Abbas II (Egypt)

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Abbas II.

Abbas II ( Arabic عباس حلمي الثاني), with full name Abbas Hilmi Pascha (* July 14, 1874 in Alexandria ; † December 20, 1944 in Geneva ) was the last khedive (viceroy) of the khedivat Egypt from 1892 to 1914 .

Life

Abbas Hilmi II was the son of the Khedive Tawfiq of Egypt. Both came from the dynasty of Muhammad Ali , which in Egypt led the title of a khedive instead of a wali (governor) to express the nominal sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire over the de facto independent Egypt. In the Anglo-Egyptian War , Great Britain occupied Egypt in 1882 without ending the country's official assignment to the Ottoman Empire. The country's politics were now largely determined by the British Consul General Evelyn Baring .

Abbas was sent to Switzerland at the age of ten to prepare him for his training at the Theresianum in Vienna . He had to break off his training in Vienna in 1892 when he succeeded his father, who had suddenly died. At the beginning of his reign, Abbas II surrounded himself with a group of European advisors who opposed the British occupation of Egypt. These encouraged him to challenge Evelyn Baring by replacing his sick prime minister with an Egyptian nationalist. During this time, the British sirdar (commander in chief) of the Egyptian army Francis Grenfell was recalled to whom Abbas was hostile. In January 1894 Abbas undertook an inspection tour to the border of the Egyptian province of Sudan , in which the Mahdi uprising was taking place at this time . In Wadi Halfa , Abbas II made public statements in which he disparaged the units of the Egyptian army commanded by British officers. The new British commander of the Egyptian army, Herbert Kitchener , immediately threatened to resign. Kitchener also insisted on dismissing a nationalist war minister appointed by Abbas II and apologizing for the Khedive's criticism of the army and its officers.

Under Kitchener, an Anglo-Egyptian force was able to recapture the lost province of Sudan in 1898. This became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium in 1899 .

Abbas II saw the connection to the Ottoman Empire as an opportunity to undermine the British protectorate. Part of his efforts to improve relations with the Sublime Porte were several visits to Constantinople . He also commissioned the Italian architect Delfo Seminati in 1907 to build the Khedive Palace in Beykoz / Istanbul .

Because of the support of the nationalist movement against the British occupation Abbas II was. In the First World War deposed by the British on 18 December 1914 and went into exile. Abbas' successor was his uncle Hussein Kamil , as Sultan of Egypt. Abbas died in Geneva on December 20, 1944 .

Abbas Hilmi was married to Djavidan Hanum .

progeny

  • Amina (February 12, 1895-1954)
  • Atiyatullah (June 9, 1896 - 1971)
  • Fathiya (November 27, 1897 - November 30, 1923)
  • Muhammad Abd al-Munim (February 20, 1899 - December 1, 1979)
  • Lutfiya Shavkat (September 20, 1900 - around 1975)
  • Muhammad Abd al-Kadir (February 4, 1902 - April 21, 1919)

literature

Web links

Commons : Abbas II.  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Martin W. Daly: Empire on the Nile. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1934. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1986, ISBN 0-521-30878-X .
  2. ↑ RJM Pugh: Wingate Pasha: The Life of General Sir Francis Reginald Wingate 1861 - 1953 PEN & SWORD MILITARY, 2011 p. 36
  3. ^ Martin W. Daly: Empire on the Nile. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1934. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1986, ISBN 0-521-30878-X .
  4. ↑ Samir Raafat: Queen For A Day. ( Memento of February 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Feature Article Historica
  5. ^ A i, ( Official text. ) In: The London Gazette , December 18, 1914
predecessor Office successor
Tawfiq Khedive of Egypt
1892–1914 		Hussein Kamil
personal data
SURNAME Abbas II.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Abbas Hilmi Pasha
BRIEF DESCRIPTION last khedive of Egypt
DATE OF BIRTH July 14, 1874
PLACE OF BIRTH Alexandria
DATE OF DEATH December 20, 1944
Place of death Geneva