List of Heads of State 1915
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt (British Protectorate 1914–1936)
- Head of State: Sultan Hussein Kamil (1914–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hussein Rushdi Pascha (1914–1919)
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British High Commissioner :
- Milne Cheetham (1914– January 9, 1915) (acting)
- Henry McMahon (January 9, 1915-1917)
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Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Daniel E. Howard (1912–1920)
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South Africa
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General : Sydney Buxton, 1st Viscount Buxton (1914–1920)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Louis Botha (1910–1919) (1907–1910 Prime Minister of the Transvaal)
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
America
North America
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Canada
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General : Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1911–1916)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Borden (1911–1920)
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government:
- President Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz (1914– January 16, 1915)
- President Roque González Garza (January 16, 1915– June 10, 1915) ( Acting )
- President Francisco Lagos Cházaro (June 10, 1915– October 10, 1915) (acting)
- President Venustiano Carranza ( 1914 , October 10, 1915–1920)
- Head of State and Government:
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Newfoundland
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor : Walter Edward Davidson (1913–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Morris (1909–1917)
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
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United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
Central America
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Alfredo González Flores (1914–1917)
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Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Isidro Jiménez ( 1899–1902, 1914–1916)
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El Salvador
- Head of State and Government:
- President Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (1914–1 March 1915, 1918–1919, 1923–1927 ) (acting)
- President Carlos Meléndez ( 1913–1914 , March 1, 1915–1918)
- Head of State and Government:
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)
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Haiti (occupied by the USA 1915–1934)
- Head of State and Government:
- President Joseph Davilmar Théodore (1914– February 22, 1915)
- President Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam (February 25, 1915– July 28, 1915)
- Revolutionary Committee (July 28, 1915– August 12, 1915)
- President Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave (August 12, 1915–1922)
- Head of State and Government:
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Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Bertrand ( 1911–1912 , 1913–1919)
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Cuba
- Head of State and Government: President Mario García Menocal (1913–1921)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Adolfo Díaz (1911–1917, 1926–1929 )
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Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Belisario Porras Barahona (1912–1916, 1918–1920, 1920–1924 )
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Victorino de la Plaza (1914–1916)
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Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Ismael Montes Gamboa ( 1904–1909 , 1913–1917)
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Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Venceslau Brás (1914–1918)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government:
- President Ramón Barros Luco (1910– December 23, 1915)
- President Juan Luis Sanfuentes (December 23, 1915–1920)
- Head of State and Government:
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Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez ( 1901–1905 , 1912–1916)
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Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President José Vicente Concha (1914–1918)
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Eduardo Schaerer (1912–1916)
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Peru
- Head of State:
- President Oscar R. Benavides (1914– August 18, 1915, 1933–1939 )
- President José Pardo y Barreda ( 1904–1908 , August 18, 1915–1919) (Prime Minister 1903–1904)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Germán Schreiber Waddington ( 1910 , 1914-19 February 1915)
- Prime Minister Carlos Isaac Abril Galindo (February 18, 1915– September 24, 1915)
- Prime Minister Enrique de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren ( 1899–1900 , September 24, 1915–1917)
- Head of State:
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government:
- President José Batlle y Ordóñez ( 1899, 1903–1907 , 1911– March 1, 1915)
- President Feliciano Viera (March 1, 1915-1919)
- Head of State and Government:
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Victorino Márquez Bustillos (1914–1922) (acting)
Asia
East, South and Southeast Asia
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Bhutan
- Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)
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China
- Head of State: President Yuan Shikai (1912–1916)
- Head of Government: State Secretary Xu Shichang (1914–1916)
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British India
- Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
- Viceroy : Charles Hardinge (1910–1916)
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Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Yoshihito (1912–1926)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu (1914–1916)
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Nepal
- Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)
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Siam (today: Thailand)
- Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)
Middle East
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Persia (today: Iran)
- Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Hassan Mostofi al Mamalek (1913 – March 1915)
- Prime Minister Hassan Pirnia Moshir al Dowleh (March – May 1915)
- Prime Minister Abdol Madschid Mirza Eyn-al-Dowleh (May – August 1915)
- Prime Minister Hassan Mostofi al Mamalek (August – December 1915)
- Prime Minister Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma (December 25, 1915–1916)
Central Asia
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Afghanistan
- Ruler: Emir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919)
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Mongolia (disputed)
- Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sain Nojon Khan Shirindambyn Namnansüren (1912–1919)
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Tibet (controversial)
- Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1913–1933)
Australia and Oceania
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Australia
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General: Viscount Ronald Munro-Ferguson (1914–1920)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (1914– October 27, 1915)
- Prime Minister Billy Hughes (October 27, 1915–1923)
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New Zealand
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor: Earl Arthur Foljambe (1912-1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Massey (1912-1925)
Europe
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Albania
- Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional Government Essad Pascha Toptani (1914–1916)
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- President of France : Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920)
- Bishop of Urgell : Juan Benlloch y Vivó (1907-1919)
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Co-princes :
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Belgium (occupied by Germany 1914–1918)
- Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Baron de Broqueville (1911–1918, 1932–1934 ) (1914–1918 in exile)
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Bulgaria
- Head of State: Tsar Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (until 1908 Prince)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wassil Radoslawow ( 1886–1887 , 1913–1918)
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Denmark
- Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carl Theodor Zahle ( 1909–1910 , 1913–1920)
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German Empire
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Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
- Imperial Chancellor : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
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Stop
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Duke : Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
- Minister of State: Ernst von Laue (1910–1918)
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Duke : Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
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to bathe
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Grand Duke : Friedrich II. (1907–1918)
- Minister of State: Alexander von Dusch (1905–1917)
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Grand Duke : Friedrich II. (1907–1918)
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Bavaria
- King : Ludwig III. (1913-1918)
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Braunschweig
- Duke : Ernst August (1913–1918)
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Bremen
- Mayor : Clemens Carl Buff (1915) (1917)
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Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
- Imperial governor: Johann von Dallwitz (1914–1918)
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Hamburg
- First Mayor : Werner von Melle (1915) (1918)
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Hessen-Darmstadt
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Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
- President of the entire ministry : Christian von Ewald (1906–1918)
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Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
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lip
- Prince : Leopold IV. (1905–1918)
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Lübeck
- Mayor : Johann Hermann Eschenburg (1911–1912) (1915–1916)
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz IV. (1897–1918)
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Grand Duke : Adolf Friedrich VI. (1914-1918)
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Oldenburg
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Grand Duke : Friedrich August II. (1900–1918)
- Minister of State : Friedrich Julius Heinrich Ruhstrat (1908–1916)
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Grand Duke : Friedrich August II. (1900–1918)
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Prussia
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King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
- Prime Minister : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
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King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
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Reuss older line
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Prince : Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
- Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (Reuss younger line) (1908–1918)
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Prince : Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
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Reuss younger line
- Prince : Heinrich XXVII. (Reuss younger line) (1913-1918)
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Saxony
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King : Friedrich August III. (1904-1918)
- Chairman of the entire ministry : Heinrich Gustav Beck (1914–1918)
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King : Friedrich August III. (1904-1918)
- Saxony-Altenburg
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Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- Duke : Carl Eduard (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) (1900-1918)
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Saxony-Meiningen
- Duke : Bernhard III. (1914-1918)
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Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Grand Duke : Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
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Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Prince : Günther Victor (1890–1918)
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Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (from 1909 in personal union with Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)
- Prince : Günther Victor (1909–1918)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
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Württemberg
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King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
- President of the State Ministry : Karl von Weizsäcker (1906–1918)
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King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
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Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
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France
- Head of State: President Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920)
- Head of Government:
- President of the Council of Ministers René Viviani (1914–29 October 1915)
- President of the Council of Ministers Aristide Briand (October 29, 1915–1917)
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Greece
- Head of State: King Constantine I (1913–1917)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos (1910–7 October 1915)
- Prime Minister Alexandros Zaimis (October 7th - November 7th 1915)
- Prime Minister Stephanos Skouloudis (November 7, 1915–1916)
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Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Antonio Salandra (1914–1916)
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Liechtenstein
- Ruler: Prince Johann II (1858–1929)
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Luxembourg (occupied)
- Head of State: Grand Duchess Maria-Adelheid (1912–1919)
- Head of Government:
- District President Paul Eyschen (1888–1915)
- (officiating) Mathias Mongenast (October 12 - November 6, 1915)
- District President Hubert Loutsch (1915–1916)
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Monaco
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Prince : Albert I (1889–1922)
- Minister of State: Émile Flach (1911–1917)
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Prince : Albert I (1889–1922)
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Montenegro
- Head of State: King Nikola I. Petrović-Njegoš (1860–1918) ( Prince until 1910 )
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Sirdar Janko Vukotic (1913–16 July 1915)
- Prime Minister Milo Matanovic (July 16, 1915-1916)
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Neutral Moresnet (1830–1915 under the joint administration of Belgium and Prussia, 1915–1918 under Prussian administration)
- Head of State: King of Belgium Albert I (1909–1915, 1918–1920 )
- Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz (1889–1915, 1918–1920 )
- Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
- Commissioner : Walter The Losen (1909–1918)
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Mayor :
- Hubert Schmetz (1885-1915)
- Wilhelm Kyll (1915-1918)
- Head of State: King of Belgium Albert I (1909–1915, 1918–1920 )
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Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pieter Cort van der Linden (1913–1918)
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Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen (1913–1920)
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Ottoman Empire (today: Turkey)
- Ruler: Sultan Mehmed V (1909–1918)
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Austria-Hungary
- Head of State: Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Karl Reichsgraf von Stürgkh (1911–1916)
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Portugal
- Head of State:
- (provisional) President Manuel José de Arriaga (1911– May 26, 1915)
- (incumbent) Teófilo Braga (May 29 - October 5, 1915)
- (provisional) President Bernardino Machado (October 6, 1915–1917)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Vítor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho (1914–28 January 1915)
- General Joaquim Pimenta de Castro (January 28 - May 14, 1915)
- Constitutional junta José Norton de Matos , António Maria da Silva , José de Freitas Ribeiro , Alfredo de Sá Cardoso , Álvaro Xavier de Castro (May 14 - May 17, 1915)
- (officiating) João Pinheiro Chagas (May 17, 1915)
- General José de Castro (May 17 - November 29, 1915)
- Prime Minister Afonso Augusto da Costa (November 29, 1915-1916)
- Head of State:
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Romania
- Head of State: King Ferdinand I (1914–1927)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ion IC Brătianu (1914–1918)
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Russia
- Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917)
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San Marino
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Capitani Reggenti :
- Olinto Amati ( 1908–1909 , 1914–1 October 1915) and Cesare Stacchini ( 1911 , 1914–1 October 1915)
- Moro Morri ( 1911 , April 1, 1915– October 1, 1915, 1919–1920 ) and Antonio Burgagni (April 1, 1915– October 1, 1915)
- Alfredo Reffi ( 1906–1907, 1910 , October 1, 1915–1916) and Luigi Lonfernini ( 1910–1911 , October 1, 1915–1916)
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Capitani Reggenti :
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Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Karl Staaff (1911–17 February 1914)
- Prime Minister Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (February 17, 1914–1917)
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Switzerland
- Federal President : Giuseppe Motta (1915, 1920, 1927, 1932, 1937 )
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Federal Council :
- Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
- Ludwig Forrer (1903-1917)
- Arthur Hoffmann (1911-1917)
- Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
- Camille Decoppet (1912-1919)
- Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
- Felix Calonder (1913-1920)
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Serbia
- Head of State: King Peter I (1903-1918)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Pašić (1912–1918)
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Spain
- Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
- Head of Government:
- District President Eduardo Dato Iradier (1913–9 December 1915)
- District President Álvaro Figueroa Torres (December 9, 1915–1917)
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United Kingdom
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Earl Herbert Henry Asquith (1908–1916)
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares