List of rulers of Egypt

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This is a compilation of the various lists of the rulers of Egypt . This list is not intended to replace the existing lists, but only to provide a quick overview.

Ancient Egypt (until 395 AD)

Byzantine Period (395-642)

Early Islamic Period (642–969)

In the years 639 to 642, Byzantine Egypt was conquered by Arab troops under the general Amr ibn al-As . The country was incorporated into the empire of the caliph , Muhammad's successor . The country was subsequently Arabized and Islamized , two fundamental elements that make up modern Egypt to this day.

"Guided Caliphs" (642–661)

Umayyads (661-750)

Abbasids (750–868, 905–935 and 1412)

Under the rule of the Abbasids, two governor dynasties succeeded in making themselves largely independent of the caliph in Egypt. While the Tulunids could still be overthrown in 905 and Egypt returned to the direct rule of the caliph, the land slipped from them with the separation of the Ichschidids in 935 in fact permanently.

Tulunids (884-905)

Reign Surname relationship
868-884 Ahmad ibn Tulun
884-896 Chumarawaih Son of the predecessor
896 Abu al-Ashir Son of the predecessor
896-904 Harun Son of the predecessor
904-905 Schaiban Uncle of the predecessor

Ichschididen (935–969)

Reign Surname relationship
935-946 Muhammad ibn Tughj
946-961 Unujur Son of the predecessor
961-966 Ali Brother of the predecessor
966-968 Kafur
968-969 Abu l-Fawaris Son of Ali

Fatimid Caliphate (969–1171)

As early as the beginning of the 10th century, the Fatimid dynasty founded a Shiite-Ismaili caliphate in North Africa (today's Algeria and Tunisia), which competed with the Sunni caliphate already established in Baghdad . The Fatimid caliph al-Muizz succeeded in conquering Egypt in 969, he also made Cairo the residence of his empire, which has been the capital of Egypt ever since.

Reign Surname relationship
969-975 al-Muizz Son of Ismail al-Mansur
975-996 al-ʿAzīz Son of the predecessor
996-1021 al-Hakim Son of the predecessor
1021-1036 az-Zahir Son of the predecessor
1036-1094 al-Mustansir Son of the predecessor
1094-1101 al-Mustali Son of the predecessor
1101-1130 al-Amir Son of the predecessor
1130-1131 Interregnum: reign of Kutafat
1132-1149 al-Hafiz Grandson of al-Mustansir
1149-1154 az-Zafir Son of the predecessor
1154-1160 al-Fa'iz Son of the predecessor
1160-1171 al-ʿĀdid Grandson of al-Hafiz

Sultanate of the Ayyubids (1171-1250)

The Kurdish Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, known by the Christians as "Saladin", ended the Fatimid caliphate in Cairo in 1171 and took over the rule of Egypt as sultan with the recognition of the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad. He founded the Ayyubid dynasty.

Reign Ruler and birth name relationship
1171-1193 an-Nasir Yusuf (Saladin)
1193-1198 al-Aziz Uthman Son of the predecessor
1198-1200 al-Mansur Muhammad I. Son of the predecessor
1200-1218 al-Adil Abu Bakr I (Saphadin) Brother of Saladin
1218-1238 al-Kamil Muhammad I. Son of the predecessor
1238-1240 al-Adil Abu Bakr II Son of the predecessor
1240-1249 as-Salih Ayyub Half brother of the predecessor
1250 al-Mu'azzam Turan Shah Son of the predecessor
1250 Shadjar ad-Durr Favorite wife of as-Salih Ayyub
1250-1254 al-Ashraf Musa Great-grandson of al-Kamil Muhammad I.

Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517)

Bahri dynasty (1250-1382 and 1389-1390)

The Mamluks from the influential Bahriyya Guard ended the Ayyubid dynasty in 1250/1254 and took over the sultan's throne.

Reign Ruler and birth name relationship
1250-1257 al-Muizz Aybak
1257-1259 al-Mansur Ali I. Son of the predecessor
1259-1260 al-Muzaffar Qutuz
1260-1277 az-Zahir Baibars I.
1277-1279 as-Said Berke Chan Son of the predecessor
1279 al-Adil Suleyman Brother of the predecessor
1279-1290 al-Mansur Qalawun
1290-1293 al-Ashraf Chalil Son of the predecessor
1293-1294 an-Nasir Muhammad I. Brother of the predecessor,
first reign
1294-1296 al-Adil Kitbugha
1296-1299 al-Mansur Ladschin
1299-1309 an-Nasir Muhammad I. second reign
1309-1310 al-Muzaffar Baibars II.
1310-1341 an-Nasir Muhammad I. third reign
1341 al-Mansur Abu Bakr Son of the predecessor
1341-1342 al-Ashraf Kütschük Brother of the predecessor
1342 an-Nasir Ahmad I. Brother of the predecessor
1342-1345 as-Salih Ismail Brother of the predecessor
1345-1346 al-Kamil Shaban I. Brother of the predecessor
1346-1347 al-Muzaffar Hajji I. Brother of the predecessor
1347-1351 an-Nasir al-Hasan Brother of the predecessor,
first reign
1351-1354 as-Salih Salih Brother of the predecessor
1354-1361 an-Nasir al-Hasan second reign
1361-1363 al-Mansur Muhammad II
1363-1377 al-Ashraf Shaban II.
1377-1382 al-Mansur Ali II. Son of the predecessor
1381-1382 al-Salih / al-Mansur Hajji II. Brother of the predecessor,
first reign
1382-1389 az-Zahir Barquq first rule,
Burji-Mamluk
1389-1390 al-Muzaffar Hajji II second reign

Burji dynasty (1382-1389 and 1390-1517)

The Burjiyya Mamluks were finally able to replace the Bahri dynasty in 1390.

Reign Ruler and birth name relationship
1390-1399 az-Zahir Barquq second reign
1399-1405 an-Nasir Faraj Son of the predecessor's
first reign
1405 al-Mansur Abd al-Aziz Brother of the predecessor
1405-1412 an-Nasir Faraj second reign
1412 al-Adil al-Mustain Abbasid Caliph
1412-1421 al-Mu'aiyad Sheikh
1421 al-Muzaffar Ahmad II Son of the predecessor
1421 az-Zahir Tatar
1421-1422 as-Salih Muhammad III.
1422-1438 al-Ashraf Barsbay
1438 al-Aziz Yusuf Son of the predecessor
1438-1453 al-Zahir Jaqmaq
1453 al-Mansur Uthman Son of the predecessor
1453-1461 al-Ashraf Inal
1461 al-Mu'aiyad Ahmad III.
1461-1467 az-Zahir Chushqadam
1467 az-Zahir Yilbay
1467-1468 az-Zahir Timurbugha
1468-1496 al-Ashraf Qayitbay
1496-1498 an-Nasir Muhammad IV. Son of the predecessor
1498-1500 az-Zahir Qansuh I.
1500-1501 al-Ashraf Istanbulat
1501 al-Adil Tumanbay I.
1501-1516 al-Ashraf Qansuh II. al-Ghuri
1516-1517 al-Ashraf Tumanbay II.

Ottoman rule in Egypt (1517-1914)

In 1517 the Ottomans conquered Egypt from the Mamluks and incorporated it into the empire as a province. A governor ( pasha ) was appointed to exercise civil and military administration . The Mamluks were integrated into the Ottoman military-administrative elite. In the second half of the 16th century, the Egyptian military elite created local centers of power in the form of households. These formed a competition to the representative of the Ottoman central government, the Ottoman governor of Egypt. The households fought among themselves for positions in the local regiments and in the Beylikat, as these brought political and economic influence with them. The posts were of different importance. The holders of the most important positions formed the top management ( riyasa ). Which posts involved participation in top management, as well as their number, changed over time. Until the beginning of the 18th century, top management was divided equally between several posts and members of various Allied households. From the middle of the 18th century, the number of top management was limited to one or two people ( Duumvirat ) and was taken over by members of the Kazdughliyya household. In addition, the Sheikh al-Balad of Cairo formed the highest position in the top management during this time . If the Defterdar or the Amir al-Hajj had a share in the top management, they were subordinate to the Sheikh al-Balad. During the first half of the 18th century, these households, including the Kazdughliyya, developed into pure Mamluk households. The top management, occupied by the Kazdughliyya and its offshoots, actually controlled Egypt until the French occupation in 1798. After the French had withdrawn, a power struggle broke out, which Muhammad Ali Pasha won against the Mameluks and the Ottoman central government.

Ottoman governors

Surname Reign annotation
Mehmed Pasha Abu Maraq 1801
Koca Mehmed Hüsrev Pascha 1801-1803
Jazairli Ali Pasha 1803-1804
Ahmad Hursid Pasha 1804-1805

Owner of riyasa

Surname Reign annotation
Muhammad Bey Cerkis 1720-1726
Ibrahim Kahya 1744-1754
Ridwan Bey al-Julfi 1754-1755
Uthman Bey al-Jirjawi 1755-1757
Husayn Bey al-Sabunji 1757
Ali Bey al-Ghazzawi 1757-1760
Ali Bey al-Kabir 1760-1766
Khalil Bey 1766-1767
Ali Bey al-Kabir 1767-1773
Muhammad Bey Abu Dahab 1772-1775 Ali Bey's client ( tabi )
Ibrahim Bey (Sheikh al-Balad) and Murad Bey (Amir al-Hajj) June 1775 - July 1777 Abu Dahab clients
Ismail Bey July 1777 - February 1778 Client of Ibrahim Kahya and Ali Bey
Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey February 1778--1783
War between Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey
Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey February 1785 - August 1786
Ismail Bey August 1786 - March 1791
Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey July 1791 - July 1798

Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty (1805–1922)

In 1805, Muhammad Ali Pasha was appointed Wālī of Egypt by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire . From then on, Muhammad Ali and his descendants strove to break away from the rule of the Sultan. The bestowal of the hereditary title of Khedive to Ismail Pasha in 1867 bestowed the expression. In 1882 the rule of Great Britain began in Egypt, which now only formally belonged to the Ottoman Empire. With the beginning of World War I , Great Britain ended nominal Ottoman rule and declared Egypt a sultanate under the British protectorate.

Surname Reign relationship
Muhammad Ali Pasha June 18, 1805 - July 20, 1848
Ibrahim Pasha July 20, 1848 - November 10, 1848 Son of the predecessor
Abbas Hilmi I. November 10, 1848 - July 13, 1854 Nephew of the predecessor
Muhammad Said July 13, 1854 - January 18, 1863 Uncle of the predecessor
Ismail Pasha January 18, 1863 - June 26, 1879 Son of Ibrahim Pasha
Tawfiq June 26, 1879 - January 7, 1892 Son of the predecessor
Abbas Hilmi II. January 7, 1892 - December 19, 1914 Son of the predecessor
Hussein Kamil December 19, 1914 - October 9, 1917 Son of Ismail Pasha
Ahmad Fuad October 9, 1917 - March 15, 1922 Brother of the predecessor

Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)

In 1922 the British protectorate ended and Egypt became formally independent, although Great Britain continued to be a major power factor. Sultan Ahmad Fuad assumed the title of Malik ( King ) as Fu'ad I , thereby establishing the Kingdom of Egypt.

Surname Reign relationship
Fuad I. (Ahmad Fuad) March 15, 1922 - April 28, 1936
Faruq I. April 28, 1936 - July 26, 1952 Son of the predecessor
Fu'ad II. July 26, 1952 - June 18, 1953 Son of the predecessor

Republic of Egypt (since 1953)

As early as 1952, the "free officers" movement took power in Egypt after a coup. On June 18, 1953, today's national holiday of the country, they finally ended the kingdom and proclaimed the "Republic of Egypt". In 1958, after almost 450 years, Egypt reunited with Syria to form one state, the "United Arab Republic" . The only two heads of state in this short-lived state, however, came from Egypt. As early as 1961, the two countries separated again into two sovereign states. However, Egypt did not take on its official name "Arab Republic of Egypt" until 1972.

Reign Heads of state
1953-1954 Muhammad Nagib
1954-1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser
1970-1981 Muhammad Anwar as-Sadat
1981 Sufi Abu Taleb (Interim)
1981-2011 Muhammad Husni Mubarak
2011–2012 Military Council (Interim)
2012-2013 Muhammed Muhammed Mursi Isa Ayyat
2013-2014 Adli Mansur (Interim)
since 2014 Abd al-Fattah Said Hussain Chalil al-Sisi

See also

Individual evidence

  1. Peter M. Holt: The last Phase of the neo-Mamluk Regime in Egypt . P. 145. In: L'Egypte au XIXe siècle. Paris, 1982, pp. 141-151.
  2. Jane Hathaway: Egypt in the seventeenth century . Pp. 39-40. In: The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century . Cambridge University Press, 1998. pp. 34-58.