List of Heads of State 1916

Overview
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Africa

Egypt (British Protectorate 1914–1936)
- Head of State: Sultan Hussein Kamil (1914–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hussein Rushdi Pascha (1914–1919)

Ethiopia
- Head of State and Government:
  - Emperor Iyasu V (1913-27 September 1916) (1910-1911 regent)
  - Empress Zauditu (September 27, 1916–1930)
  - Regent: Ras Tafari Makonnen (1916–1930) (1930–1974 Emperor)

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Daniel E. Howard (1912–1920)

South Africa
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  - Governor General : Sydney Buxton, 1st Viscount Buxton (1914–1920)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Louis Botha (1910–1919) (1907–1910 Prime Minister of the Transvaal)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  - Governor General :
    - Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1911-11 November 1916)
    - Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire (November 11, 1916–1921)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Borden (1911–1920)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Venustiano Carranza ( 1914 , 1915–1920)

Newfoundland
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  - Governor : Walter Edward Davidson (1913–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Morris (1909–1917)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Alfredo González Flores (1914–1917)

Dominican Republic (occupied by the USA 1916–1924)
Head of State and Government:

President Juan Isidro Jiménez ( 1899–1902, 1914– May 7, 1916)

Council of State Secretaries (May 7, 1916– July 31, 1916)

President Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal (July 31, 1916– November 29, 1916) ( Acting )

Military Governor Harry Shepard Knapp (November 29, 1916–1918)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Meléndez ( 1913–1914 , 1915–1918)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

Haiti (occupied by the USA 1915–1934)
- Head of State and Government: President Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave (1915–1922)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Bertrand ( 1911–1912 , 1913–1919)

Cuba
- Head of State and Government: President Mario García Menocal (1913–1921)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Adolfo Díaz (1911–1917, 1926–1929 )

Panama
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Belisario Porras Barahona (1912–1 October 1916, 1918–1920, 1920–1924 )
  - President Ramón Maximiliano Valdés (October 1, 1916–1918)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Victorino de la Plaza (1914– October 12, 1916)
  - President Hipólito Yrigoyen (October 12, 1916–1922, 1928–1930 )

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Ismael Montes Gamboa ( 1904–1909 , 1913–1917)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Venceslau Brás (1914–1918)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Luis Sanfuentes (1915–1920)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez ( 1901–1905 , 1912– September 1, 1916)
  - President Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno ( 1912 , September 1, 1916–1920, 1931–1932 )

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President José Vicente Concha (1914–1918)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Eduardo Schaerer (1912–15 August 1916)
  - President Manuel Franco (August 15, 1916-1919)

Peru
- Head of State: President José Pardo y Barreda ( 1904–1908 , 1915–1919) (1903–1904 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Enrique de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren ( 1899–1900 , 1915–1917)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Feliciano Viera (1915-1919)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Victorino Márquez Bustillos (1914–1922) (acting)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bhutan
- Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)

China
- Head of State:
  - Emperor Yuan Shikai (January 1 - March 22, 1916)
  - President Yuan Shikai (March 22-June 6, 1916)
  - President Li Yuanhong (June 7, 1916–1917)
- Head of Government:
  - State Secretary Xu Shichang (1914-23 April 1916)
  - State Secretary Duan Qirui (April 23 - June 29, 1916)
  - Premier of the State Council Duan Qirui (June 29, 1916–1917)

British India
- Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
- Viceroy :
  - Charles Hardinge (1910-1916)
  - Frederic Thesiger (1916–1921)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Yoshihito (1912–1926)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu (1914–9 October 1916)
  - Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake (October 9, 1916–1918)

Nepal

Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

Siam (today: Thailand)
- Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)

Middle East

Persia (today: Iran)
- Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma (1915 – March 1916)
  - Prime Minister Sepahsālār-e A'zam-e Tonekāboni (March-August 1916)
  - Prime Minister Hassan Vosough al Dowleh (August 1916–1917)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Ruler: Emir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919)

Mongolia (disputed)

Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sain Nojon Khan Shirindambyn Namnansüren (1912–1919)

Tibet (controversial)
- Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1913–1933)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General: Sir Ronald Munro-Ferguson (1914–1920)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Billy Hughes (1915-1923)

New Zealand
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor: Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1912-1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Massey (1912-1925)

Europe

Albania (occupied 1916–1918)
- Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional Government Essad Pascha Toptani (1914–24 February 1916)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Juan Benlloch y Vivó (1907-1919)

Belgium (occupied by Germany 1914–1918)
- Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Baron de Broqueville (1911–1918, 1932–1934 ) (1914–1918 in exile)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: Tsar Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (until 1908 Prince)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wassil Radoslawow ( 1886–1887 , 1913–1918)

Denmark
- Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carl Theodor Zahle ( 1909–1910 , 1913–1920)

German Empire
- Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
  - Imperial Chancellor : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
- Stop
  - Duke : Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
    - Minister of State: Ernst von Laue (1910–1918)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich II. (1907–1918)
    - Minister of State: Alexander von Dusch (1905–1917)
- Bavaria
  - King : Ludwig III. (1913-1918)
    - - Chairman of the Council of Ministers : Georg Freiherr von Hertling (1912–1917)
- Braunschweig
  - Duke : Ernst August (1913–1918)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Carl Georg Barkhausen (1904) (1906) (1911) (1913) (1916)
- Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
  - Imperial governor: Johann von Dallwitz (1914–1918)
    - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Siegfried Graf von Roedern (1914–1916)
    - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine: Georg Freiherr von Tschammer and Quaritz (1916–1918)
- Hamburg
  - First Mayor : Carl August Schröder (1912–1913) (1916)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
    - President of the entire ministry : Christian von Ewald (1906–1918)
- lip
  - Prince : Leopold IV. (1905–1918)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Johann Hermann Eschenburg (1911–1912) (1915–1916)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz IV. (1897–1918)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Adolf Friedrich VI. (1914-1918)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich August II. (1900–1918)
    - Minister of State : Friedrich Julius Heinrich Ruhstrat (1908–1916)
    - Minister of State: Franz Friedrich Paul Ruhstrat (1916–1918)
- Prussia
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
    - Prime Minister : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
    - Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (Reuss younger line) (1908–1918)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXVII. (Reuss younger line) (1913-1918)
- Saxony
  - King : Friedrich August III. (1904-1918)
    - Chairman of the entire ministry : Heinrich Gustav Beck (1914–1918)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst II (1908–1918)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Carl Eduard (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) (1900-1918)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : Bernhard III. (1914-1918)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Adolf II (1911–1918)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1890–1918)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (from 1909 in personal union with Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1909–1918)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
  - Prince : Friedrich (1893–1918)
- Württemberg
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
    - President of the State Ministry : Karl von Weizsäcker (1906–1918)

France
- Head of State: President Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920)
- Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Aristide Briand (1915–1917)

Greece
- Head of State: King Constantine I (1913–1917)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Stephanos Skouloudis (1915-22 June 1916)
  - Prime Minister Alexandros Zaimis (June 22 - September 16, 1916)
  - Prime Minister Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos (September 16 - October 10, 1916)
  - Prime Minister Spyridon Lambros (October 10, 1916–1917)

Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government:
  - President of the Council of Ministers Antonio Salandra (1914-18 June 1916)
  - President of the Council of Ministers Paolo Boselli (June 18, 1916–1917)

Liechtenstein
- Ruler: Prince Johann II (1858–1929)

Luxembourg (occupied)
- Head of State: Grand Duchess Maria-Adelheid (1912–1919)
- Head of Government:
  - District President Hubert Loutsch (1915–1916)
  - District President Victor Thorn (1916–1917)

Monaco
- Prince : Albert I (1889–1922)
  - Minister of State: Émile Flach (1911–1917)

Montenegro ( occupied )
- Head of State: King Nikola I. Petrović-Njegoš (1860–1918) ( Prince until 1910 )
- Military Governor General : General Viktor Weber Edler von Webenau (February 26, 1916–1917)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Milo Matanovic (1915–2 January 1916)
  - Prime Minister Lazar Mijuskovic (January 2 - May 12, 1916)
  - Prime Minister Andrija Radovic (May 12, 1916–1917)

Neutral Moresnet (1915-1918 under Prussian administration)
- Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
  - Commissioner : Walter The Losen (1909–1918)
- Mayor : Wilhelm Kyll (1915–1918)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pieter Cort van der Linden (1913–1918)

Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen (1913–1920)

Ottoman Empire (today: Turkey)
- Ruler: Sultan Mehmed V (1909–1918)

Austria-Hungary
- Head of State:
  - Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848-21 November 1916)
  - Emperor Karl I (November 21, 1916–1918)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Karl Reichsgraf von Stürgkh (1911–21 October 1916)
  - Prime Minister Ernst von Körber (October 31 - December 13, 1916)
  - Prime Minister Heinrich Graf von Clam-Martinic (December 20, 1916–1917)

Portugal
- Head of State: (provisional) President Bernardino Machado (1915–1917)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Afonso Augusto da Costa (1915–16 March 1916)
  - Prime Minister António José de Almeida (March 16, 1916–1917)

Romania
- Head of State: King Ferdinand I (1914–1927)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ion IC Brătianu (1914–1918)

Russia
- Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917)

San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti :
  - Alfredo Reffi ( 1906–1907, 1910 , 1915–1 April 1916) and Luigi Lonfernini ( 1910–1911 , 1915–1 April 1916)
  - Onofrio Fattori ( 1898, 1902, 1905–1906, 1911–1912 , April 1, 1916– October 1, 1916, 1922–1923 ) and Ciro Francini (April 1, 1916– October 1, 1916, 1920 )
  - Gustavo Babboni ( 1904–1905, 1908, 1912 , October 1, 1916–1917) and Giovanni Arzilli ( 1906–1907, 1910 , October 1, 1916–1917)

Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1914–1917)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Camille Decoppet (1916)
- Federal Council :
  - Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
  - Ludwig Forrer (1903-1917)
  - Arthur Hoffmann (1911-1917)
  - Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
  - Camille Decoppet (1912-1919)
  - Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
  - Felix Calonder (1913-1920)

Serbia (occupied)
- Head of State: King Peter I (1903-1918)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Pašić (1912–1918)

Spain
- Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
- Head of Government: District President Álvaro Figueroa Torres (1915–1917)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Earl Herbert Henry Asquith (1908–7 December 1916)
  - Prime Minister Earl David Lloyd George (December 7, 1916–1922)

Individual evidence

↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[1] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares