List of rulers of Egypt
This is a compilation of the various lists of the rulers of Egypt . This list is not intended to replace the existing lists, but only to provide a quick overview.
Ancient Egypt (until 395 AD)
Byzantine Period (395-642)
Early Islamic Period (642–969)
In the years 639 to 642, Byzantine Egypt was conquered by Arab troops under the general Amr ibn al-As . The country was incorporated into the empire of the caliph , Muhammad's successor . The country was subsequently Arabized and Islamized , two fundamental elements that make up modern Egypt to this day.
"Guided Caliphs" (642–661)
Umayyads (661-750)
Abbasids (750–868, 905–935 and 1412)
Under the rule of the Abbasids, two governor dynasties succeeded in making themselves largely independent of the caliph in Egypt. While the Tulunids could still be overthrown in 905 and Egypt returned to the direct rule of the caliph, the land slipped from them with the separation of the Ichschidids in 935 in fact permanently.
Tulunids (884-905)
Reign | Surname | relationship |
---|---|---|
868-884 | Ahmad ibn Tulun | |
884-896 | Chumarawaih | Son of the predecessor |
896 | Abu al-Ashir | Son of the predecessor |
896-904 | Harun | Son of the predecessor |
904-905 | Schaiban | Uncle of the predecessor |
Ichschididen (935–969)
Reign | Surname | relationship |
---|---|---|
935-946 | Muhammad ibn Tughj | |
946-961 | Unujur | Son of the predecessor |
961-966 | Ali | Brother of the predecessor |
966-968 | Kafur | |
968-969 | Abu l-Fawaris | Son of Ali |
Fatimid Caliphate (969–1171)
As early as the beginning of the 10th century, the Fatimid dynasty founded a Shiite-Ismaili caliphate in North Africa (today's Algeria and Tunisia), which competed with the Sunni caliphate already established in Baghdad . The Fatimid caliph al-Muizz succeeded in conquering Egypt in 969, he also made Cairo the residence of his empire, which has been the capital of Egypt ever since.
Reign | Surname | relationship |
---|---|---|
969-975 | al-Muizz | Son of Ismail al-Mansur |
975-996 | al-ʿAzīz | Son of the predecessor |
996-1021 | al-Hakim | Son of the predecessor |
1021-1036 | az-Zahir | Son of the predecessor |
1036-1094 | al-Mustansir | Son of the predecessor |
1094-1101 | al-Mustali | Son of the predecessor |
1101-1130 | al-Amir | Son of the predecessor |
1130-1131 | Interregnum: reign of Kutafat | |
1132-1149 | al-Hafiz | Grandson of al-Mustansir |
1149-1154 | az-Zafir | Son of the predecessor |
1154-1160 | al-Fa'iz | Son of the predecessor |
1160-1171 | al-ʿĀdid | Grandson of al-Hafiz |
Sultanate of the Ayyubids (1171-1250)
The Kurdish Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, known by the Christians as "Saladin", ended the Fatimid caliphate in Cairo in 1171 and took over the rule of Egypt as sultan with the recognition of the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad. He founded the Ayyubid dynasty.
Reign | Ruler and birth name | relationship |
---|---|---|
1171-1193 | an-Nasir Yusuf (Saladin) | |
1193-1198 | al-Aziz Uthman | Son of the predecessor |
1198-1200 | al-Mansur Muhammad I. | Son of the predecessor |
1200-1218 | al-Adil Abu Bakr I (Saphadin) | Brother of Saladin |
1218-1238 | al-Kamil Muhammad I. | Son of the predecessor |
1238-1240 | al-Adil Abu Bakr II | Son of the predecessor |
1240-1249 | as-Salih Ayyub | Half brother of the predecessor |
1250 | al-Mu'azzam Turan Shah | Son of the predecessor |
1250 | Shadjar ad-Durr | Favorite wife of as-Salih Ayyub |
1250-1254 | al-Ashraf Musa | Great-grandson of al-Kamil Muhammad I. |
Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517)
Bahri dynasty (1250-1382 and 1389-1390)
The Mamluks from the influential Bahriyya Guard ended the Ayyubid dynasty in 1250/1254 and took over the sultan's throne.
Reign | Ruler and birth name | relationship |
---|---|---|
1250-1257 | al-Muizz Aybak | |
1257-1259 | al-Mansur Ali I. | Son of the predecessor |
1259-1260 | al-Muzaffar Qutuz | |
1260-1277 | az-Zahir Baibars I. | |
1277-1279 | as-Said Berke Chan | Son of the predecessor |
1279 | al-Adil Suleyman | Brother of the predecessor |
1279-1290 | al-Mansur Qalawun | |
1290-1293 | al-Ashraf Chalil | Son of the predecessor |
1293-1294 | an-Nasir Muhammad I. | Brother of the predecessor, first reign |
1294-1296 | al-Adil Kitbugha | |
1296-1299 | al-Mansur Ladschin | |
1299-1309 | an-Nasir Muhammad I. | second reign |
1309-1310 | al-Muzaffar Baibars II. | |
1310-1341 | an-Nasir Muhammad I. | third reign |
1341 | al-Mansur Abu Bakr | Son of the predecessor |
1341-1342 | al-Ashraf Kütschük | Brother of the predecessor |
1342 | an-Nasir Ahmad I. | Brother of the predecessor |
1342-1345 | as-Salih Ismail | Brother of the predecessor |
1345-1346 | al-Kamil Shaban I. | Brother of the predecessor |
1346-1347 | al-Muzaffar Hajji I. | Brother of the predecessor |
1347-1351 | an-Nasir al-Hasan | Brother of the predecessor, first reign |
1351-1354 | as-Salih Salih | Brother of the predecessor |
1354-1361 | an-Nasir al-Hasan | second reign |
1361-1363 | al-Mansur Muhammad II | |
1363-1377 | al-Ashraf Shaban II. | |
1377-1382 | al-Mansur Ali II. | Son of the predecessor |
1381-1382 | al-Salih / al-Mansur Hajji II. | Brother of the predecessor, first reign |
1382-1389 | az-Zahir Barquq | first rule, Burji-Mamluk |
1389-1390 | al-Muzaffar Hajji II | second reign |
Burji dynasty (1382-1389 and 1390-1517)
The Burjiyya Mamluks were finally able to replace the Bahri dynasty in 1390.
Reign | Ruler and birth name | relationship |
---|---|---|
1390-1399 | az-Zahir Barquq | second reign |
1399-1405 | an-Nasir Faraj | Son of the predecessor's first reign |
1405 | al-Mansur Abd al-Aziz | Brother of the predecessor |
1405-1412 | an-Nasir Faraj | second reign |
1412 | al-Adil al-Mustain | Abbasid Caliph |
1412-1421 | al-Mu'aiyad Sheikh | |
1421 | al-Muzaffar Ahmad II | Son of the predecessor |
1421 | az-Zahir Tatar | |
1421-1422 | as-Salih Muhammad III. | |
1422-1438 | al-Ashraf Barsbay | |
1438 | al-Aziz Yusuf | Son of the predecessor |
1438-1453 | al-Zahir Jaqmaq | |
1453 | al-Mansur Uthman | Son of the predecessor |
1453-1461 | al-Ashraf Inal | |
1461 | al-Mu'aiyad Ahmad III. | |
1461-1467 | az-Zahir Chushqadam | |
1467 | az-Zahir Yilbay | |
1467-1468 | az-Zahir Timurbugha | |
1468-1496 | al-Ashraf Qayitbay | |
1496-1498 | an-Nasir Muhammad IV. | Son of the predecessor |
1498-1500 | az-Zahir Qansuh I. | |
1500-1501 | al-Ashraf Istanbulat | |
1501 | al-Adil Tumanbay I. | |
1501-1516 | al-Ashraf Qansuh II. al-Ghuri | |
1516-1517 | al-Ashraf Tumanbay II. |
Ottoman rule in Egypt (1517-1914)
In 1517 the Ottomans conquered Egypt from the Mamluks and incorporated it into the empire as a province. A governor ( pasha ) was appointed to exercise civil and military administration . The Mamluks were integrated into the Ottoman military-administrative elite. In the second half of the 16th century, the Egyptian military elite created local centers of power in the form of households. These formed a competition to the representative of the Ottoman central government, the Ottoman governor of Egypt. The households fought among themselves for positions in the local regiments and in the Beylikat, as these brought political and economic influence with them. The posts were of different importance. The holders of the most important positions formed the top management ( riyasa ). Which posts involved participation in top management, as well as their number, changed over time. Until the beginning of the 18th century, top management was divided equally between several posts and members of various Allied households. From the middle of the 18th century, the number of top management was limited to one or two people ( Duumvirat ) and was taken over by members of the Kazdughliyya household. In addition, the Sheikh al-Balad of Cairo formed the highest position in the top management during this time . If the Defterdar or the Amir al-Hajj had a share in the top management, they were subordinate to the Sheikh al-Balad. During the first half of the 18th century, these households, including the Kazdughliyya, developed into pure Mamluk households. The top management, occupied by the Kazdughliyya and its offshoots, actually controlled Egypt until the French occupation in 1798. After the French had withdrawn, a power struggle broke out, which Muhammad Ali Pasha won against the Mameluks and the Ottoman central government.
Ottoman governors
Surname | Reign | annotation |
---|---|---|
Mehmed Pasha Abu Maraq | 1801 | |
Koca Mehmed Hüsrev Pascha | 1801-1803 | |
Jazairli Ali Pasha | 1803-1804 | |
Ahmad Hursid Pasha | 1804-1805 |
Owner of riyasa
Surname | Reign | annotation |
---|---|---|
Muhammad Bey Cerkis | 1720-1726 | |
Ibrahim Kahya | 1744-1754 | |
Ridwan Bey al-Julfi | 1754-1755 | |
Uthman Bey al-Jirjawi | 1755-1757 | |
Husayn Bey al-Sabunji | 1757 | |
Ali Bey al-Ghazzawi | 1757-1760 | |
Ali Bey al-Kabir | 1760-1766 | |
Khalil Bey | 1766-1767 | |
Ali Bey al-Kabir | 1767-1773 | |
Muhammad Bey Abu Dahab | 1772-1775 | Ali Bey's client ( tabi ) |
Ibrahim Bey (Sheikh al-Balad) and Murad Bey (Amir al-Hajj) | June 1775 - July 1777 | Abu Dahab clients |
Ismail Bey | July 1777 - February 1778 | Client of Ibrahim Kahya and Ali Bey |
Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey | February 1778--1783 | |
War between Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey | ||
Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey | February 1785 - August 1786 | |
Ismail Bey | August 1786 - March 1791 | |
Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey | July 1791 - July 1798 |
Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty (1805–1922)
In 1805, Muhammad Ali Pasha was appointed Wālī of Egypt by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire . From then on, Muhammad Ali and his descendants strove to break away from the rule of the Sultan. The bestowal of the hereditary title of Khedive to Ismail Pasha in 1867 bestowed the expression. In 1882 the rule of Great Britain began in Egypt, which now only formally belonged to the Ottoman Empire. With the beginning of World War I , Great Britain ended nominal Ottoman rule and declared Egypt a sultanate under the British protectorate.
Surname | Reign | relationship |
---|---|---|
Muhammad Ali Pasha | June 18, 1805 - July 20, 1848 | |
Ibrahim Pasha | July 20, 1848 - November 10, 1848 | Son of the predecessor |
Abbas Hilmi I. | November 10, 1848 - July 13, 1854 | Nephew of the predecessor |
Muhammad Said | July 13, 1854 - January 18, 1863 | Uncle of the predecessor |
Ismail Pasha | January 18, 1863 - June 26, 1879 | Son of Ibrahim Pasha |
Tawfiq | June 26, 1879 - January 7, 1892 | Son of the predecessor |
Abbas Hilmi II. | January 7, 1892 - December 19, 1914 | Son of the predecessor |
Hussein Kamil | December 19, 1914 - October 9, 1917 | Son of Ismail Pasha |
Ahmad Fuad | October 9, 1917 - March 15, 1922 | Brother of the predecessor |
Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)
In 1922 the British protectorate ended and Egypt became formally independent, although Great Britain continued to be a major power factor. Sultan Ahmad Fuad assumed the title of Malik ( King ) as Fu'ad I , thereby establishing the Kingdom of Egypt.
Surname | Reign | relationship |
---|---|---|
Fuad I. (Ahmad Fuad) | March 15, 1922 - April 28, 1936 | |
Faruq I. | April 28, 1936 - July 26, 1952 | Son of the predecessor |
Fu'ad II. | July 26, 1952 - June 18, 1953 | Son of the predecessor |
Republic of Egypt (since 1953)
As early as 1952, the "free officers" movement took power in Egypt after a coup. On June 18, 1953, today's national holiday of the country, they finally ended the kingdom and proclaimed the "Republic of Egypt". In 1958, after almost 450 years, Egypt reunited with Syria to form one state, the "United Arab Republic" . The only two heads of state in this short-lived state, however, came from Egypt. As early as 1961, the two countries separated again into two sovereign states. However, Egypt did not take on its official name "Arab Republic of Egypt" until 1972.
Reign | Heads of state |
---|---|
1953-1954 | Muhammad Nagib |
1954-1970 | Gamal Abdel Nasser |
1970-1981 | Muhammad Anwar as-Sadat |
1981 | Sufi Abu Taleb (Interim) |
1981-2011 | Muhammad Husni Mubarak |
2011–2012 | Military Council (Interim) |
2012-2013 | Muhammed Muhammed Mursi Isa Ayyat |
2013-2014 | Adli Mansur (Interim) |
since 2014 | Abd al-Fattah Said Hussain Chalil al-Sisi |
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Peter M. Holt: The last Phase of the neo-Mamluk Regime in Egypt . P. 145. In: L'Egypte au XIXe siècle. Paris, 1982, pp. 141-151.
- ↑ Jane Hathaway: Egypt in the seventeenth century . Pp. 39-40. In: The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century . Cambridge University Press, 1998. pp. 34-58.