Deportation of the Armenian elite

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Order of the Interior Ministry under Talât Pascha of April 24, 1915

During the deportation of the Armenian elite ( Armenian Կարմիր Կիրակի Garmir Giragi , German 'Red Sunday' ) on April 24, 1915, by order of the Ottoman Interior Minister Mehmet Talât Bey, leading persons of the Armenian community in Istanbul and later other localities were arrested and in concentration camps near Ankara carried off. After the deportation law was passed on May 29, 1915, they were later forcibly relocated, tortured , expropriated, and many of them killed. April 24th is celebrated in Armenia as Genocide Remembrance Day, as the genocide of the Armenians began on this day .

arrest

Interior Minister Mehmet Talât Bey ordered the arrest of the Armenians on April 24, 1915 . The operation started at 8 o'clock in the evening. In Istanbul, the action was led by the city police chief Bedri Bey.

On the night of April 24th to 25th, 235 to 270 Armenian community leaders (clergy, doctors, publishers, journalists, lawyers, teachers, politicians, etc.) were arrested in a first wave based on the decision of the Interior Ministry. The difference in the numbers is due to mistakes made by the police when they arrested people with the same names.

There were other deportations from the capital, the first task was to identify the detainees. They were held in a police station ( Emniyeti Umumiye ) and the central prison for one day . A second wave led to the arrest of up to 600 people.

Towards the end of August 1915, over 150 Armenians with Russian citizenship were deported from Istanbul to internment camps. Few of the deportees - including the writer Alexander Panossian (1859–1919) - were released on the same weekend before they were transferred to Anatolia .

concentration camp

Most of the detainees were identified by streamer no. From Central Prison via Saray Burnu. 67 of the Şirket company sent to the Haydarpaşa train station . After waiting ten hours, they were sent to Ankara by special trains the next day . One train alone was traveling with 220 Armenians. An Armenian platoon leader received a list of the names of the deportees. It was given to the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople , Zaven Der Yeghiayan , who tried in vain to save as many deportees as possible. The only foreign ambassador who could or wanted to help him was the US ambassador Henry Morgenthau . After a daily train routine of 20 hours, the deportees disembarked on Tuesday afternoon in Sincan (near Ankara). At the station, Ibrahim, the director of Istanbul Central Prison, carried out the selection. The deportees were divided into two groups.

One group was sent to Çankırı (and Çorum between Çankırı and Amasya ), and the other to Ayaş . The latter were transported to Ayaş in horse-drawn carts for several hours. Almost all of them were killed a few months later in rocky gorges near Ankara. Only ten or thirteen deportees from this group were allowed to return to the capital from Ayas.

A group of 20 late arrivals arrested on April 24th arrived in Çankırı on May 7th or 8th, 1915. Over 150 political prisoners were held in Ayas and over 150 intellectual prisoners were held in Çankırı.

Military court

Letter from Talât Pasha to the Military Tribunal

Dr. Nazaret Daghavarian and Sarkis Minassian were released from Ayas Prison on May 5 and sent to Diyarbakır by a military escort along with Harutiun Jangülian , Karekin Khajag and Rupen Zartarian to appear before a military tribunal . These were killed by a well-known band of robbers - led by Çerkez Ahmet and lieutenants Halil and Nazım - in a village called Karacaören shortly before their arrival in Diyarbakır.

Marzbed, another deportee, was sent to Kayseri to appear before a military tribunal on May 18, 1915. After his release from court, he worked under a false identity for the Germans in Intilli (Amanus train tunnel). He fled to Nusaybin , where he fell from his horse and died shortly before the armistice.

release

All prisoners who were released were freed through the intercession of influential people who contacted them through their own channels. Five deportees from Çankırı were released through the mediation of Ambassador Henry Morgenthau .

In total, only twelve deportees were given permission to return to the capital from Çankırı. These were Komitas Vardapet , Piuzant Kechian, Vahram Torkomian, Parsegh Dinanian, Haig Hojasarian, Nschan Kalfayan, Yervant Tolayan, Aram Calendarian, Noyig Der-Stepanian, Vrtanes Papazian , Karnik Injijian and Beylerian junior. Four deportees were allowed to return to Konya . These were Apig Miubahejian, Atamian, Kherbekian and Nosrigian.

The remaining deportees were under the “protection” of the governor of the Vilayets Ankara , Mazhar Bey. He defied the secret order from Talât Pasha's Ministry of the Interior. At the end of July 1915, Mazhar was replaced by Central Committee member Atif Bey.

Deportations

After the deportation law was passed on May 29, 1915, Armenians who had remained in the two internment camps were deported to Ottoman Syria .

On July 18, 1915, a first convoy of 56 prisoners reached the Çankırı internment camp with no survivors.

In August 1915 Atif Bey began the deportation of the Armenians who lived in Vilayet Ankara . On August 19, a second convoy with 30 deportees left Çankırı. Their fate is better known as two of them survived, one of which was Aram Andonian . This group continued their journey first by train to Ankara and then in cattle wagons to Çankırı. After a week in the military barracks, they were allowed to stay in the city at their own expense, provided that they remained under surveillance while those sent to Ayas were imprisoned in the garrisons.

Survivors

After the Mudros armistice , several Armenian intellectuals returned to Istanbul , which at that time was still under Allied occupation. They began a short but intense literary activity , which was ended by the Turkish victory in 1922–1923 in the war of liberation against the Kingdom of Greece .

Known victims

A total of 2,234 people were deported. Here is a list of the most famous deportees:

Prominent victims of the deportations
  • Krikor Zohrab - writer, lawyer, poet, lawyer, politician, professor - murdered.
  • Tlgadintsi - writer, teacher - murdered.
  • Rupen Zartaryan - writer, poet, politician - murdered.
  • Yeruhan - writer, poet - murdered.
  • E. Agnuni (Haçadur Malumyan) - newspaper publisher and important figure in the 1908 Young Turkish Revolution - murdered.
  • Rustem Rustemyants - popular merchant - murdered.
  • Parunak Feruhan - Bakırköy and Geiger's administrative director - murdered.
  • Diran Kelekyan - clerk, university professor and owner of the Turkish newspaper Sabah - murdered.
  • Vartkes Serengülyan - politician - murdered.
  • Hovhannes Kılıçyan - librarian and accountant - murdered.
  • Taniel Varuschan - poet and writer - murdered.
  • Rupen Sevag - poet doctor and writer - murdered.
  • Garabed Paşayan - doctor, writer, Ottoman MP, member of the Armenian National Council - murdered.
  • Nazareth Dağavaryan - doctor, writer - murdered.
  • Keğam Parseğyan - writer, journalist, teacher - murdered.
  • Ardaşes Harutünyan - writer, journalist - murdered.
  • Mihran Aghasyan - poet and musician - murdered.
  • Boğos Danyelyan - lawyer - murdered.
  • Dikran Çöğüryan - writer, art teacher and publisher. Editor of the newspaper Vostan - murdered.
  • Sımpad Pürad - writer, popular figure, poet, member of the Armenian National Council - murdered.
  • Siamanto - writer, poet, politician, member of the Armenian National Council - murdered.
  • Komitas Vardapet - musician, bishop - survivor, traumatized for the rest of life.
  • Hagop Terziyan - pharmacist - murdered.
  • Haig Tirâkyan - politician - murdered.
  • Harutün Şahrigyan - politician and lawyer - murdered.
  • Serovpe Noradungyan - Sanasaryan Professor - murdered.
  • Şavarş Krisyan - writer, founder of the first Ottoman newspaper - murdered.
  • Levon Kirişçiyan - professor and poet - murdered.
  • Aram Andonyan - writer - survivor.
  • Hovannes Kımpetyan - poet - murdered.
  • Yenovk Şahin - actor, theater player - murdered.
  • Levon brothers, Mihran and Kevork Kayekciyan - entrepreneurs - all three murdered together.
  • Harutyun Cangülyan - politician and writer - murdered.
  • Melkon Gürciyan (Hrant) - writer, professor, journalist - murdered.
  • Harutyun Kalfayan - Mayor of Bakırköy - murdered.
  • Hampartsum Boyacıyan - politician, doctor, from 1908 delegate from Kumkapı in the Armenian National Council, deputy from Adana in the Ottoman parliament - murdered.
  • Vramşabuh Samuelov - merchant and banker - murdered.
  • Armen Doryan - French poet, journalist - murdered.
  • Jak Sayabalyan (Paylag) - translator at the English consulate in Konya between 1901 and 1905, consular assistant a year and a half later. After 1909 journalist in the capital - murdered.
  • Gigo (Krikor Torosyan) - journalist (founder of the Gigo newspaper) - murdered.
  • Hampartsum Hampartsumyan - writer - murdered.
  • Karekin Çakalyan - teacher - murdered.
  • Yervant Odyan - writer - survivor.
  • Mihrdat Haygazın - Ottoman patriot, teacher and member of the Armenian National Council - murdered.
  • Abraham Hayrikian - Turkologist, Director of Ardi University and member of the Armenian National Council - murdered.
  • Mıgırdiç Hovanesyan - teacher - murdered.
  • Aristakes Kasparyan - lawyer, entrepreneur, member of the Armenian National Council - murdered.
  • Pyuzant Keçyan - publisher, owner of the Piuzantion newspaper, historian - survivor, has become traumatized and insane.
  • Onnik Mağazacıyan - President of the Kumkapı Progresif Derneği - murdered.
  • Sarkis Minasyan - editor-in-chief of Droşak, teacher, writer and politician in Constantinople after 1909; Member of the Armenian National Council - murdered.
  • Haçik İdareciyan - teacher - murdered.
  • Krikor Hürmüz - writer, journalist - murdered.
  • Zareh Mumcuyan - translator - murdered.
  • Nerses Zakaryan - Ottoman patriot, educator, member of the Armenian National Council - murdered.
  • Aris İsrailyan - teacher and writer - murdered.
  • Nerses Papazyan - editor of Azadamard newspaper, teacher and clergyman - murdered.
  • Parseğ Şahbaz - lawyer, journalist and commentator - murdered.
  • Mihran Tabakyan - educator, writer - murdered.
  • Krikor Yesayan - French and math teacher, translator - murdered.
  • Vahan Kehyan - teacher and Zanaatkâr - murdered.
  • Stepan Miskiciyan - doctor - murdered.
  • Sarkis Parseğyan - education officer - murdered.
  • Zabel Esayan - writer - survivor.

bibliography

  • Garine Avakian: Եղեռնահուշ մասունք կամ խոստովանողք եւ վկայք խաչի [Relic of the Genocide or to those who suffered in the name of the cross and died for their faith] , Yerevan, 2002 ISBN 978-99930-2-436-1 [a report on the events that led to Çankırı (destination of the deportation in Anatolia) and 100 brief biographical descriptions of the deportees based on rosary / carefree pearls (Hamrich) in the history museum of Yerevan with the names of the deportees engraved, who was a victim himself, Varteres Atanasian , created.]
  • Krikor Balakian Հայ Գողգոթան [The Armenian Golgotha] , Mechitaristenpresse Vienna 1922 (vol. 1) and Paris 1956 (vol. 2) (new edition in French: Georges Balakian: Le Golgotha ​​arménien , Le cercle d'écrits caucasiens, La Ferté-Sous -Jouarre 2002 (vol. 1) ISBN 978-2-913564-08-4 , 2004 (vol. 2) ISBN 2-913564-13-5 )
  • Krikor Beledian: Le retour de la Catastrophe , in: Catherine Coquio (Ed.): L'histoire trouée. Négation et témoignage , éditions l'atalante, Nantes 2003, ISBN 978-2-84172-248-8 [essay on the literature of survivors 1918-23]
  • Raymond Kévorkian: Le Génocide des Arméniens , Odile Jacob, Paris 2006, ISBN 978-2-7381-1830-1 .
  • Teotoros Lapçinciyan ( Teotig ) Գողգոթա հայ հոգեւորականութեան [The Golgotha ​​of the Armenian clergy] , H. Mateossian, Konstantinopel 1921 [gives a report of over 1,500 deported clerics throughout the Ottoman Empire with selected biographical entries and lists over 100 of a total of 270 notables of the April 24, 1915, divides them into 9 occupational groups]
  • Teotoros Lapçinciyan (dough): Ամէնուն Տարեցոյցը. Ժ-ԺԴ. Տարի. 1916-1920. [Everyman's Almanac. 10-14 Year. 1916–1920] , G. Keshishian press, Constantinople 1920
  • Mikayel Shamtanchian: The Fatal Night. An Eyewitness Account of the Extermination of Armenian Intellectuals in 1915 translated from the Armenian by Ishkhan Jinbashian, H. and K. Manjikian Publications, Studio City (CA) 2007, ISBN 978-0-9791289-9-8 .
  • Rita Soulahian Kuyumjian: Archeology of Madness. Komitas. Portrait of an Armenian Icon. Gomidas Institute Taderon Press Princeton, New Jersey 2001, ISBN 978-0-9535191-7-0 .
  • Yves Ternon: Inquête sur la négation d'un génocide [Investigation of the Denial of a Genocide] , Editions Parentèses, Marseille 1989, ISBN 978-2-86364-052-4 [gives an account of the arrests of April 24, 1915 in the 1st part of his book].

Web links

Commons : Deportation of the Armenian elite  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ gives the number of over 1,500 clergy in the entire Ottoman Empire with biographical entries, lists 100 of 270 selected notables from April 24, 1915 by name and divides them into nine groups.
  2. ↑ According to Teotig's yearbook 1916–1920 these were: Dikran Ajemian, Mkrtich Garabedian, H. Asadurian, Haig Tiriakian, Shavarsh Panossian, Krikor Siurmeian, Servet, Dr. Parseghian, Piuzant Bozajian and Dr. Avedis Nakashian.
  3. ↑ a b According to Teotig's yearbook 1916–1920.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Arshavir Shirakian: The legacy: Memoirs of an Armenian Patriot . Hairenik Press, Boston 1976, OCLC 4836363 (Original title: Ktakn ēr nahataknerowa . Translated by Sonia Shiragian).
  2. ^ A b c d e Yves Ternon , Naim Bey: Enquête sur la négation d'un génocide . Éditions Parenthèses, Marseille 198, ISBN 978-2-86364-052-4 , pp. 27 (French).
  3. ↑ Kamuran Gürün: Tarih Boyunca Ermeni Meselesi. P. 213.
  4. ^ A b Richard G. Hovannisian: The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times . In: World War I and the Armenian Genocide . II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century Edition. Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, ISBN 978-0-333-61974-2 , pp. 252 .
  5. ↑ Teotoros Lapçinciyan: Գողգոթա հայ հոգեւորականութեան. [The Golgotha ​​of the Armenian clergy], Constantinople 1921, pp. 62-67.
  6. ↑ a b Zawēn, Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople: My Patriarchal Memoirs . Mayreni, Barrington, RI 2002, ISBN 978-1-931834-05-6 , pp. 63 (original title: Patriark ' akan hushers . Translated by Ared Misirliyan, copy edited by Vatche Ghazarian).
  7. ↑ Razmik Panossian: The Armenians. From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars . Columbia University Press, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-231-13926-7 , pp. 237 .
  8. ↑ Goerge A. Bournoutian: A Concise History of the Armenian People . Mazda, Costa Mesa, Calif. 2002, ISBN 978-1-56859-141-4 , pp. 272 .
  9. ↑ a b Armenian Reporter Online , article about the edition of Khachig Boghosian's autobiography ( memento of the original of July 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.armenianreporteronline.com
  10. ^ Avedis Nakashian: A Man Who Found A Country . In: Thomas Y. Crowell (Ed.): Rouben Mamoulian Collection . Library of Congress, New York 1940, LCCN  40-007723 , OCLC 382971 , p. 208-278 .
  11. ↑ Zawēn, Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Opel: My Patriarchal Memoirs . Mayreni, Barrington, RI 2002, ISBN 978-1-931834-05-6 , pp. 58 (original title: Patriark ' akan hushers . Translated by Ared Misirliyan, copy edited by Vatche Ghazarian).
  12. ↑ a b Grigoris Palak'ean : Le Golgotha ​​arménien: de Berlin à Deir-es-Zor . 1st edition. Le Cerle d'Écrits Caucasiens, La Ferté-sous-Jouarre 2002, ISBN 978-2-913564-08-4 , pp. 95-102 .
  13. ↑ a b Mikʻayēl Shamtanchean (1947): The Fatal Night. An Eyewitness Account of the Extermination of Armenian Intellectuals in 1915 (=  Genocide library ). 2nd Edition. H. and K. Majikian Publications, Studio City , CA 2007, ISBN 978-0-9791289-9-8 (Original title: Hay mtk ʻ in harkě egheṛnin . Translated by Ishkhan Jinbashian).
  14. ^ Raymond Kévorkian : Le Génocide des Arméniens . Ed .: Odile Jacob (=  Histoire ). Éditions Odile Jacob, Paris 2006, ISBN 978-2-7381-1830-1 , pp. 318 (French).
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Grigoris Palak'ean: Le Golgotha ​​arménien: de Berlin à Deir-es-Zor . 1st edition. Le Cerle d'Écrits Caucasiens, La Ferté-sous-Jouarre 2002, ISBN 978-2-913564-08-4 , pp. 87-94 .
  16. ↑ Zawēn, Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Opel: My Patriarchal Memoirs . Mayreni, Barrington, RI 2002, ISBN 978-1-931834-05-6 , pp. 66 (original title: Patriark ' akan hushers . Translated by Ared Misirliyan, copy edited by Vatche Ghazarian).
  17. ^ A b Raymond H Kévorkian: Le Génocide des Arméniens . Ed .: Odile Jacob (=  Histoire ). Éditions Odile Jacob, Paris 2006, ISBN 978-2-7381-1830-1 , pp. 663 (French).
  18. ↑ John Horne (edited by): A companion to World War I . Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK, ISBN 978-1-119-96870-2 , pp. 191 .
  19. ↑ Why is the Armenian Genocide commemorated on April 24? NorSerunt, archived from the original on October 19, 2013 ; Retrieved May 17, 2013 .
  20. ↑ Pascual Ohanian: Turquía, estado genocida: (1915-1923) . Buenos Aires, Argentina 1986, p. 598-599 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  21. ^ Pars Tuğlacı : Örnek bir Osmanlı vatandaşı Kirkor Zohrab Efendi . Pars Yayınları, İstanbul 2008, ISBN 978-6-05600830-6 , p. 86 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  22. ↑ a b c d e f Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide (Ed.): The Cream of the Armenian Leadership Is Murdered . Santa Barbara, California 1999, ISBN 978-0-87436-928-1 , pp. 66 ( limited preview in the Google book search): "Among the murdered were world-class Armenian Ottoman poets like Krikor Zohrab, Daniel Varoujan, Yeroukhan (Yervat Sirmakesian), Siamanto (Adom Yerjanian), Roupen Zartarian, Melkon Gurjian, Roupen Sevag, Ardashes Harutiunian, and Dikran Chugurian "
  23. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 24 Nisan 1915 İstanbul Ermeni tehcirinde Ermeni gazeteci ve yazarlar da öldürüldü. Gazeteciler, April 23, 2011, accessed May 17, 2013 .
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g h 24 Nisan'da ne Olmuştu? (PDF) Taraf, April 28, 2008, archived from the original on October 19, 2013 ; Retrieved May 18, 2013 (Turkish).
  25. ^ A b c Raymond Kévorkian: Le Génocide des Arméniens. Odile Jacob, Paris 2006, ISBN 2-7381-1830-5 , p. 662.
  26. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ragıp Zarakolu : Ölumar giden sürgün In: Köxüz Girişimcilerinin Amaçları ve Dayandıkları Program. Archived from the original on July 9, 2013 ; Retrieved July 23, 2013 .
  27. ↑ a b c Tessa Hofmann (ed.): Persecution, expulsion and extermination of Christians in the Ottoman Empire: 1912–1922 . 2nd Edition. Lit, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-8258-7823-8 , pp. 64 .
  28. ↑ a b c d Avagyan, Karine (2002). Եղեռնահուշ մասունք կամ խոստովանողք եւ վկայք խաչի [Relic of the Genocide or to those who suffered in the name of the cross and died for their faith] (in Armenian). Yerevan: "Zangak 97": Mughni. ISBN 978-99930-2-436-1 .