al-Ghuri

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Al-Ashraf Qansuh (II.) Al-Ghuri ( Arabic الأشرف قانصوه الغوري, DMG al-Asraf Qānṣūh al-Ġūrī , also al-Ghauri ; * 1441 ; † 1516 near Marj Dabiq north of Aleppo ) from the Burji dynasty was sultan of the Egyptian Mamluk Empire from 1501 to 1516 .

Portrait al-Ghuri by Paolo Giovio

Life

After several changes of power since the death of Sultan Qait-Bay (1468–1496), al-Ashraf Qansuh (II.) Al-Ghuri took over the government in 1501. He succeeded first in pacifying the country and reasserting state authority. He also expanded the Mamluks army and employed more mercenaries in his service.

The resulting rise in military costs was financed through increased taxes, including on inheritance and religious foundations, through the drastic increase in customs duties and through currency devaluations. However, this led to further impoverishment of the population. However, the financial income made extensive construction work possible. So dykes and canals on the Nile , mosques and madrasas were built. In addition, the Citadel of Cairo was expanded and Alexandria and Rosette were strongly fortified. Al-Ghuri's rule was also characterized by a very splendid court holding and the promotion of poets.

However, the decline of the empire made itself more noticeable. After the discovery of the sea route from Europe to India by the Portuguese , customs revenues decreased noticeably. In order to eliminate the Portuguese competition, al-Ghuri concluded an alliance with the rulers of southern Arabia and Gujarats and had a fleet built in the Red Sea. This achieved some successes against the Portuguese fleet, but it was defeated in 1509 by the Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida in the naval battle of Diu with the help of their artillery . The Mediterranean fleet of the Mamluks also suffered a defeat against the Portuguese and Johanniter in 1507 . With these defeats the Mamluks' monopoly on trade in India was broken, even if the trade through Egypt was still large.

When al-Ghuri allied himself with Shah Ismail I of Persia against the Ottomans , war broke out with the northern neighbor in 1516. The Mamluks were clearly inferior to the Ottomans, as only part of the emirs supported al-Ghuri with troops for the campaign in Syria . In addition, the predecessor al-Ghuris had neglected to equip the troops with firearms .

The Mamluks under al-Ghuri were defeated by the Ottomans using their artillery on August 24, 1516 in the battle of Marj Dabiq (north of Aleppo ). The betrayal of the Syrian Mamluks also led to defeat. Al-Ghuri died of a stroke during the battle. The last sultan of the Mamluks was Tuman Bay II (1516–1517).

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Commons : Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
predecessor Office successor
al-Adil Tuman Bay I. Sultan of Egypt ( Burji-Mamluken )
1501–1516 		al-Ashraf Tuman Bay II.
personal data
SURNAME Al-Ghuri
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghori; Al-Ghori; الأشرف قانصوه الغوري (Arabic)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Sultan of the Mamluks in Egypt (1501–1516)
DATE OF BIRTH 1441
DATE OF DEATH 1516
Place of death near Marj Dabiq north of Aleppo