on October 6, 1934, Protestant pastor, initiated the conversion of the old cemetery near the church into a green area and the renovation of the Protestant one Church, wrote a treatise on the development of the evangelical parish in Floß in the history of the church, introduced school meals in 1918, was a member of the Red Cross and the poor and orphan council and chairman of the Floß savings bank and loan association.
  • Christian Eckstein (* July 15, 1873 in Selb-Plößberg ; † July 26, 1957 in Weiden in the Upper Palatinate), 1949 honorary citizen of Schönbrunn, 31 December 1952 honorary citizen of Floß, 1953 honorary citizen of Gösen, director of the Plankenhammer porcelain factory, promoted the Industrialization in Raft and the surrounding area, established a foundation for the poor.
  • Franz Xaver Lindner (born March 20, 1866 in Floß, † November 14, 1956 in Floß), bestowed on March 19, 1951, Catholic clergyman.
  • Johann Meierhöfer (born January 21, 1883 in Schlattein; † September 29, 1955), honorary citizen of Schlattein on January 21, 1953, farmer, mayor of Gösen and von Schlattein, land consolidation and water pipe construction in Schlattein.
  • Primus Schellein (born April 7, 1884 in Cham ; † October 15, 1954 in Floß), honorary citizen of Schönbrunn on May 15, 1954, teacher, natural history collector, hobby geologist, wrote a chronicle of Schönbrunn.
  • Hans Ruckdäschel (born August 22, 1906 in Heppenheim ), awarded on February 9, 1972, master stonemason, mayor of Floß.
  • Leonhard Jakob († April 1982), awarded on January 26, 1979, Flosser granite factory owner
  • Alexander Meyer (* 1914 - February 18, 2012), awarded on January 26, 1979, head of the Floß-based company Kabelmetall and co-owner of Kabelmetallwerke Nürnberg
  • David Ludwig Bloch (born March 25, 1910 in Floß, † September 16, 2002 in Barrytown, New York), bestowed 2004, porcelain painter

  • Jewish cemetery in Raft

  • Doost nature reserve near Diepoldsreuth

  • View over the roofs

  • View over the roofs

  • Side entrance to the Protestant church

literature

Web links

Commons : raft  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ "Data 2" sheet, Statistical Report A1200C 202041 Population of the municipalities, districts and administrative districts 1st quarter 2020 (population based on the 2011 census) ( help ).
  2. ↑ Mayor. Municipality of Floß, accessed on July 4, 2020 .
  3. ↑ Fritsch hiking map of the Northern Upper Palatinate Forest Nature Park, scale 1: 50,000
  4. ↑ http://www.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de/orte/ortssuche_action.html ? Anzeige=voll&modus=automat&tempus=+20111106/194405&attr=OBJ&val= 968
  5. ^ A b Adolf Wolfgang Schuster : 1000 Years of Floss , 1976, Verlag Marktgemeinde Floss, pp. 12-14
  6. ↑ a b Wolf-Armin von Reitzenstein : Lexicon of Bavarian Place Names: Origin and Meaning. Oberbayern, Niederbayern, Oberpfalz , C. H. Beck (August 27, 2013), pp. 82, 83, ISBN 9783406552069
  7. ↑ a b c Greule place names
  8. ↑ Carl Siegert: Basics of the oldest history of the Bavarian main tribe and its princes , publisher: Georg Franz, Munich, 1854, p. 295, ( [1] Siegert Geschichte Bayern online)
  9. ^ Wilhelm Brenner-Schäffer: Attempting a history of the district court district Weiden , negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg vol. 17 (1856), pp. 17, 65, 82
  10. ↑ Leonhard Bär: The Floß Market in Past and Present , p. 2 and History of Flossenbürg , pp. 16, 18
  11. ↑ Andreas Boos : On the early Slavic settlement of the Upper Palatinate. P. 123–149, In: Peter Herz (Hrsg.), Peter Schmid (Hrsg.), Oliver Stoll (Hrsg.): Continuities and discontinuities: from the Celtic period to the Bavarian wars , Frank & Timme GmbH publishing house for scientific literature, Berlin 2010, ISBN 9783865962744 , ISSN  1868-1875
  12. ^ Joseph Adelmar Lindner : Chronicle of the Office and Market Floss based on authentic sources . Sulzbach 1850, p. 8, ( e-copy )
  13. ^ Johann Baptist Brenner: History of the Waldsassen Monastery and Abbey , Nuremberg, Riegel and Wießner, 1837, p. 310, ( [2] Brenner: Waldsassen history online)
  14. ↑ Ernst Schwarz : Language and Settlement in Northeast Bavaria . (Erlangen contributions to linguistics and art studies 4). Nuremberg 1960, p. 109
  15. ↑ Adolf Wolfgang Schuster: History of the community Flossenbürg , ed. Municipality Flossenbürg, 1990, Spintler Druck und Verlag GmbH, Weiden, p. 17
  16. ^ Adolf Wolfgang Schuster: 1000 Years of Floss , 1976, Verlag Marktgemeinde Floss, pp. 14-22
  17. ^ Robert Kuhnle: Economy of the home. In: Gerhard Gietl and Alfred Hoeppner (editors): The district of Vohenstrauß. Publishing house for authorities and economy R. Alfred Hoeppner, Aßling / Obb. and Munich 1969, pp. 115-125.
  18. ^ Adolf Wolfgang Schuster : 1000 Years of Floss , 1976, Verlag Marktgemeinde Floss, pp. 41, 42, 53–56, 67–79
  19. ^ Adolf Wolfgang Schuster : 1000 Years of Floss , 1976, Verlag Marktgemeinde Floss, p. 76
  20. ^ Adolf Wolfgang Schuster : History of the community of Flossenbürg , 1990, Sprintler Druck und Verlag GmbH, publisher. Gemeinde Flossenbürg, Volume I, p. 422
  21. ^ Adolf Wolfgang Schuster : 1000 Years of Floss , 1976, Verlag Marktgemeinde Floss, pp. 168–195
  22. ↑ Magnus Weinberg : History of the Jews in the Upper Palatinate / 5: Duchy Sulzbach (Sulzbach u. Floss) , Munich: Ewer-Buchhandl., 1927, online: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de
  23. ↑ Renate Höpfinger : The Jewish community of Floß , commemorative publication for the Nordgau days 1972–2012 online
  24. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , pp. 27–41
  25. ^ Wilhelm Volkert (ed.): Handbook of Bavarian offices, communities and courts 1799–1980 . CH Beck, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-406-09669-7 , p. 537 .
  26. ↑ http://www.floss.de/web832.htm
  27. ↑ Entry on the coat of arms of Floß (Upper Palatinate)  in the database of the House of Bavarian History
  28. ↑ Memorial sites for the victims of National Socialism. A documentation, volume 1. Federal Agency for Civic Education, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-89331-208-0 , p. 132
  29. ↑ Annual report from the Royal High School in Bayreuth: in the academic year ...: made known by the public price distribution ... 1831/32 (1832), p. 8, http://books.google.de/books?id=qhtFAAAAcAAJ&lpg= PA8 & ots = O22eO7cwx7 & dq = Israel% 20Wittelsh% C3% B6fer & hl = de & pg = PA8 # v = onepage & q = Israel% 20Wittelsh% C3% B6fer & f = false
  30. ↑ Michael Brenner (editor), Renate Höpfinger (editor): Die Juden in der Oberpfalz , publisher: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag (December 1, 2008), ISBN 978-3486586787 , p. 100
  31. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Adolf Wolfgang Schuster : 1000 Years of Floss , 1976, Verlag Marktgemeinde Floss, pp. 352–358
  32. ↑ Last honorary citizen of Floss. Retrieved January 2, 2016 .