1915

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1915
In the Second Battle of Flanders , the German Empire opens the gas war in the First World War .
Italy announces the Triple Alliance with the German Reich and Austria-Hungary and enters the war on the side of the Triple Entente .	The Ottoman Tehcir law presented by Interior Minister Talât Pascha ushers in the genocide of the Armenians .
The German submarine SM U 20 sinks the British luxury steamer RMS Lusitania .
1915 in other calendars
Armenian calendar	1363/64 (turn of the year July)
Ethiopian calendar	1907/08 (September 10-11)
Baha'i calendar	71/72 (March 20/21)
Bengali solar calendar	1320/21 (beginning of April 14th or 15th)
Buddhist calendar	2458/59 (southern Buddhism); 2457/58 (alternative calculation according to Buddha's Parinirvana )
Chinese calendar	76th (77th) cycle Year of the wooden rabbit乙卯 ( since February 14th , before that wooden tiger甲寅)
Chuch'e ideology (North Korea)	Chuch'e 4
Chula Sakarat (Siam, Myanmar) / Dai calendar (Vietnam)	1277/78 (turn of the year April)
Dangun era (Korea)	4248/49 (October 2/3)
Iranian calendar	1293/94 (around March 21)
Islamic calendar	1333/34 (November 8/9)
Japanese calendar	Taishō 4 ( 大 正 元年); Kōki 2575
Jewish calendar	5675/76 (September 8/9)
Coptic calendar	1631/32 (September 10-11)
Malayalam calendar	1090/91
Minguo calendar (China)	Year 4 of the Republic
Rumi Calendar (Ottoman Empire)	1330/31 (March 1st)
Seleucid era	Babylon: 2225/26 (turn of the year April) Syria: 2226/27 (New Year October)
Suriyakati Calendar (Thai Solar Calendar)	2457/58 (April 1)
Tibetan calendar	1661
Vikram Sambat (Nepalese Calendar)	1971/72 (April)

Events

Politics and world events

First World War

See also : “1915” in the Chronology of the First World War article

Political and diplomatic developments

Benedict XV 1915

• January 1st : Pope Benedict XV. proposes to all those involved in the war in the First World War to exchange prisoners who were incapable of war.
• January 21st : In order to relieve Erich von Falkenhayn of the double task as Minister of War and Chief of the General Staff, Adolf Wild von Hohenborn is appointed Prussian Minister of War.
• January: In the German army, gas troops are set up for the first time , preparing the gas war during the First World War .
• February 2 : The three participants in the assassination attempt in Sarajevo , who were already of legal age at the time of the crime, are executed in Sarajevo by hanging on the choke .
• April 26th : Italy enters into an alliance with Great Britain, France and Russia in the London Treaty . For its entry into the war against the Central Powers , Italy is given the prospect of large territorial gains after the end of the war in the treaty kept secret.
• April 28th : An international women's peace congress begins in The Hague , suggested by Anita Augspurg , Lida Gustava Heymann and Aletta Jacobs . Most women are denied participation by their home countries or made very difficult by harassment. The highlight of the three-day congress is the establishment of the International Committee for Lasting Peace , which in 1919 was renamed the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom . After the congress, two delegations will travel through Europe and hold talks with the representatives of 13 governments. On top of that, they will have an audience with Pope Benedict XV. granted, who is also committed to peace and takes on several demands of the peace movement.
• May 3 : Italy announces the Triple Alliance with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary .
• May 12 : The Committee on Alleged German Outrages of the British War Propaganda Bureau , chaired by James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce , publishes the Bryce Report on atrocities committed by the German army in neutral Belgium during the First World War.
• Mid-May: As a result of the munitions crisis and the negative outcome of the Gallipoli campaign , there is a government crisis in Great Britain. The Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith then forms a coalition government with the Conservatives under Andrew Bonar Law . One of the conditions for their entry into government is Winston Churchill's resignation as Minister of the Navy, on May 18 .
• May 23 : Although it was originally allied with the Central Powers through the Triple Alliance , Italy enters the war on the Entente side and declares war on Austria-Hungary. This marked the beginning of the mountain war of 1915–1918 on the Italian front .
• 27. bis 29. May : In a German pogrom in Moscow shops are destroyed German merchants and killed at least three German. They are accused of collaborating with their compatriots and of influencing the war.
• July 7th : At the first Chantilly Conference , a joint approach by the Allies against the Central Powers is discussed for the first time. Military representatives of the Entente powers Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Belgium and Serbia take part in it.
• August 20 : Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire .
• Beginning of September: The German expedition to Afghanistan , led by Wilhelm Wassmuss , Werner Otto von Hentig and Oskar von Niedermayer , aims to induce Afghanistan to go to war on the side of the Central Powers.
• September 6th : The Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria join forces. The Bulgarian King Ferdinand I hopes that the alliance with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary will give him the chance to reverse the territorial losses of his country that the Peace of Bucharest brought with it after the Second Balkan War .
• September 14 : The Ottoman Empire joins the Pact of the Central Powers.
• October 14 : With the declaration of war on Serbia, Tsarism Bulgaria joins the Central Powers in the First World War.
• October 29 : The French government under René Viviani resigns. Aristide Briand becomes the new Prime Minister.
• December 6th to 8th : At the second Chantilly Conference , the major Allied offensives of the coming year will be discussed.

The Wehrmann in Eisen as a war nail from 1915 in Vienna

• Starting in Vienna, the custom of war nailing spread through Austria-Hungary and the German Empire.

"Home front"

Rosa Luxemburg 1915

• February 18 : Rosa Luxemburg has to begin a one-year prison sentence in the women's prison in Barnimstrasse in Berlin , to which she was sentenced by a court last year because she called for conscientious objection in a speech.
• March 20 : The SPD MPs Karl Liebknecht and Otto Rühle vote against the war budget in the German Reichstag. 29 other MPs leave the room before the vote, including the SPD chairman Hugo Haase .
• April 14th : The first and only edition of the Marxist monthly magazine Die Internationale , edited by Rosa Luxemburg and Franz Mehring , appears in Germany.
• June 13 : "Bathing forbidden" is the motto from today on all German North Sea islands and on the North Sea coast. On the other hand, the Prussian War Ministry allows bathing on the Baltic Sea , apart from a few restricted areas.
• June 19 : The SPD politicians Hugo Haase , Eduard Bernstein and Karl Kautsky publish a manifesto against the war in the Leipziger Volkszeitung . The newspaper is immediately banned for several days.
• December 21 : 19 SPD MPs vote against the war credits in the German Reichstag, including Karl Liebknecht and the SPD chairman Hugo Haase ; 22 other war opponents leave the hall beforehand.

Western front

The Western Front 1915/16

• February 16 to March 20 : The winter battle in Champagne , the first major attempt by the French Commander-in-Chief Joseph Joffre to tear open the German front using barrels and massed infantry rushes and to achieve an operational breakthrough with the reserves made available, fails due to the defenses of the attacked German positions. It is one of the first material battles .

Sacrifice on the Neuve-Chapelle battlefield

• March 10th : The Battle of Neuve-Chapelle begins. It is the first major independent and planned offensive of the British Expeditionary Force in the trench warfare of the First World War and aims to take possession of a high area east of Neuve-Chapelle, in the Arrondissement of Béthune, but ends on March 12 with a defensive victory of the Germans. British and Indian troops suffer losses of around 11,650 for a relatively minor front shift. The British Commander-in-Chief John French blames a lack of ammunition for the artillery for the poor result, thus solving the ammunition crisis of 1915 in Great Britainout. In response to this, after the formation of the liberal-conservative coalition government in May, an ammunition ministry will be set up under David Lloyd George .
• April 17th : With the conquest by the Allies after a large-scale attack, the more than two-year battle for height 60 on the western front in the Wijtschatebogen near Ypres begins .

German barrage on allied trenches near Ypres, probably recorded during the Second Battle of Flanders (1915)

• April 22nd : The first day of the Second Battle of Flanders is considered to be the beginning of the gas war in World War I , even if some irritants such as T-Stoff had been experimented with beforehand . The German army is the first country to use poison gas near Ypres in Belgium by blowing chlorine gas generated by BASF on the opposing positions at the suggestion of Fritz Haber . In the following war years, the Central Powers and the opposing Entente bringin the mutually escalating escalations more and more effective chemical weapons are used.
• May 9th : The Loretto Battle of Artois begins. It ends as a typical battle for trench warfare in World War I on July 23 with no visible result, with a terrain shift of almost two kilometers with almost 180,000 fatalities.
• May 25th : The German Supreme Army Command stops the attacks during the Second Battle of Flanders due to excessive own losses .

British infantry advancing on Loos

• September 25 : The Allied September offensive does not bring any decisive success either. The British offensive in the Battle of Loos finally got stuck on October 14th , the autumn battle at La Bassée and Arras then ended on November 4th , the simultaneous autumn battle in Champagne on November 6th .
• October 12 : The British nurse Edith Cavell is executed in the German-occupied Government General of Belgium on the instructions of Governor General Moritz von Bissing for helping Allied soldiers to flee.

Eastern Front / Balkans

The Eastern Front 1915

• February 7th : The German troops start the winter battle in Masuria on the Eastern Front . This attack is underestimated by the Russian side.
• February 22nd : The winter battle in Masuria on the Eastern Front with a total of more than 70,000 dead, wounded and missing ends with a victory of the German troops, Army fails.

A badly damaged fortress in Przemyśl

• March 22nd : The siege of Przemyśl , the largest in World War I , ends with the surrender of the Austro-Hungarian troops to the Russian armed forces. The battle in the Carpathians that began in December of the previous year ended in a devastating defeat for the dual monarchy.

Kaiser Wilhelm II. With General von Seeckt and Generaloberst von Mackensen on the Eastern Front in April

• May 1st to 10th : The Battle of Gorlice-Tarnów ends with a heavy defeat of the Russian army against combined forces of the Central Powers . The German troops under August von Mackensen and Hans von Seeckt break through after a few days. The Russian forces use scorched earth tactics in their retreat . Their commander Radko Dimitriev is removed from his post after the battle.
• June 4th : Przemyśl is retaken from Austria-Hungary .

Breakthrough battles on the Eastern Front in 1915

• June 22nd : August von Mackensen conquers Lemberg . The Imperial Russian Army then begins the Great Withdrawal . On June 29, the Central Powers begin the Bug Offensive .
• July 13 : With the successful breakthrough battle of Przasnysz , the Narew offensive of the Gallwitz army group begins in support of the Bug offensive.
• August 4th : The German siege of Novogeorgiewsk begins.

German cavalry in Warsaw

• August 5 : German troops occupy the Polish capital Warsaw as part of the Bug Offensive and the eastern suburb of Praga on August 8 . A little later, Brest-Litovsk is also conquered.
• August 7th : German troops capture the outer forts of the Novogeorgiewsk fortress on the lower Narew . On August 20th, the entire fortress is in German hands.
• August 18 : Russian troops begin to clear the Osowiec fortress , which is occupied by the Germans on August 25 .
• August 25 : The imperial army founded the General Kielce, which on October 1 in the General Lublin is renamed. At the same time, the German General Government of Warsaw was founded in the north . The Baltic States and the areas east of the General Government remain a military-administered area of ​​occupation. This area is under the command of the East and is therefore referred to as Upper East .
• September 18 : On the Eastern Front , the German army can capture the Lithuanian city ​​of Vilna , which had been evacuated by the Tsarist troops shortly before .
• September 30th : The Russian high command can stabilize its troops on a line between Riga , the former headquarters Baranowitschi and Dubno , thus ending the Great Withdrawal.

French soldiers in Salonika

• October 5th : Salonika Front : Allied troops land in Salonika .
• October 6th : After one month of preparation, the Central Powers' Serbian campaign begins under the leadership of August von Mackensen .
• October 8th : The Serbian capital Belgrade is taken by Germans and Austrians.
• October 14th : Bulgaria enters the war against Serbia.
• October 24th : Bulgarian units conquer Skopje .
• December 4th : The Bulgarian army reaches Monastir .
• December 7th : The Serbian King Peter arrives in Scutari .
• November 25 to January 15, 1916: the bulk of the Serbian army moves through wintry mountains via Skadar to Vlora on the Adriatic Sea. Over 70,000 soldiers starve or freeze to death .
• December: The Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia begins. The Serbian government moves its seat into exile in Corfu .
• December 15 : The Austrian army begins planning another campaign against Montenegro . Stephan Sarkotić von Lovćen becomes commander in chief .

Mountain war between Italy and Austria-Hungary

• After Italy declared war on May 23, the German Alpine Corps was set up in the German Empire to support Austria-Hungary in defending its border with Italy. It will be moved to South Tyrol in May .

The Italian front 1915–1917

• June 23 : Italy, under the command of Luigi Cadorna, opens the First Isonzo Battle against Austria-Hungary with the aim of conquering Trieste and penetrating the Hungarian lowlands . This marked the beginning of the mountain war of 1915–1918 on the Italian front . The battle ends on July 7th with only minor front shifts but the loss of around 25,000 soldiers.
• July 17 to August 3 : Even in the Second Battle of the Isonzo , the Italian army fails to force a breakthrough through the Austro-Hungarian front line on the Isonzo .
• October 17 to November 3 : In the Third Isonzo Battle , all attacks by the Italian troops fail again.
• November 9th to December 15th : The fourth Isonzo battle brings another failure of the Italian offensive.
• December 17th : The Fourth Isonzo Battle , begun by the Italians, is declared over by the Austro-Hungarian General Staff. Eight more Isonzo battles will follow in 1916 and 1917 .

The fronts of the Ottoman Empire

Battle of Gallipoli

• February 19 : Allied naval forces begin bombarding Ottoman fortifications along the Dardanelles . The British battleship Queen Elizabeth is also involved in this first attack . The Allied advance has, among other things, the result that Bulgaria interrupts all negotiations with Germany. Greece offers its support to the Allies.
• March 11th : The British Mediterranean Expeditionary Force is established under the command of Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton .

The sinking HMS Irresistible

• March 18th : The British attack on the Dardanelles fails. A fleet consisting of a British battleship, a battle cruiser , and twelve British and four French ships of the line destroyed several Turkish artillery pieces, but on their way back numerous ships were sunk or damaged by a minefield laid out by the Turkish miner Nusret . The Irresistible , the Ocean and the French Bouvet are sinking. The battle cruiser Inflexible and the French ships of the line Suffrenand Gaulois are badly damaged. This disaster causes the British Council of War to suspend all sea attacks. Fleet commander John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher , who has criticized the plans of the Navy Department under Winston Churchill from the start, resigns in protest.

Liman von Sanders as Ottoman commander

• March 24th : Otto Liman von Sanders , head of a German military mission in the Ottoman Empire, takes over the supreme command of the 5th Ottoman Army on the Gallipoli peninsula, newly formed to defend the Dardanelles .

Beach section V after landing

• April 25th : The Battle of Gallipoli begins with the landing at Cape Helles .
• April 28th : The first battle of Krithia as part of the Battle of Gallipoli brings the British to a defeat in battle with two stubbornly defending regiments of the Turks.
• May 6th to 8th : In the Second Battle of Krithia , the Allies succeed in gaining minor terrain, but the original goal of capturing Krithia remains a long way off. No further attacks will be carried out in the sector of the front until June.
• August 21 : The Battle of Scimitar Hill is the last unsuccessful attempt by the British to advance the deadlocked front line at Suvla . They lose 3,500 men in one day in the attack. The front will remain unchanged until December. On the same day the fight for height 60 begins , which also ends with a defensive victory of the Ottomans on August 29th .
• October 14th : British Commander-in-Chief Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton is recalled to London and replaced by Charles Monro at the helm of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force .

Field Marshal Kitchener and General Birdwood inspect the front

• November 19 : After a front inspection, Secretary of War Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener , decides to evacuate the troops. The retreat from the peninsula begins on December 18th .

Palestine Front and Mesopotamia

• January: The Palestine Front opens with the advance of the Ottoman Empire to the Suez Canal .
• January: Australian and New Zealand volunteer associations are shipped to Egypt. These infantry units, which are supposed to fight against the Ottoman Empire, are formed into the 30,000-strong Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) under the command of General William Birdwood .
• April 12th : The Ottoman Army attacks the British positions on the Mesopotamia front with little success .
• April 20 : Nureddin Pasha becomes commander of the Ottoman troops in Mesopotamia.
• November 22nd to 25th : The Battle of Ctesiphon ends in a draw, but the Ottomans manage to stop the British advance. The British units under Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend withdraw to Kut .
• December 7th : The Ottoman troops instructed by the German military adviser Colmar von der Goltz begin the siege of Kut .

• First World War in Persia : the genocide of the Assyrians and Aramaeans begins.
• Hussein-McMahon correspondence

Caucasian Front and genocide of the Armenian minority

• January 15 : The battle of Sarıkamış on the Caucasus Front against the Imperial Russian Army , which began at the end of the previous year, ends with a debacle for the Third Ottoman Army .
• February 15 : The Ottoman general Hafız Hakkı Pasha dies of typhus in a field hospital in the Caucasus, like many of his subordinates . He will be succeeded on February 17th by Mahmut Kamil Pascha .

Armenian militias in a defensive trench during the battle for Van

• April 19 : The until May 17 permanent defense of van , the attempt of Ottoman Armenians , against the massacre of the Ottoman Empire to the Armenians in Van Vilayet to fight begins.

Order of the Ministry of the Interior dated April 24

• April 24th : Talât Pasha , as Turkish interior minister, orders the deportation of the Armenian elite . Leading personalities of the Armenian community in the Ottoman capital Constantinople and later in other localities are arrested and deported to concentration camps near Ankara . After the deportation law was passed on May 27, they were forcibly relocated, tortured , expropriated and many of them killed. This ushered in the genocide of the Armenians .
• April 30 : The Armenian Apostolic Monastery of Varagavank in the Ottoman province of Van is destroyed by the Ottoman army.

Naval warfare

→ Main article : Naval warfare in the First World War

• January 1 : The German submarine U 24 sinks the British liner HMS Formidable off the Isle of Portland . 547 crew members die, only 195 can be rescued.

Skirmish on the Dogger Bank

• January 24th : In the battle on Doggerbank , the German Imperial Navy suffers a defeat against the British Royal Navy . The SMS Blücher is sunk, but due to poor shooting performance and a mess in the transmission of commands on the British side, a large part of the German squadron escaped and went to safety in the German Bight .

Blockade zone of the German submarines in 1915

• February 2 : Because of the disaster on the Dogger Bank , Friedrich von Ingenohl is replaced as head of the deep sea fleet by Hugo von Pohl . On February 4, the latter gave the order for unrestricted submarine warfare , according to which all foreign ships within the exclusion zone around Great Britain and Ireland may be sunk without warning. At the time of entry into force on February 18, however, only 23 German submarines are operational.
• March 28 : The British passenger steamer Falaba is sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Wales , 104 passengers and crew drown. This incident caused the first US death to be mourned in World War I.
• April 27 : The French armored cruiser Léon Gambetta is sunk in the Ionian Sea by an Austrian submarine under the command of Georg Ludwig von Trapp . Of the 821 men on board, 684 die.

Sinking of the RMS Lusitania - German illustration

• May 7 : The German submarine U 20 under the command of Walther Schwieger sinks the British luxury steamer RMS Lusitania . 1,198 people are killed, 128 of them from the then officially neutral United States . The protests of the USA cause the German Empire to temporarily stop the unrestricted submarine war.
• May 23 : The Austrian Navy attacked the port of Ancona on the day that Italy declared war . The next day, a large part of the Austro-Hungarian Navy leaves Pula for the Adriatic . The attack on Ancona cost 63 lives in the city and caused serious damage.
• August 13 : The German submarine UB 14 under the command of Heino von Heimburg sinks the British troop transport ship Royal Edward in the Aegean Sea . Of the 1,639 men on board, 935 are killed.
• August 19 : In the Baralong incident , the German submarine SM U 27 is sunk by the British submarine trap HMS Baralong in the waters south of the Irish city of Queenstown. After that, all surviving crew members of the German submarine are killed by the crew of the British submarine trap, resulting in an exchange of notes between the German Reich government and the United Kingdom government that lasts for months .
• August 19 : A German submarine sinks the British passenger ship Arabic of the White Star Line , killing 44 people. Since two Americans are also among the dead, tensions arise again between the United States and the German Empire.
• September 4 : The German submarine U 20 sinks the British passenger ship Hesperian of the Allan Line off Ireland . 32 people are killed. In contrast to the sinking of the Lusitania , Captain Walther Schwieger is not congratulated on his successful patrol after his return to Wilhelmshaven. He is ordered to Berlin to justify his act and to officially apologize.
• October 23 : The British submarine E 8 torpedoed the German warship Prinz Adalbert in the Baltic Sea . The large cruiser lost a crew of 672; only three survived the ship's sinking a few nautical miles from Libau .
• November 5 : The German submarine SM U 35 sinks the British steamer Tara and attacks the port of Sollum in Egypt.
• November 8 : A German submarine sinks the Italian transatlantic passenger steamer Ancona south of Sardinia , killing 208 people.
• December 30th : The German submarine U 38 under the command of Max Valentiner torpedoed the British passenger ship Persia south of Crete, which sank within just five minutes. Of the 519 people on board, only 175 survive.

Air war

• January 19 : German zeppelins bomb the eastern English cities of Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn , killing four civilians. This is the start of regular air strikes on Britain . From May 1915 to 1917, London was also attacked by airships.
• September 11th : German zeppelins bomb London .

The war in the colonies

→ Main article : First World War outside Europe

Pacific

• January 11th : As the last German government station in German New Guinea, Australian troops occupy the town of Morobe in Kaiser-Wilhelmsland .

East Africa

→ Main article : First World War in East Africa

• January 10th : British units occupy the island of Mafia in German East Africa in order to take out the German warship Königsberg , which is hidden in the delta of the Rufiji River .

The Rubens Route

• February 18 : The blockade breaker Rubens leaves Wilhelmshaven with a supply cargo for German East Africa, where he arrives at the beginning of April. There the ship was so badly damaged by the British cruiser HMS Hyacinth on April 14th that it had to be set aground. A large part of the cargo can nevertheless be recovered and delivered to the German protection force under Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck .
• March 1 : The Royal Navy imposes a sea ​​blockade off the entire coast of German East Africa.
• June 21 : British-Indian units capture Bukoba .
• July 11th : SMS Königsberg is sunk by its own crew after several battles with British cruisers.
• At the end of the year, German East Africa is the only German colony that can be held almost entirely against the Allies, as both the British and Belgians are still in the process of drawing together larger troop contingents.
• End of the year: Iyasu V , Emperor of Ethiopia , joins the Central Powers in the “holy war” against the British colonial empire.

Southern Africa

→ Main article : First World War in South West Africa

The South West Africa campaign in 1915

• January 24th : South African troops defeat the Boer Maritz rebels who sympathize with the German Reich near Upington . Salomon Gerhardus Maritz surrenders on January 30th .
• February 11 : President Louis Botha personally assumes command of the South African armed forces . They occupy Swakopmund in the west and invade German Southwest Africa from the south .

Baster Council with Cornelius van Wyk

• 15 April : The people of the Baster in the area of Rehoboth rises under the leadership of Cornelius van Wyk against the German tutelage. On May 8th they were severely defeated in battle.
• April 19 : South African troops capture Keetmanshoop in German South West Africa .
• May 12th : Windhoek is surrendered without a fight after the last German soldiers left the city on May 1st .
• May 21 : A ceasefire agreement between Louis Botha and the German governor Theodor Seitz , according to which German South West Africa is to be divided and only the south to be occupied by the South African Union, is prevented by British intervention.
• July 1 : The German protection force for German South West Africa is defeated by the superior troops of the South African Union near Grootfontein .
• July 4th : The last minor battle takes place in the Otavi Mountains .
• July 9 : Schutztruppe commander Victor Franke surrenders to the South Africans on behalf of the colony of German South West Africa in order to save his troops from annihilation.
• August 16 : The entire colony is occupied by Union troops.

Cameroon

→ Main article : Cameroon in the First World War

German troops in a defensive position near Garoua

• June 10th : After months of siege, Garoua in Cameroon is occupied by British and French troops.
• At the end of the year, Mora in the Mandara Mountains is the last part of the Cameroon colony held by German troops under the command of the seriously injured Ernst von Raben .

Portugal

• January 25 : Conservative officers perform in Portugal a coup against the 12 only since December of last year in the Official Government located Victor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho and behind it Democratic Party of Afonso Costa . The triggers are the negotiations that the government is conducting with the Entente powers about Portugal's entry into the First World War, and the government's anti-clerical policy. The putschists dissolve parliament. The First Republic thus remains chronically unstable.

General Joaquim Pimenta de Castro

• January 28 : President Manuel José de Arriaga appoints the leader of the putschists, General Joaquim Pimenta de Castro, as the new Prime Minister. The government formed by him, consisting primarily of the military, the so-called "dictatorship of swords" , governs without a parliament through decrees countersigned by the president. It ends the negotiations with the Entente and the anti-church policies of the previous government. The Castro government relies on two smaller parties that split off from the Democrats in 1912, the evolutionists and the unionists , and particularly the conservative section of the officers' corps.
• May 14 : Officers close to the Democratic Party launch a counter-coup against the de Castro government. The ruling military junta resigns, a "constitutional junta" temporarily takes over the government, which Afonso Costa offers the office of head of government, which the latter refuses. President Arriaga also has to resign, Teófilo Braga is re-elected as transitional president.
• May 17 : Former Prime Minister João Pinheiro Chagas is re-elected Prime Minister, but does not take office, José de Castro becomes the new Prime Minister.
• October 9 : Bernardino Machado is elected President of the Republic by Parliament.
• Afonso Costa will become Prime Minister for the second time on November 29, following the Democratic Party's victory in the June elections .

Other events in Europe

• January 1st : Giuseppe Motta becomes President of Switzerland .
• January 1st : The law on the sale of alcoholic beverages comes into force in Iceland . In the same year the right to vote for women was introduced in the country .
• January 1 : Moritz Freiherr von Bissing , Governor General in Belgium (1914–1917), forbids the reading of the pastoral letter from Cardinal Mercier, Archbishop of Mechelen and Primate of Belgium (details here ).

Constantine I and Eleftherios Venizelos 1913/14

• In the Kingdom of Greece there are increasing tensions between the Germany-friendly King Constantine I from the house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg , who advocated a course of neutrality for Greece in World War I, and Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos , who leaned towards the Entente , who was ultimately the king Dismissed on March 10th and replaced by Dimitrios Gounaris . After his victory in the elections, Venizelos will be prime minister again on August 23, but must on October 7however resign again. After a one-month transitional government under Alexandros Zaimis, Stephanos Skouloudis will finally become Prime Minister on November 7th . First he tries to form an all-party government to achieve national unity.
• June 5th : The Basic Law of Denmark is changed. Among other things, women's suffrage is introduced.
• September 5 : The Zimmerwald Conference , a secret international socialist conference, begins in the Swiss village of Zimmerwald near Bern . Lenin and Leon Trotsky are the most prominent participants . The conference was organized by the Swiss Social Democrat Robert Grimm with the aim of reorganizing the Socialist International . The 37 participants from twelve countries adopt the Zimmerwald Manifesto on September 8th . The anti-militarist, revolutionary socialist movement that revolved around Leninat this conference and which adds its own, more radical additional protocol, is referred to as the “Zimmerwald Left”. This marked the beginning of the division of the labor movement into revolutionary and reformist socialists or communists and social democrats .

America

• January 2 : A coup against the government of Eduardo Schaerer in Paraguay fails on the second day.
• January 28 : The merger of Revenue Cutter Service ( "revenue cutter service") and Life Saving Service ( "sea rescue") the formation which occurs United States Coast Guard , the Coast Guard of the United States .

Constitutionalist planes at El Ébano

• March 21 : In the course of the Mexican Revolution , the Battle of El Ébano begins , in which, after more than 70 days of fighting, the constitutionalists succeed in repelling the attempt by the Pancho Villa- dominated conventionists to acquire possession of the Mexican oil production areas and the oil export port Tampico to set.
• October 19 : The US de facto recognizes the Mexican government under Venustiano Carranza .
• December 18 : US President Woodrow Wilson marries his second wife Edith White Bolling Galt .

Caribbean

• March 4 : Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam seizes power in Haiti . President Joseph Davilmar Théodore goes into exile in Curaçao.
• July 27 : Insurgent peasants occupy the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince . Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam flees to the French embassy.
• July 28th : The French embassy is stormed and President Sam is lynched by the crowd. In the afternoon, American troops occupied the country on Woodrow Wilson's orders .
• September 16 : Following the occupation of Haiti by US troops in July, the country formally becomes a protectorate .

Asia

• January 18 : The Japanese Empire presents Twenty-one Demands to the since 1912 existing Republic of China to ensure there extensive political, military and economic influence.
• May 25 : The Treaty of Kyakhta between Russia , China and Bogd Khan , the eighth jebtsundamba khutuktu of Mongolia , which is Outer Mongolia accorded an autonomous status under the suzerainty of China.

Yuan Shikai 1915

• December 12 : Yuan Shikai , the first President of the Republic of China , proclaims himself Emperor Hongxian of the newly established Empire of China , which will only last 83 days, but will permanently destabilize the Republic. In the same year Tang Jiyao , the governor of Yunnan , proclaimed the region's independence. His general Cai E advances on Sichuan .

Africa

• 23 January : John Chilembwe and 200 supporters start an anti-colonial uprising in the British colony of Nyassaland in what is now Malawi , which fails after two days. Chilembwe is killed on February 3 while trying to flee to neighboring Portuguese Mozambique .

economy

War economy

→ Main article : German economic history in the First World War

• January 5th : For reasons of war economics to extend the grain supplies, a night baking ban is introduced in the German Reich .

Bread menu

• January 25th : During the First World War , bread is rationed in the German Reich . The bread menu is the first of the following food brands .

• In the German Reich the " pig murder ", the slaughter of around five million pigs, is ordered.

International exhibitions

View of the pavilions in the floodlights: Left the Tower of Jewels , right the Italian Tower

• February 20 to December 4 : The Panama-Pacific International Exposition is held in San Francisco. For the exhibition, which will celebrate the opening of the Panama Canal last year and at the same time show how San Francisco recovered from the Great Quake of 1906 , the Palace of Fine Arts is being built. Around 18.9 million people visit the exhibition. After its end, the Marina District will develop on the site .

Patents and company formation

• January 19 : In the United States receives Georges Claude with neon -filled fluorescent tube patent protection .
• March : Foundation of the Reichsstickstoffwerke Piesteritz as the largest industrial company in Wittenberg .
• September 10 : The satirical weekly Le Canard enchaîné is founded in France .
• November 16 : A US patent is granted for the signature Coca-Cola bottle .
• November 19 : The film technology company Technicolor is founded.

• The newly formed Safeway opens its first supermarket in Idaho .

traffic

• December 4 : With the inauguration of the keystone, the main train station in Leipzig is fully operational.

science and technology

Antarctic exploration

The Endurance expedition , which is in the drift ice of the Weddell Sea, is delayed during the first few days of the year , but a period of good travel during January 7th and 10th brings the Endurance close to the coast of Coats Land . On January 17th, the expedition discovered land that Ernest Shackleton named after his main patron, the Caird Coast . The Endurance is now near Prinzregent-Luitpold-Land , at the southern end of which is its destination, the Vahsel Bay .

The endurance in pack ice

The next day the ship is stuck in the pack ice. After several passive days, Shackleton sends men with ice chisels, awls, saws and hoes onto the ice to clear a passage on February 14th, but the efforts remain in vain.

On February 21, the Endurance reaches its southernmost latitude, 76 ° 58 ′ S, under the grip of the pack ice, and then begins to move north with the ice. When it was clear they would not be released until spring, Shackleton orders on February 24th to abandon the ship routine. The dogs are brought off board while the ship's equipment is converted into suitable winter quarters for the men.

Shackleton and Wild between the pack ice piled up by the pressure

In February and March, the endurance slowly drifts north. However, as winter sets in, the speed of the drift increases and the state of the surrounding ice changes and the ship is in danger of being crushed by the ice masses.

The dark winter months of May, June and July pass without any major events. At the beginning of September, however, the ice begins to squeeze violently again and continues to squeeze periodically. When the starboard side of the Endurance is pressed against a large ice floe on October 24, the ice pressure on the side of the ship increases until the side of the ship begins to bend and splinter and water begins to run into the ship. On October 27th, Shackleton is forced to evacuate the ship. The wreck remains afloat, and the crew can rescue additional supplies and materials over the next few weeks.

Dogs that watch the endurance at the end of the drift just before it goes down

On October 30th, the expedition will begin the march to Paulet Island , where Shackleton set up an extensive food depot 12 years earlier, but the condition of the pack ice makes it almost impossible to move forward. On November 1st, Shackleton breaks off the march and decides to wait for the ice to break up. The Endurance wreck , still stuck in the ice nearby, continues to be visited by small groups of men to retrieve supplies until the ship finally slides under the ice on November 21.

After another unsuccessful attempt between December 23 and 29 to reach Paulet Island and a rebellion by the ship's carpenter Harry McNish , Shackleton gives up the effort. The men set up their tents on a stable ice floe and set up in what is known as the Patience Camp , which will remain their home for over three months.

Members of the Ross Sea Party aboard the Aurora

The so-called Ross Sea Party , which is supposed to support the endurance expedition by setting up depots, does not arrive until January 16, around a month late, off Ross Island , where the men under the leadership of Aeneas Mackintosh at Cape Evans their coastal base build in the former headquarters of Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition . There there is a first dispute between Mackintosh and the expedition member Ernest Joyce about how to proceed. After Mackintosh prevailed, the team set out on January 24th to find the first depots at Minna Bluffand put on at 80 ° south. Due to the lack of acclimatization due to the hasty departure, only part of the supplies can be deposited. In addition, all sled dogs taken with them die on the way back, and the men are so exhausted when they arrive on March 25th on the Hut Point Peninsula that they cannot return to Cape Evans for the time being. The expedition ship Aurora finally brings the expedition members back to the base, is anchored there and allowed to freeze in the pack ice. In a storm on May 7th, however, it tears itself loose and ends up on the Ross Seadriven out and cannot return to Cape Evans. Fortunately, most of the supplies are already on land and the men are preparing to stay in Antarctica for several years. In this situation, expedition leader Mackintosh shows leadership qualities that win him back the trust of the crew during the first winter. On September 1, the men begin new depot facilities. The depot at Minna Bluff will be completed on December 28th.

Natural sciences

• June 2nd : Albert Einstein gives his first public lecture on the general theory of relativity he developed in the Treptower observatory .
• November 25th : Albert Einstein presents the core of the general theory of relativity at the Prussian Academy of Sciences . He uses differential geometry to describe the curved space-time .

• Wacław Sierpiński describes the Sierpinski triangle .

miscellaneous

• January 15 : The first issue of the scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences appears in the United States. The weekly magazine is published by the National Academy of Sciences .
• February 1 : Construction of the first section of the Haliç – Karadeniz light railway begins to supply the Silahtarağa power station with lignite from the open pit near Ağaçlı in the north of the city of Istanbul.

The first NACA meeting in 1915

• March 3 : The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ), from which NASA will emerge in 1958 , is established. It is intended to coordinate innovations in aircraft and propulsion construction and place them on a scientific basis. The knowledge obtained in this way will be made available to the American aviation industry.
• December 12 : The Junkers J 1 , the world's first all-metal aircraft , takes off on its maiden flight.

The Equitable Building under construction

• The construction of the Equitable Building prompted the Zoning Resolution for New York City the following year. Due to its size, the 36-story building prevents light from falling into the surrounding streets.

Culture

architecture

• August 31 : The Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus , built according to plans by the architect Hermann Dernburg on behalf of the German Society for Surgery and the Berlin Medical Society, is handed over to the societies as part of a simple inauguration ceremony. Siemens & Halske and Chemische Industrie Basel , which were won as sub-tenants , moved into the building in February.

Visual arts

→ Main article : Art year 1915

• December 19 : The Suprematists' art exhibition 0.10, which runs until January 17, 1916 , opens in Saint Petersburg.

Movie

→ Main article : 1915 film year

The official movie poster of The Birth of a Nation

• February 8 : The silent film The Birth of a Nation by David Wark Griffith premiered in Los Angeles.

literature

→ Main article : Literature year 1915

• March 26 : Virginia Woolf's first novel, The Voyage Out, is published. It is received warmly by the critics, but sells poorly.
• May 3 : The Canadian John McCrae , whose friend Alexis Helmer died the day before, wrote In Flanders Fields, one of the most famous English-language poems on the First World War .

Music and theater

→ Main article : Music year 1915

• April 3rd / 4th : Before leaving for the Russian front, the German teacher Hans Leip wrote the first three stanzas of the song Lili Marleen along with a melody that has largely been forgotten today.
• September 26 : The world premiere of the opera Mona Lisa by Max von Schillings on a libretto by Beatrice Dovsky takes place at the Hofoper in Stuttgart.
• October 12 : Under the collective title Comedy of Words , the three one-act hours of recognition , Big Scene and The Bacchus Festival by Arthur Schnitzler are premiered simultaneously at the Vienna Burgtheater , the Hoftheater Darmstadt and the New Theater Frankfurt am Main.
• October 28 : The symphonic poem An Alpine Symphony by Richard Strauss is premiered in Berlin with the Dresden court orchestra conducted by the composer. He finished the work on February 8th .
• November 17th : The operetta Die Csárdásfürstin by Emmerich Kálmán to a libretto by Leo Stein and Bela Jenbach is premiered with great success at the Johann Strauss Theater in Vienna.

religion

Postcard from the Mosque of the Crescent Camp

• July 13 : The wooden mosque built in the camp for Muslim prisoners of war in Wünsdorf near Berlin is inaugurated as the first mosque on German soil.

Disasters

Avezzano after the earthquake

• January 13 : A 7.5 magnitude earthquake in Avezzano , Italy kills over 30,000 and completely destroys over 15 villages in Abruzzo. Even in Rome, the quake caused individual damage. King Victor Emmanuel III on August 8, donates the Medal of Merit for the Avezzano earthquake for services after the earthquake .
• May 22nd : The worst rail accident in British history occurs at Quintinshill, near Gretna Green, killing 230 people, injuring 246 and destroying five trains. Since most of the victims are soldiers on a troop transport, the process is kept secret.
• May 27th : The explosion of the sea ​​mines on the British mine-layer Princess Irene in the port of Sheerness kills 400 and leads to the total loss of the ship. Only one dock worker survived the disaster.

The capsized Eastland

• July 24th : The passenger steamer Eastland capsizes due to a design fault at the pier in Chicago . 845 people die.

Minor accidents are listed in the sub-articles of Catastrophe .

nature and environment

Bierstadt Lake in the national park

• January 26 : US President Woodrow Wilson founds Rocky Mountain National Park northwest of Boulder in Colorado after the conservationist Enos Mills campaigned for such a national park for years. The Continental Divide and the Colorado River run through the national park area .

Explosion and ash cloud from Lassen Peak

• May 22nd : During a period of increased volcanic activity, Lassen Peak erupts in northern California. A pyroclastic flow forms the so-called devastated area , which is still practically tree-free .

• The Graburg in the North Hessian Ringgau is placed under protection as a natural monument .

Sports

→ Main article : Sports year 1915

• April 10 : Because of the war, the International Olympic Committee moves from Paris to Lausanne in neutral Switzerland.

Entries of athletics world records can be found under the respective discipline under athletics .

Nobel Prizes

price	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
Nobel Price for physics	William Henry Bragg (1862-1942)	United Kingdom	"For their services in researching crystal structures using X-rays"
	William Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971)	United Kingdom (born in Adelaide , Australia )
Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942)	German Empire	"For his studies of the dyes in the plant kingdom, especially the chlorophyll "
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	not awarded
Nobel Prize in literature	Romain Rolland (1866–1944) (awarded 1916)	France	"As an homage to the sublime idealism of his authorship and to the compassion and truth with which he depicts various types of people"
Nobel Peace Prize	not awarded

Born

January

• 0January 1 : Rudolf Eckstein , German rower († 1993 )
• 0January 1 : Josef Helmschrott , German politician († 2005 )
• 0January 2 : John Hope Franklin , American historian († 2009 )
• 0January 2nd : Charles Morris , British walker or athlete
• 0January 3 : Chetan Anand , Indian film director and producer († 1997 )
• 0January 3 : Mady Rahl , German actress and voice actress († 2009 )
• 0January 3 : Thomas H. Kerr , American composer and music teacher († 1988 )
• 0January 4 : Wilhelm Kremer , German local politician (SPD) († 1997 )
• 0January 4 : Titus Zeman , Slovak Roman Catholic religious chaplain († 1969 )
• 0January 5 : Fritz Holthoff , German politician, Minister of Culture of North Rhine-Westphalia († 2006 )
• 0January 5 : Humberto Teixeira , Brazilian musician and composer († 1979 )
• 0January 6th : Peter Ahrweiler , German actor and theater director († 2004 )
• 0January 6 : Don Edwards , American politician († 2015 )
• 0January 6 : John Cunningham Lilly , American neurophysiologist († 2001 )
• 0January 6 : Alan Watts , British religious philosopher and essayist († 1973 )
• 0January 7th : Luciano "Chano" Pozo y Gonzales , Cuban singer, dancer and percussionist († 1948 )
• 07 January : Erwin Wickert , German diplomat and writer († 2008 )
• 0January 8 : Salvatore Delogu , Italian Catholic Bishop († 2001 )
• 0January 8 : Mira Mendelson , Russian author († 1968 )
• 0January 8 : Yusa Masanori , Japanese swimmer († 1975 )
• 0January 9 : Anita Louise , American actress († 1970 )
• January 10 : Hans-Heinrich Jescheck , German legal scholar († 2009 )
• January 10 : Franz Wipplinger , German candidate for priesthood and Nazi victim († 1944 )
• January 11th : Irmgard Först , Austrian actress
• January 11th : Luise Krüger , German athlete († 2001 )
• January 12 : Frank Annunzio , American politician († 2001 )
• January 12 : Clara Tabody , Hungarian actress and singer († 1986 )
• January 13 : Louis Amade , French writer († 1992 )
• January 13 : Friedrich Waldow , German deaf activist († 2013 )
• January 14 : Felix Kaspar , Austrian figure skater († 2003 )
• January 14 : Zulfiya , Uzbek author († 1996 )
• January 15 : Mikołaj Antonowicz , Polish officer († 2000 )
• January 15 : Ludwig Wollenheit , German painter and draftsman
• January 16 : Sammy Angott , American lightweight boxer († 1980 )
• January 16 : Heinz Brendel , German racing driver († 1989 )
• January 17 : Salvatore Asta , Italian Archbishop and Vatican diplomat († 2004 )
• January 18 : Syl Apps , Canadian ice hockey player and coach († 1998 )
• January 18 : Kaúlza Oliveira de Arriaga , Portuguese general, writer and politician († 2004 )
• January 18 : Santiago Carrillo , Spanish politician, General Secretary of the CP of Spain († 2012 )
• January 18 : Waldemar Grube , German forester and entrepreneur († 2001 )
• January 18 : Boris Wiktorowitsch Rauschenbach , Soviet physicist († 2001 )
• January 18 : Vassilis Tsitsanis , Greek singer, composer and bouzouki virtuoso († 1984 )
• January 20 : CW Ceram , German journalist and science author († 1972 )
• January 22 : Heinrich Albertz , German politician († 1993 )
• January 22nd : Jacques Rossel , Swiss Protestant clergyman († 2008 )
• January 23 : Herma Bauma , Austrian athlete and handball player († 2003 )
• January 23 : William Arthur Lewis , British Nobel Prize Laureate and Economist († 1991 )
• January 23 : Potter Stewart , Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court († 1985 )
• January 24th : Karl Appelmann , German politician († 2015 )
• January 24th : Vítězslava Kaprálová , Czech composer († 1940 )
• January 24 : Robert Motherwell , American painter († 1991 )
• January 25 : Ewan MacColl , Scottish author, poet, actor, folk singer and record producer († 1989 )
• January 25 : Viktor Reimann , Austrian journalist and politician († 1996 )
• January 26 : Adolf Hempel , German general († 1971 )
• January 27 : Ernst Schröder , German actor († 1994 )
• January 27 : Friedrich Türcke , German forester and hunting scientist († 1998 )
• January 28 : Elisabeth Frenzel , German literary scholar († 2014 )
• January 28 : Brian Shawe-Taylor , British racing car driver († 1999 )
• January 29 : Johnny McDowell , American racing car driver († 1952 )
• January 29 : Bill Peet , illustrator and story writer († 2002 )
• January 29 : Halfdan Rasmussen , Danish poet († 2002 )
• January 29th : John Serry senior , American accordion virtuoso, arranger, composer and organist († 2003 )
• January 30th : Horst Feistel , German cryptologist († 1990 )
• January 30th : Joachim Peiper , Obersturmbannführer of the Waffen SS († 1976 )
• January 30th : John Profumo , British politician († 2006 )
• January 31 : Bobby Hackett , American white jazz trumpeter, jazz cornet player and jazz guitarist († 1976 )
• January 31 : Alan Lomax , American folklore and music researcher († 2002 )
• January 31 : Thomas Merton , American Trappist, writer and mystic († 1968 )

February

• 0February 1 : Artur London , Czech communist and diplomat († 1986 )
• 0February 1 : Stanley Matthews , English football player († 2000 )
• 0February 2 : Abba Eban , Israeli diplomat, minister and MP († 2002 )
• 0February 2 : Khushwant Singh , Indian author and journalist († 2014 )
• 0February 3 : William K. Boardman , American politician († 1993 )
• 0February 3 : Ingeborg Hunzinger , German sculptor († 2009 )
• 0February 4 : Joseph Greger , German racing driver († 2010 )
• 0February 4 : Walter Reder , Austrian SS-Sturmbannführer and war criminal († 1991 )
• 0February 4 : Norman Wisdom , British actor († 2010 )
• 0February 5 : Robert Hofstadter , American physicist, Nobel Prize winner († 1990 )
• 0February 5 : Margaret Millar , Canadian crime novelist († 1994 )
• 0February 6 : Danuta Szaflarska , Polish actress († 2017 )
• 0February 7 : Georges-André Chevallaz , Swiss politician († 2002 )
• 0February 7 : Karl-Theodor Molinari , German officer († 1993 )
• 0February 7 : Bud Svendsen , American football player († 1996 )
• 0February 9 : Boris Fyodorowitsch Andrejew , Soviet film actor († 1982 )
• February 10 : Johann van Aken , German politician († 1988 )
• February 10 : Vladimir Mikhailovich Seldin , Russian actor († 2016 )
• February 11 : Sten G. Halfvarson , American music teacher and choir director († 2003 )
• February 11 : Richard Hamming , American mathematician († 1998 )

Lorne Greene, 1942

• February 12 : Vasily Nikolayevich Aschajew , Soviet writer († 1968 )
• February 12 : Alfons Auer , German moral theologian († 2005 )
• February 12 : Lorne Greene , Canadian actor († 1987 )
• February 12 : Walter Ohm , German radio play and theater director († 1997 )
• February 13 : Harriet Bland , American athlete and Olympian († 1991 )
• February 13 : Ludwig Ratzel , German politician († 1996 )
• February 13 : Aung San , Burmese national hero († 1947 )
• February 14 : Peter Chang Bai Ren , Roman Catholic Bishop of Hubei († 2005 )
• February 14 : Johannes Duft , Abbey Librarian in the Abbey Library of St. Gallen († 2003 )
• February 14 : Sareh I , Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church († 1963 )
• February 14 : Georg Thomalla , German actor († 1999 )
• February 15 : Abel Ferreira , Brazilian composer, clarinetist and saxophonist († 1980 )
• February 16 : Josef Adolf Schmoll called Eisenwerth , German art historian († 2010 )
• February 17 : Karl Herbolzheimer , German handball player († 2007 )
• February 17 : Homer Keller , American composer and music teacher († 1996 )
• February 18 : Sembiin Gontschigsumlaa , Mongolian composer († 1991 )
• February 20 : Hans Christian Blech , German actor († 1993 )
• February 21 : Godfrey Brown , British athlete and Olympic champion († 1995 )
• February 21 : Yevgeny Michailowitsch Lifschitz , Soviet physicist († 1985 )
• February 21 : Roland von Hößlin , resistance fighter against National Socialism († 1944 )
• February 21 : Ann Sheridan , American actress († 1967 )
• February 21 : Anton Vratuša , Yugoslav politician († 2017 )
• February 23 : Noma Hiroshi , Japanese writer († 1991 )
• February 23 : Heinrich Schirmbeck , German writer († 2005 )
• February 23 : Paul Tibbets , American pilot and soldier († 2007 )
• February 26 : José Raúl Anguiano Valadez , Mexican mural painter († 2006 )
• February 27 : Hans Bambey , German general († 1997 )
• February 27 : Erich Schellow , German actor († 1995 )
• February 28 : Bahadır Alkım , Turkish archaeologist († 1981 )
• February 28 : Theophane Hytrek , American composer, church musician and music teacher († 1992 )
• February 28 : Karl Leisner , martyr of the Catholic Church († 1945 )
• February 28 : Peter Brian Medawar , English anatomist († 1987 )
• February 28 : Zero Mostel , American actor († 1977 )

March

• 0March 1 : Gianni Leoni , Italian motorcycle racer († 1951 )
• 0March 3 : William Armstrong , British government official and banker († 1980 )
• 0March 3 : Manning Clark , Australian historian († 1991 )
• 0March 3 : Herbert Tiede , German actor († 1987 )
• 0March 5 : Heinz Kilian , German radio and television presenter († 2007 )
• 0March 5 : Friedrich Meyer , German composer, arranger and band leader († 1993 )
• 0March 5 : Laurent Schwartz , French mathematician, Fields Medalist († 2002 )
• 0March 6 : Taranath Rao , Indian percussionist († 1991 )
• 0March 6 : Benny de Weille , German clarinetist, composer, arranger and orchestra leader († 1977 )
• 0March 7th : Jacques Chaban-Delmas , French politician († 2000 )
• 0March 7th : Rudolf Thaut , President of the European and Vice President of the Baptist World Federation († 1982 )
• 0March 7th : František Wirth , Czechoslovak gymnast († 2003 )
• 0March 8 : Tapio Rautavaara , Finnish athlete, musician and actor († 1979 )
• 0March 9 : Felice Leonardo , Italian bishop († 2015 )
• March 11 : Werner Böhmer , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court († 2014 )
• March 11 : Vijay Hazare , Indian cricketer († 2004 )
• March 11 : Karl Krolow , German writer († 1999 )

JCR Licklider

• March 11th : JCR Licklider , American psychologist and pioneer of computer science († 1990 )
• March 12 : Jiří Mucha , Czech cosmopolitan, writer, publicist and screenwriter († 1991 )
• March 13 : Melih Cevdet , Turkish writer († 2002 )
• March 13 : Arthur Henkel , German Germanist and literary historian († 2005 )
• March 14 : Alexander Brott , Canadian composer, conductor, violinist and music teacher († 2005 )
• March 15 : Heinrich List , judge at the Federal Fiscal Court († 2018 )
• March 15 : Walter Peitgen , German local politician († 1990 )
• March 15 : Khadr Sayed El Touni , Egyptian weightlifter († 1956 )
• March 16 : Kunihiko Kodaira , Japanese professor of mathematics († 1997 )
• March 16 : Wilhelm Simetsreiter , German football player († 2001 )
• March 16 : Haldun Taner , Turkish writer († 1986 )
• March 17 : Siegfried Theodor Arndt , German pastor († 1997 )
• March 17 : Wolfgang Döblin , Franco-German mathematician († 1940 )
• March 18 : Lorenz Giovanelli , Swiss folk musician and composer († 1976 )
• March 19 : Patricia Morison , American actress († 2018 )

Rudolf Kirchschläger

• March 20 : Rudolf Kirchschläger , Austrian diplomat, politician, Federal President († 2000 )
• March 20 : Svyatoslaw Teofilowitsch Richter , Soviet pianist († 1997 )
• March 21 : José Benito Barros , Colombian composer († 2007 )
• March 21 : Willi Schwabe , German actor, singer and presenter († 1991 )
• March 23 : Lotte Adolphs , German pedagogue
• March 23 : Vasily Grigoryevich Saizew , Soviet sniper in World War II († 1991 )
• March 27 : Erik Blumenfeld , German businessman and CDU politician († 1997 )
• March 27 : Junior Lockwood , American blues guitarist († 2006 )
• March 28 : Kurt Aland , German theologian and professor († 1994 )
• March 29 : Denton Welch , English painter and writer († 1948 )
• March 30 : Pietro Ingrao , Italian journalist and politician († 2015 )

April

• 0April 1 : OW Fischer , Austrian actor († 2004 )
• 0April 1 : Hans Liebherr , German entrepreneur († 1993 )
• 0April 1 : Tadeusz Wroński , Polish violinist and music teacher († 2000 )
• 0April 2 : Gerhard Hilbrecht , German athlete († 1996 )
• 0April 3 : Hermine Aichenegg , Austrian artist († 2007 )
• 0April 3 : Hans Bertram ; German record producer († 1991 )
• 0April 3 : Paul Buntrock , German General († 1985 )
• 0April 3 : İhsan Doğramacı , Turkish medic († 2010 )
• 0April 3 : Piet de Jong , Dutch politician († 2016 )
• 0April 3 : Charles Jordan , Canadian singer and vocal teacher († 1986 )
• 0April 4 : Lars Ahlin , Swedish writer († 1997 )
• 0April 4 : Amedeo Biavati , Italian football player († 1979 )
• 0April 4 : Jan Drda , Czech prose writer and playwright († 1970 )
• 0April 6 : Tadeusz Kantor , Polish theater artist († 1990 )
• 0April 6 : Ernst Schrupp , free church theology lecturer († 2005 )

Billie Holiday, 1947

• 0April 7 : Billie Holiday , American jazz singer († 1959 )
• 0April 7 : Henry Kuttner , American writer († 1958 )
• 0April 8 : Karl Wilhelm Berkhan , German politician († 1994 )
• 0April 9 : Leonard Wibberley , Irish writer († 1983 )
• April 10 : Harry Morgan , American actor († 2011 )
• April 12 : Ernst Wilhelm Julius Bornemann , German filmmaker († 1995 )
• April 12 : Wolfhart Burdenski , judge at the German Federal Social Court († 2010 )
• April 12 : Kurt Früh , Swiss film director († 1979 )
• April 12 : Hound Dog Taylor , American blues musician († 1975 )
• April 12 : Lujo Tončić-Sorinj , Austrian politician, Austrian Foreign Minister, diplomat († 2005 )
• April 13 : Stephan Hermlin , German writer († 1997 )
• April 16 : Johannes Leppich , German priest, Jesuit and traveling preacher († 1992 )
• April 16 : Alfred Otto Schwede , German writer († 1987 )
• April 18 : Cläre Schmitt , member of the Bundestag († 2008 )
• April 18 : Miroslav Venhoda , Czech choir conductor († 1987 )
• April 20 : Monique de La Bruchollerie , French pianist († 1972 )
• April 20 : Alvin M. Weinberg , American physicist and science organizer († 2006 )

Anthony Quinn, 1988

• April 21 : Anthony Quinn , American film actor († 2001 )
• April 22nd : José María Arizmendiarrieta Madariaga , Spanish priest († 1976 )
• April 23 : Christine Busta , Austrian poet († 1987 )
• April 23 : Fritz Pröll , member of the Red Aid, concentration camp prisoner in Dora-Mittelbau († 1944 )
• April 24th : Paul Rinkowski , recumbent bike pioneer from Leipzig († 1986 )
• April 25 : Gottfried Hoby , Swiss politician († 2005 )
• April 26 : Johnny Shines , American blues guitarist († 1992 )
• April 27 : Hovhannes Shiraz , Armenian poet († 1984 )
• April 27 : Perry Schwartz , American football player († 2001 )
• April 28 : Paul Blau , Austrian publicist († 2005 )
• April 29 : Gerhard Hochschild , American mathematician († 2010 )
• April 29 : Karl-Heinz Kreienbaum , German actor († 2002 )
• April 30 : Hermann Aumer , German politician († 1955 )
• April 30 : Elio Toaff , Grand Rabbi († 2015 )

May

• 0May 1 : Hanns Martin Schleyer , German manager († 1977 )
• 0May 1 : Archie Williams , American sprinter and Olympic champion († 1993 )
• 0May 2 : Van Alexander , American jazz composer († 2015 )
• 0May 2 : Jan Hanuš , Czech composer († 2004 )
• 0May 4 : Keith Birlem , American football player and soldier († 1943 )
• 0May 3 : Evencio Castellanos , Venezuelan composer, pianist and music teacher († 1984 )
• 0May 5 : Alice Faye , American actress and singer († 1998 )
• 0May 6 : Wilhelm Letonja , German deserter and Nazi victim († 1942 )

Orson Welles, 1937

• 0May 6 : Orson Welles , American director, actor and writer († 1985 )
• 0May 8 : Arvid Fladmoe , Norwegian violinist, conductor and music teacher († 1993 )
• May 10 : Denis Thatcher , businessman, husband of Margaret Thatcher († 2003 )
• May 11 : Franz Berding , German politician († 2010 )
• May 12 : Brother Roger , founder of the Taizé men's ecumenical order († 2005 )
• May 15 : Erwin Iserloh , Catholic church historian († 1996 )
• May 15 : Rotraut Richter , German actress († 1947 )
• May 15 : Paul A. Samuelson , American economist, Nobel Prize winner († 2009 )
• May 16 : Mario Monicelli , Italian screenwriter and film director († 2010 )
• May 16 : Ezra Stoller , American architectural photographer († 2004 )
• May 17 : Hans Joachim Faller , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court († 2006 )
• May 18 : Heinz Funk , German film composer († 2013 )
• May 20 : Moshe Dayan , Israeli general and politician († 1981 )
• May 21 : Gerhard Assmann , German trade union official († 1976 )
• May 21 : Wolfgang Keilig , German officer († 1984 )
• May 23 : Clyde E. Wiegand , American physicist, co-discoverer of the antiproton († 1996 )
• May 27 : Ester Soré , Chilean singer († 1996 )
• May 27 : Herman Wouk , American author († 2019 )
• May 28 : Joaquín Piñeros Corpas , Colombian writer and politician († 1982 )
• May 29 : Kenneth A. Arnold , American pilot and businessman († 1984 )
• May 28 : Wolfgang Schneiderhan , Austrian violinist and concert master († 2002 )
• May 29 : Karl Münchinger , German conductor († 1990 )
• May 31 : Carmen Herrera , American painter
• May 31 : Jack Real , American aviation pioneer and manager († 2005 )
• May 31 : Bernard Schultze , German painter of the Art Informel († 2005 )
• May 31 : Heinz Zahrnt , German Protestant theologian, writer and publicist († 2003 )

June

• 0June 1 : Johnny Bond , American country singer and songwriter († 1978 )
• 0June 2 : Josef Metternich , German opera singer († 2005 )
• 0June 4 : Modibo Keïta , Malian President († 1977 )
• 0June 4 : Günther Sabetzki , President of the German Ice Hockey Federation († 2000 )
• 0June 4th : Alan Shulman , American composer and cellist († 2002 )
• 0June 4 : Heinrich Tenhumberg , Bishop of Münster († 1979 )
• 0June 6 : Vincent Persichetti , American composer and professor († 1987 )
• 0June 7 : Geno Hartlaub , German writer († 2007 )
• 0June 7 : Til Kiwe , German actor († 1995 )
• 0June 9 : Les Paul , American guitarist († 2009 )
• June 10 : Josef Bauer , German politician and Member of the Bundestag († 1989 )
• June 10 : Saul Bellow , American writer († 2005 )
• June 11 : LeRoy Apker , American experimental solid-state physicist († 1970 )
• June 11 : Rudolf Appel , Austrian politician († 1967 )
• June 11 : Arnold Jacobs , American musician († 1998 )
• June 12 : Mildred Fizzell , Canadian athlete († 1993 )
• June 12 : David Rockefeller , American banker († 2017 )
• June 13 : Don Budge , American tennis player († 2000 )
• June 14th : Nicolaas Cortlever , Dutch chess player († 1995 )
• June 15 : Thomas Huckle Weller , American bacteriologist († 2008 )
• June 16 : Marga Faulstich , German glass chemist († 1998 )
• June 16 : Alberto Rey , Chilean harpist († 2001 )
• June 16 : Mariano Rumor , Italian politician († 1990 )
• June 18 : Paul Neal Adair , American firefighter († 2004 )
• June 18 : Kurt Jung-Alsen , DEFA director († 1976 )
• June 18 : Robert Lannoy , French composer († 1979 )
• June 18 : Joan Trimble , Irish composer († 2000 )
• June 20 : Paul Castellano , American criminal and mafioso († 1985 )
• June 20 : Terence Young , British director († 1994 )
• June 21 : Mathieu Hezemans , Dutch racing driver and entrepreneur († 1985 )
• June 22nd : Walter Masing , German physicist († 2004 )
• June 23 : Philip William Anderson , American film editor († 1980 )
• June 23 : Anna Semjonovna Andrejewa , Soviet shot putter († 1997 )
• June 24 : Wastl Fanderl , Bavarian musician and folk song collector and mediator († 1991 )
• June 24th : Fred Hoyle , British astronomer, mathematician and author († 2001 )
• June 26 : Walter Farley , American writer († 1989 )
• June 27 : Hector Duhon , American fiddle player (Cajun music) († 2000 )
• June 27 : Grace Lee Boggs , American writer and civil rights activist († 2015 )
• June 28 : David Honeyboy Edwards , American Delta Blues musician († 2011 )
• June 28 : Garoto , Brazilian musician, composer († 1955 )
• June 30 : Hugh Gardner Ackley , American economist and diplomat († 1998 )
• June 30 : Kurt Angstmann , German politician († 1978 )
• June 30 : Oskar-Hubert Dennhardt , German politician († 2014 )

July

• 0July 1 : Willie Dixon , American blues musician († 1992 )
• 0July 1 : Van Linh Nguyen , Vietnamese revolutionary and politician († 1998 )
• 0July 1 : Hermann Vetters , Austrian archaeologist († 1993 )
• 0July 2 : Friedrich Hachenberg , German forester and historian († 1992 )
• 0July 2 : Arthur Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington , general and entrepreneur († 2014 )
• 0July 3 : Hans-Joachim Haase , watchmaker, optician and inventor († 2001 )
• 0July 3 : Heinz Körvers , German handball player († 1942 )
• 0July 4th : Christine Lavant , Austrian artist and writer († 1973 )
• 0July 4th : Klaus Miedel , German actor and voice actor († 2000 )
• 0July 5 : John Woodruff , American athlete and Olympic champion († 2007 )
• 0July 6 : Willy Guhl , Swiss furniture designer († 2004 )
• 0July 7th : Erich Deisler , German table tennis player († 1999 )
• 0July 7 : Peter H. Dominick , American politician († 1981 )
• 0July 7th : Jaroslav Volak , Austrian field handball player
• 0July 9 : David Diamond , American composer († 2005 )
• 0July 9 : Joe Liggins , American jazz and blues pianist († 1987 )
• 0July 9 : Alfred Orda , Polish opera singer († 2004 )
• July 10 : Rudolf Singer , German functionary and chairman of the State Committee for Broadcasting († 1980 )
• July 12 : Otto Steinert , German photographer († 1978 )
• July 13 : Ishikawa Kaoru , Japanese chemist, developed the "Ishikawa diagram" († 1989 )
• July 13 : Harry McKibbin , Irish rugby player and official († 2001 )
• July 13 : Paul "Hucklebuck" Williams , American saxophonist, composer and band leader († 2002 )
• July 14th : Guido Leoni , Italian motorcycle racer († 1951 )
• July 15 : William O. Baker , American scientist († 2005 )
• July 15 : Domenico Caloyera , Roman Catholic Archbishop († 2007 )
• July 16 : Cihat Arman , Turkish football goalkeeper, coach and official († 1994 )
• July 16 : Ludwig Kroll , German politician and Member of the Bundestag († 1989 )
• July 18 : Karl Bednarik , Austrian painter and writer († 2001 )
• July 18 : Philip Graham , American publisher († 1963 )
• July 24 : Zoltán Kádár , Hungarian archaeologist and art historian († 2003 )
• July 24 : Juan Lockward , Dominican singer and composer († 2006 )
• July 25 : Joseph Patrick Kennedy , eldest son of Joseph and Rose Kennedy († 1944 )
• July 27 : Hans Conzett , Swiss politician († 1996 )
• July 27 : Rolf Moebius , German actor († 2004 )
• July 27 : Mario del Monaco , Italian opera singer (tenor) († 1982 )
• July 27 : Josef Priller , German fighter pilot in World War II († 1961 )
• July 27 : Hilde Sessak , German actress († 2003 )
• July 28 : Brenda de Banzie , British actress († 1981 )

Charles H. Townes, 2007 (right) with Roderic Pettigrew

• July 28 : Charles Hard Townes , American physicist and Nobel Prize winner († 2015 )
• July 29 : Francis W. Sargent , American politician († 1998 )
• July 30 : Herbert Jobst , German writer († 1990 )
• July 31 : Herbert Aptheker , American historian and activist († 2003 )
• July 31 : Henri Decaë , French cameraman († 1987 )

August

• 0August 1 : Harry Auterhoff , Latvian chemist and pharmacist († 1983 )
• 0August 1 : Hann Trier , German painter and graphic artist († 1999 )
• 0August 3 : Arthur Birch , Australian chemist († 1995 )
• 0August 3 : Ejnar Krantz , American composer and pianist († 2007 )
• 0August 3 : Peter Newell , Canadian basketball coach († 2008 )
• 0August 4th : Poul Bjørndahl Astrup , Danish physiologist and laboratory chemist († 2000 )
• 0August 6 : Jacques Abram , American pianist and music teacher († 1998 )
• 0August 6 : Pamela Blake , American actress († 2009 )
• 0August 6 : Geraldine Apponyi , Queen of Albania († 2002 )
• 0August 9 : Haim Alexander , Israeli composer († 2012 )
• 0August 9 : Michael Young , British sociologist († 2002 )
• August 10 : Carlos Menditéguy , Argentine Formula 1 racing driver, polo player († 1973 )
• August 12 : Alex Wojciechowicz , American football player († 1992 )
• August 13 : Harry Angelman , British pediatrician specializing in neurology († 1996 )
• August 15 : Morey Feld , American drummer of Dixieland, Jazz and Swing († 1971 )
• August 15 : Herbert Hupka , German journalist and politician († 2006 )
• August 18 : Joseph Arthur Ankrah , Head of State of Ghana († 1992 )
• August 19 : Jay M. Gould , American economist, statistician and epidemiologist and author († 2005 )
• August 21 : Antonio de Raco , Argentine pianist and music teacher of Italian origin († 2010 )
• August 22nd : Wilhelm Abb , German geodesist and Bavarian administrative officer († 2010 )
• August 22 : José Antonio Zorrilla , Mexican composer, writer, screenwriter and director († 1985 )
• August 23 : Antonio Innocenti , Italian Cardinal Curia († 2008 )
• August 23 : Paul Schneider-Esleben , German architect († 2005 )
• August 24 : Wynonie Harris , American blues singer († 1969 )
• August 24 : James Tiptree, Jr. (Alice Sheldon), American science fiction writer († 1987 )
• August 25 : Georg Freiherr von Boeselager , German cavalry officer († 1944 )
• August 25 : Graciela Grillo Pérez , Cuban jazz singer († 2010 )
• August 26 : Boris Feoktistowitsch Safonow , Soviet pilot († 1942 )
• August 26 : Humphrey Searle , English composer and student of Anton von Webern († 1982 )
• August 27 : Holger Hagen , German actor († 1996 )
• August 27 : Norman Ramsey , American physicist and Nobel Prize winner († 2011 )
• August 28 : Werner Ahrens , German journalist and diplomat
• August 28 : Hans Jakob Schudel , Swiss chess official and chess player († 2004 )

Ingrid Bergman, 1945

• August 29 : Ingrid Bergman , Swedish actress († 1982 )
• August 29 : Jay R. Smith , American child actor († 2002 )

September

• 0September 1 : Ken Aston , British football referee († 2001 )
• 0September 2 : Hans-Joachim Koellreutter , German-Brazilian composer, flautist, conductor and music professor († 2005 )
• 0September 2 : Grachan Moncur II , American jazz bassist († 1996 )
• 0September 2 : Martin Rickelt , German actor († 2004 )
• 0September 3 : Abel Ehrlich , Israeli composer († 2003 )
• 0September 3 : Hans-Jürgen Fuhrhop , German CDU politician († 2004 )
• 0September 3 : Memphis Slim , American blues singer and pianist († 1988 )
• 0September 4th : Harry Larsen , Danish rower († 1974 )
• 0September 4 : Rudolf Schock , German lyric tenor, opera, lied and operetta singer († 1986 )
• 0September 5 : Astrid Hjertenæs Andersen , Norwegian writer († 1985 )
• 0September 5 : Horst Sindermann , German politician and President of the People's Chamber of the GDR († 1990 )

Franz Josef Strauss (1982)

• 0September 6 : Franz Josef Strauss , German politician († 1988 )
• 0September 7th : Itō Kiyoshi , Japanese mathematician († 2008 )
• 0September 9 : Jim Poole , American football player († 1994 )
• September 10th : Olavi "Olli" Huttunen , Finnish skier († 1940 )
• September 10 : Robert Sparr , American film director, film editor and screenwriter († 1969 )
• September 12 : Elvira Bauer , German Nazi writer (missing since 1943)
• September 14 : John Dobson , American astronomer († 2014 )
• September 14 : Gösta Schwarck , German-Danish impresario, manufacturer and composer († 2012 )
• September 15 : Meindest Boekel , Dutch composer and conductor († 1989 )
• September 15 : Al Casey , American jazz guitarist († 2005 )

Helmut Schön (right), 1974

• September 15 : Helmut Schön , German soccer coach and player († 1996 )
• September 16 : Cloyd Duff , American timpanist († 2000 )
• September 17 : Günther Lorenz , German figure skater († 1999 )
• September 19 : Jóhann Hafstein , Icelandic politician († 1980 )
• September 19 : Germán Valdés , Mexican actor († 1973 )
• September 20 : Kurt Graunke , German orchestra founder, conductor and composer († 2005 )
• September 22 : Bernardino Piñera Carvallo , Archbishop of La Serena († 2020 )
• September 23 : Sergio Bertoni , Italian football player and coach († 1995 )
• September 23 : Clifford Shull , American physicist († 2001 )
• September 24 : Joseph Montoya , American politician († 1978 )
• September 25 : Carlo Bandirola , Italian motorcycle racer († 1981 )
• September 29 : Barbara Kostrzewska , singer and music teacher († 1986 )
• September 29 : Elfriede Kuzmany , Austrian actress († 2006 )
• September 30 : Lester Maddox , American politician († 2003 )
• September 30th : Ernst Müller-Hermann , German politician († 1994 )

October

• 0October 1 : Jerome Bruner , American developmental psychologist († 2016 )
• 0October 1 : Olav Hanssen , German Lutheran theologian, educator and author († 2005 )
• 0October 1 : Skeets McDonald , American country musician († 1968 )
• 0October 2 : Pearl Palmason , Canadian violinist († 2006 )
• 0October 4 : Silvina Bullrich , Argentine writer († 1990 )
• 0October 5th : Bob Astor , American composer and band leader
• 0October 6 : Edgardo Martín , Cuban composer († 2004 )
• 0October 6 : Ralph Tyler Smith , American politician († 1972 )
• 0October 7 : Roman Padlewski , Polish composer, violinist, pianist, musicologist and critic († 1944 )
• 0October 9 : Peter Escher , Swiss composer († 2008 )
• 0October 9 : Clifford M. Hardin , American politician († 2010 )
• 0October 9 : Henner Henkel , German tennis player († 1943 )
• October 10 : Helmut Polensky , German racing car driver and entrepreneur († 2011 )
• October 11 : Gustav Zumsteg , Swiss art collector († 2005 )
• October 13 : Terry Frost , British artist († 2003 )
• October 13 : Wesley Powell , American politician († 1981 )
• October 13 : Ricco Wassmer , Swiss painter († 1972 )
• October 14th : Loris Francesco Capovilla , Cardinal and Secretary John XXIII. († 2016 )
• October 15 : Yitzchak Shamir , Israeli politician († 2012 )
• October 15 : Carl Szokoll , resistance fighter, author († 2004 )
• October 16 : Warren Mattice Anderson , American lawyer and politician († 2007 )
• October 17 : Arthur Miller , American writer († 2005 )
• October 18 : František Daniel Merth , Catholic priest and poet († 1995 )
• October 18 : Victor Sen Yung , American actor († 1980 )
• October 19 : Farid el Atrache , Syrian-Egyptian singer, composer and actor († 1974 )
• October 20 : Roberto Luiz Assumpção de Araújo , Brazilian diplomat († 2007 )
• October 22 : Heinrich Nettesheim , German wrestler († 2005 )
• October 26 : Gioacchino Attaguile , Italian politician († 1994 )
• October 26 : Raymond Crawford , American racing driver († 1996 )
• October 26 : Joe Fry , British racing car driver († 1950 )
• October 26 : Paul Ohnsorge , German artist († 1975 )
• October 26 : Max Wegner , German writer († 1944 )
• October 27 : Harry Saltzman , American film producer († 1994 )
• October 28 : Jürgen Thorwald , German writer († 2006 )
• October 30 : Ben Carnevale , American basketball coach († 2008 )
• October 30 : Pierre Wissmer , Swiss-French composer, pianist and music teacher († 1992 )

November

• 0November 1st : Jos André Romersa , Luxembourg gymnast († 2016 )
• 0November 2 : Franz Grasberger , Austrian musicologist († 1981 )
• 0November 2 : Douglas Lilburn , New Zealand composer († 2001 )
• 0November 2 : Sidney Luft , American film producer († 2005 )
• 0November 2 : Emmerich Schrenk , Austrian actor († 1988 )
• 0November 2 : Karl Unverzagt , German painter and sculptor († 2007 )
• 0November 3 : Henryk Hubertus Jabłoński , Polish composer and music teacher († 1989 )
• 0November 3 : Hal Jackson , American radio host († 2012 )
• 0November 4 : Lloyd James Austin , Australian Romance studies and literary scholar († 1994 )
• 0November 4 : Alistair Cameron Crombie , Australian science historian († 1996 )
• 0November 4 : Wee Kim Wee , Singaporean President († 2005 )
• 0November 7th : Philip Morrison , American nuclear weapons researcher († 2005 )
• 0November 8 : Lamberto Gardelli , Italian conductor († 1998 )
• 0November 9 : Sargent Shriver , American politician († 2011 )
• November 10 : Karl Hermann Spitzy , Austrian physician († 2013 )
• November 11 : Sidney Charles Bartholemew Gascoigne , Australian astronomer († 2010 )
• November 11 : Bernhard Heiliger , German sculptor († 1995 )
• November 12 : Roland Barthes , French literary critic, writer, philosopher and semiotic († 1980 )
• November 12th : Sunshine Sue , American country musician († 1979 )
• November 15 : Dieter Aschenborn , Namibian painter († 2002 )
• November 15 : Billo Frómeta , Dominican musician and conductor († 1988 )
• November 16 : Alphonse Bois Sec Ardoin , American musician († 2007 )
• November 18 : Carlos Alberto Débole , Argentine poet († 1990 )
• November 18 : Alfred Nakache , French swimmer († 1983 )
• November 19 : Luis Rodríguez Arroyo , Spanish actor and director († 1956 )
• November 19 : Earl Wilbur Sutherland , American physiologist († 1974 )
• November 20 : Kon Ichikawa , Japanese film director, screenwriter († 2008 )
• November 20 : Hu Yaobang , Chinese politician († 1989 )
• November 23 : Hartmut Erbse , German classical philologist († 2004 )
• November 23 : Herbert Schneider , German politician († 1995 )
• November 24th : Cuto Estévez , Dominican musician and composer († 1985 )
• November 25 : Jola Jobst , German actress († 1952 )

Augusto Pinochet, 1990

• November 25 : Augusto Pinochet , Chilean general and politician († 2006 )
• November 26 : Earl Wild , American pianist and composer († 2010 )
• November 29 : Billy Strayhorn , American jazz musician († 1967 )
• November 30th : Edith Anderson-Schröder , American journalist and writer († 1999 )
• November 30 : Robert Lax , American author, poet and publicist († 2000 )
• November 30th : Brownie McGhee , American blues singer and guitarist († 1996 )
• November 30th : Henry Taube , American chemist and Nobel Prize winner († 2005 )

December

• 0December 2 : Franco Andreoli , Swiss football player and coach († 2009 )
• 0December 2 : Andrew J. Goodpaster , US General and Allied Commander in Chief for Europe († 2005 )
• 0December 2 : Blanche Moerschel , American composer, organist, pianist and music teacher († 2004 )
• 0December 2 : Nico Richter , Dutch composer († 1945 )
• 0December 2 : Marais Viljoen , South African politician and president († 2007 )
• 0December 3 : James D. Hodgson , American politician († 2012 )
• 0December 7th : Stabben Ahlner , Swedish sports official († 1997 )
• 0December 7th : Leigh Brackett , American writer and screenwriter († 1978 )
• 0December 7th : Franz Josef Tripp , German draftsman and illustrator († 1978 )
• 0December 7th : Eli Wallach , American actor († 2014 )
• 0December 8 : Ernest Lehman , American screenwriter († 2005 )
• 0December 8 : Johnny Lockett , British motorcycle and automobile racer († 2004 )
• 0December 9 : Artur Beul , Swiss song composer († 2010 )
• 0December 9 : Ilse Decho , German glass and porcelain designer († 1978 )
• 0December 9 : Willy Reichstein , German politician († 1978 )
• 0December 9 : Elisabeth Schwarzkopf , German opera and lied singer († 2006 )
• December 10 : Margaret Drynan , Canadian organist and choir director, composer and music teacher († 1999 )
• December 10 : Karl Fruchtmann , German director and filmmaker († 2003 )
• December 12th : Merl Lindsay , American country musician († 1965 )

Frank Sinatra, 1960

• December 12 : Frank Sinatra , American actor, singer and entertainer († 1998 )
• December 13 : Curd Jürgens , German stage and film actor († 1982 )
• December 13 : Ross Macdonald , American crime novelist († 1983 )
• December 13 : Balthazar Johannes Vorster , South African politician and President († 1983 )
• December 14th : Magnolia Welborn Antonino , Filipino entrepreneur, manager and politician († 2010 )
• December 14 : Åke Senning , Swedish heart surgeon († 2000 )
• December 16 : Georgi Wassiljewitsch Swiridow , Russian composer († 1998 )
• December 17th : André Claveau , French chansonnier († 2003 )
• December 18 : Dario Mangiarotti , Italian sword fencer († 2010 )

Édith Piaf, 1951

• December 19 : Édith Piaf , French chanson singer († 1963 )
• December 20 : Ilija Džuvalekovski , Macedonian film and television actor († 2004 )
• December 20 : Aziz Nesin , Turkish educator and writer († 1995 )
• December 20 : Fritz Pliska , qualified sports teacher and football coach († 1995 )
• December 24th : Jean Vallerand , Canadian composer, music critic and conductor († 1994 )
• December 25 : Per Hækkerup , Danish social democratic politician († 1979 )
• December 25 : Erik Wallenberg , Swedish inventor († 1999 )
• December 27 : Gyula Zsengellér , Hungarian football player († 1999 )
• December 29th : Hans Karl Adam , German TV chef († 2000 )
• December 29 : Bill Osmanski , American football player († 1996 )
• December 30th : Carl Sverker Åström , Swedish diplomat († 2012 )
• December 30th : Hilda Sour , Chilean actress and singer († 2003 )
• December 31 : Loys Masson , French writer († 1969 )

Exact date of birth unknown

• Milton Abramowitz , American mathematician († 1958 )
• Akram al-Haurani , Syrian politician († 1996 )
• Noureddin Kianouri , Iranian politician († 1999 )
• Ahmad Kuftaru , Syrian Grand Mufti and highest-ranking religious representative in his country († 2004 )
• Helen Taylor , American composer, pianist and music teacher († 1950 )
• Fred Vatter , German entrepreneur († 2004 )

Died

→ Main article : Nekrolog 1915

First quarter

• 0January 2 : Karl Goldmark , Austrian composer (* 1830 )

Armand Peugeot

• 0January 2nd : Armand Peugeot , French entrepreneur (* 1849 )
• 0January 4th : Anton von Werner , Prussian history painter (* 1843 )
• January 12 : Émile Amélineau , French Egyptologist and Coptologist (* 1850 )
• January 12 : Nariakira Arisaka , Japanese military (* 1852 )
• January 12 : Caroline Hammer , Danish photographer (* 1832 )
• January 13 : Gaston Arman de Caillavet , French playwright and librettist (* 1870 )
• January 15 : Guillaume Couture , Canadian music teacher, music critic, conductor, choir director, composer, organist and singer (* 1851 )
• January 15 : Richard von Poschinger , German landscape painter (* 1839 )
• January 15 : George Nares , British admiral and polar explorer (* 1831 )
• January 18 : Karl Peter Klügmann , Lübeck politician and diplomatic representative of the Hanseatic cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck (* 1835 )
• January 19 : Georg Krogmann , German football player (* 1886 )
• January 19 : Anna Leonowens , British teacher, traveler and writer (* 1831 )
• January 20 : Anselm Wütschert , Swiss criminal (* 1881 )
• January 22nd : David H. Goodell , American politician (* 1834 )
• January 24th : Arthur von Auwers , German astronomer (* 1838 )
• January 24 : Jan Hřímalý , Czech violinist and music teacher (* 1844 )
• January 24 : Sophie Pataky , Austrian bibliographer (* 1860 )
• January 26 : Akaki Tsereteli , Georgian writer and politician (* 1840 )

• 0February 2 : Julius Arnold , German pathologist (* 1835 )
• 0February 3 : John Chilembwe , Malawian Baptist preacher and revolutionary (* 1871 )
• 0February 4 : Franz Adickes , German politician (* 1846 )
• 0February 4 : Baldomero Aguinaldo y Baloy , Philippine revolutionary leader and general (* 1869)
• 0February 5 : Louis Baur , Swiss businessman and commercial agent (* 1858 )
• 0February 8 : Justus Brinckmann , founded the Museum of Art and Industry Hamburg (* 1843 )
• 0February 8 : Nagatsuka Takashi , Japanese writer (* 1879 )
• February 11 : Ignaz Graf von Attems , Austrian politician (* 1844 )
• February 12 : Émile Waldteufel , Alsatian musician and composer (* 1837 )
• February 17th : Francisco Giner de los Ríos , Spanish philosopher and educator (* 1839 )
• February 18 : Harry Ward Leonard , American electrical engineer (* 1861 )
• February 21 : William M. Kavanaugh , American politician (* 1866 )
• February 22nd : Thor Lange , Danish writer and translator (* 1851 )
• February 23 : Hugo Gieseking , German mathematician (* 1887 )
• February 27 : Rudolf Berger , German singer (* 1874 )
• February 28 : Anna Stainer-Knittel , Tyrolean portrait and flower painter, model for the novel Die Geier-Wally (* 1841 )

• March 11 : Rolf Boldrewood , Australian author (* 1826 )
• March 13 : Sergei Juljewitsch Witte , Russian politician (* 1849 )
• March 14 : Walter Crane , British painter (* 1845 )
• March 19 : Antonio Cardinal Agliardi , Vatican diplomat (* 1832 )
• March 21 : Frederick Winslow Taylor , American engineer (* 1856 )
• March 21 : Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht , Dutch zoologist (* 1853 )
• March 31 : Wyndham Neck Shaft , British athlete and Olympic champion (* 1882 )

Second quarter

• 0April 1 : Johann Joseph Abert , Czech composer (* 1832 )
• 0April 3 : Jizchok Leib Perez , Yiddish writer (* 1852 )
• 0April 7th : Adolf von Tiedemann , German officer, colonialist and publicist (* 1865 )
• 0April 8 : Louis Pergaud , French writer (* 1882 )

Friedrich August Johannes Loeffler

• 0April 9 : Friedrich Loeffler , German physician, hygienist and bacteriologist (* 1852 )
• April 13 : Caroline Adelheid Pauline Arndt , German writer (* 1833 )
• April 15 : Urban A. Woodbury , American politician (* 1838 )
• April 23 : Benedetto Bonazzi , Italian Benedictine Abbot , Graecist and Archbishop (* 1840 )
• April 27 : Alexander Scriabin , Russian pianist and composer (* 1872 )

• 0May 5 : Sigmund Aschrott , German industrialist and town planner (* 1826 )
• 0May 7 : Anne Shymer , American chemist (* 1879 )
• 0May 9 : François Faber , Luxembourg cyclist (* 1887 )
• 0May 9 : Anthony Wilding , New Zealand tennis player (* 1883 )
• May 10 : Karl Lamprecht , Professor of History at the University of Leipzig (* 1856 )
• May 10 : Albert Weisgerber , German painter and graphic artist (* 1878 )
• May 17 : Richard Wünsch , German classical philologist and religious scholar (* 1869 )
• May 18 : William Throsby Bridges , Australian artillery officer (* 1861 )
• May 18 : Wendelin Foerster , Austrian-Czech Romanist (* 1844 )
• May 20 : Charles Francis Adams , American general and entrepreneur (* 1835 )
• May 25 : Enrique Bertrix , Chilean painter (* 1895 )
• May 29 : John G. McCullough , American politician (* 1835 )

• 0June 2 : Louis Tiercelin , French writer (* 1849 )
• 0June 3 : Richard Küch , German chemist and physicist (* 1860 )
• June 11th : Ignatius Choukrallah Maloyan , Armenian Catholic Archbishop of Mardin (* 1869 )
• June 15 : Hans Dülfer , German mountaineer (* 1892 )
• June 17 : Thomas Jordan Jarvis , American politician (* 1836 )

Emil Rathenau

• June 20 : Emil Rathenau , German entrepreneur, founder of AEG (* 1838 )
• June 25 : Rafael Joseffy , Hungarian pianist and music teacher (* 1852 )
• June 28 : Guillermo Billinghurst , Peruvian politician (* 1851 )

Third quarter

• 0July 2 : Porfirio Díaz , Mexican President (* 1830 )
• 0July 4th : Sepp Innerkofler , Tyrolean mountain guide and hut manager (* 1865 )
• July 10 : Ernst Henrici , German high school teacher, writer and politician (* 1854 )
• July 10 : Wascha-Pschawela , Georgian writer and natural philosopher (* 1861 )
• July 14 : Josef Čapek , Czech composer (* 1825 )
• July 15 : Jakob Person , German athlete (* 1889 )
• July 16 : Ellen G. White , cofounder and prophetess of the Seventh-day Adventists (* 1827 )
• July 25 : Peäro August Pitka , Estonian writer (* 1866 )
• July 27 : Johann Adam Krygell , Danish composer and organist (* 1835 )

• 0August 4th : Richard Kiepert , German geographer and cartographer (* 1846 )
• 0August 6 : Benjamin F. Tracy , American Army general and politician (* 1830 )
• 0August 9 : Frank Bramley , British painter (* 1857 )
• August 10 : Henry Moseley , British physicist (* 1887 )
• August 15 : Pascual Orozco , Mexican revolutionary and general (* 1882 )
• August 18 : Fritz Arendt , German classical philologist and grammar school teacher (* 1888 )
• August 19 : Tevfik Fikret , Turkish poet (* 1867 )

Paul Ehrlich

• August 20 : Paul Ehrlich , German Nobel Prize in Medicine, founder of chemotherapy (* 1854 )
• August 23 : Luigi Ferraris , Italian football player (* 1887 )
• August 28 : John D. Long , American politician (* 1838 )
• August 28 : Joseph E. Washington , American politician (* 1851 )
• August 31 : Greene Vardiman Black , American medic (* 1836 )

• 0September 1 : August Stramm , German poet and playwright of German Expressionism (* 1874 )
• 0September 4 : Courtland C. Matson , American politician (* 1841 )
• 0September 5 : Stanisław Witkiewicz , Polish artist (* 1851 )
• 0September 6 : Paul d'Ivoi , French writer (* 1856 )
• 0September 6th : Otto Kitzler , German conductor and cellist (* 1834 )
• September 10 : Paul Wendland , German classical philologist (* 1864 )
• September 11 : William Cornelius Van Horne , American, later Canadian, railroad pioneer and entrepreneur (* 1843 )
• September 11th : William Sprague , American politician (* 1830 )
• September 12 : Lyman U. Humphrey , American politician (* 1844 )
• September 13 : Andrew L. Harris , American politician (* 1835 )
• September 15 : Alfred-Pierre Joseph Agache , French painter (* 1843 )
• September 16 : Joseph Higgins , Roman Catholic Bishop (* 1838 )
• September 19 : David Friedrich Weinland , German zoologist and writer (* 1829 )
• September 26 : Harold Chapin , English actor and playwright (* 1886 )
• September 29 : Rudi Stephan , German composer (* 1887 )
• September 29 : Luther Orlando Emerson , American composer (* 1820 )

Fourth Quarter

• 0October 5 : Otto Malling , Danish organist and composer (* 1848 )
• 0October 6 : Wolfgang Helbig , German archaeologist (* 1839 )
• 0October 7th : Friedrich Hasenöhrl , physicist (* 1874 )
• 0October 7 : Samuel Prowse Warren , Canadian organist and composer (* 1841 )
• October 9 : Manuel Tapia , Chilean painter and photographer (* 1835 )
• October 12 : Edith Cavell , British nurse, escape helper and martyr (* 1865 )

Theodor Boveri

• October 15 : Theodor Boveri , German biologist (* 1862 )
• October 15 : Paul Scheerbart , German writer of fantastic literature and draftsman (* 1863 )
• October 20 : Josef Ruederer , German writer (* 1861 )
• October 20 : Diran Kelekian , Turkish journalist and scholar (* 1862 )
• October 22 : Enrico Canfari , Italian football player and official (* 1877 )
• October 22 : Wilhelm Windelband , German philosopher (* 1848 )
• October 26 : August Bungert , German composer (* 1845 )
• October 27 : Frank W. Rollins , American politician (* 1860 )
• October 29 : John Wolcott Stewart , American politician (* 1825 )
• October 30 : Charles Tupper , Canadian politician and Prime Minister (* 1821 )
• October 31 : Francis B. Posey , American politician (* 1848 )

• 0November 4 : Adolf Schipper , German officer and colonial official (* 1873 )
• November 10th : Anton Opfergelt , German politician and lawyer (* 1850 )
• November 10 : James Richardson Spensley , English doctor, football player and coach (* 1867 )
• November 16 : Karl Elwin Anker , Prussian major general (* 1835 )
• November 21 : Johannes Trojan , German writer (* 1837 )
• November 22nd : Josef Kalousek , Czech historian (* 1838 )
• November 23 : John Goff Ballentine , American politician (* 1825 )
• November 23 : Elliott Haslam , Canadian music teacher and choir director (* 1851 )
• November 24th : LC Hughes , American politician (* 1842 )
• November 26 : Georg Loeschcke , German classical philologist and archaeologist (* 1852 )

• 0December 3 : Antonio Knauth , German-American lawyer (* 1855 )
• 0December 6 : Rudolf Lavant , German writer (* 1844 )
• December 12th : Amelia Patti , Italian opera singer (* 1831 )

Alois Alzheimer

• December 19 : Alois Alzheimer , German doctor (* 1864 )
• December 24 : William J. Mills , American politician (* 1849 )

Exact date of death unknown

• Louis Marie François Andlauer , French organist and composer (* 1876 )
• Egenolf von Berckheim , German submarine commander (* 1881 )
• Aghavni-Zabel Binemeciyan , Armenian actress (* 1865 )
• Werner Rabe von Pappenheim , German officer and diplomat (* 1877 )
• Fritz Pferdekämper , German sinologist (* 1876 )

Web links

Commons : 1915  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Chronicle 1915 (Living Virtual Museum Online)