Fatimids

The Fatimid Empire in the different phases of its history

The Fatimids ( Arabic الفاطميون, DMG al-Fāṭimiyūn ) were an Ismaili dynasty who established a counter-caliphate (to the Abbasid Caliphate ) in 907 and ruled North Africa from 909 to 1171, that is, in the Maghreb and Egypt as well as in Syria .

origin

After the death of the founder of the religion, Mohammed, in 632, the Muslims were split into Sunnis and Shiites . The latter were led by imams who were descendants of ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib and Muhammad's daughter Fatima . However, Shi'aism continued to split as the transition of leadership role was controversial. This is how the movements of the Imamites , Ismailis and Zaidites emerged until the 9th century . The Ismailis recognized as the rightful successor of Jafar as-Sādiq (Jafar as-Sadiq) not Mūsā ibn Jaʿfar al-Kāzim , but Ismail - hence their name. Ismail's son Muhammad plays the central role in the Ismaili teaching system: He was regarded by his followers as the seventh imam and is said not to have died, but to have gone into secrecy , from which he would soon return as Qaim and Mahdi (i.e. as Messiah ).

In the middle of the 9th century, Abdallah al-Akbar began to appear as a deputy for the Mahdi Muhammad ibn Ismail. He announced the imminent appearance of the hidden seventh imam, through whom the Abbasids would be overthrown, all religions of the law (besides Christianity and Judaism also Islam ) would be abolished and the cultless original religion would be established. The sect's founder first appeared in Askar Mukram with his proclamation , but then fled via Basra to Salamya in Syria. He gathered a growing community around him and sent missionaries ( Dais ) to all parts of the Islamic world , who spread the teachings of their Grand Master and built up a network of secret Ismailite cells.

After Abdallah's death, first his son Ahmad and then his grandson Abu sh-Schalaghlagh Muhammad took over the leadership of the sect. Under the latter, the mission achieved great success, including in the Maghreb , where Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Shīʿī worked. Since Abu sch-Schalaghlagh had no son, he designated his nephew Said ibn al-Husain as his successor, who finally revealed himself to be the real Mahdi and thus sparked a split in the Ismailis, since the Qarmatians and other groups were unwavering in the expectation of the the hidden Mahdis Muhammad ibn Ismail.

Rule in North Africa

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After the missionary Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Shīʿī had spread the teachings of the Ismailis among the Berbers of the Maghreb , he overthrew the Aghlabid dynasty in Ifrīqiya (eastern Algeria, Tunisia, Libya). In doing so he paved the way for his lord Abdallah al-Mahdi, who fled Salamya, ie Said ibn al-Husain, who founded the Fatimid Empire in Ifriqiya. As the alleged descendant of Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, he traced his descent to the daughter of the prophet Fatima, which is why his dynasty is known as the Fatimids.

Abdallah al-Mahdi (910-934) assumed the title of caliph and founded the capital al-Mahdiya south of Sousse . From the beginning, the aim was to overthrow the Abbasids , who from the perspective of the Fatimids were usurpers . Although Algeria and Sicily were subjugated , campaigns to Egypt were unsuccessful.

Under Abu l-Qasim al-Qaim (934-946) Sicily was again subjugated and the coasts of Italy and France plundered by naval expeditions. In order to pacify Sicily, the calbites were appointed as emirs (see also Islam in Italy ). However, the uprising of the Kharijite Berbers under Abu Yazid (944-947) caused a serious crisis when the rebels temporarily besieged the capital al-Mahdiya.

After the reorganization of the empire by Ismail al-Mansur (946-953) and Abu Tamin al-Muizz (953-975), the Fatimids under the general Jawar al-Siqilli succeeded in advancing to the Atlantic , but could not rule over Morocco asserted that the focus of Fatimid politics was on the conquest of Egypt.

The dynastic color of the Fatimids was white, as opposed to the black of the Abbasids . Red and yellow banners were also associated with the person of the caliph.

After the conquest of Egypt

→ Main article : History of Egypt

In 969 Egypt was conquered and the Ichschididen fell . Caliph al-Muizz moved the capital of the empire to Cairo in 972 and installed the Zirids as viceroys in the Maghreb. This was only a marginal area of ​​the Fatimid empire.

After Abu Tamin al-Muizz had founded the new imperial capital Cairo , Fatimid rule in Egypt was consolidated under al-ʿAzīz . Despite the Shiite-Ismaili creed of the Fatimids, the Sunni Muslims were tolerated. At the same time, Palestine and Syria were conquered by 978 and control of Mecca and Medina were gained. The most important shrines of Islam were thus subordinate to the Fatimids.

Under the Fatimid rule, Egypt's economy flourished by building roads and canals and promoting trade between India and the Mediterranean . In the 11th century, the Fatimid Empire had the greatest economic strength of the Islamic empires. Culture and science were also supported by the Fatimids, with the establishment of al-Azhar University , now a Sunni center, of importance.

The Fatimid al-Hakim mosque in Cairo

Under al-Hakim (995-1021), the tolerant religious policy towards non-Muslims was increasingly abandoned. Public processions and ritual acts by Christians and Jews were forbidden, as was the consumption of wine and beer . At times, Christian churches and monasteries were also looted to raise funds for the army and the construction of mosques. In 1009 the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem was destroyed . Around 1017, a sect emerged in Egypt that regarded al-Hakim as the incarnation of God. The Druze religious community later developed from this . During the time of the Tulunids and Fatimids, the Christian population of Egypt was tolerated. Under the Mamluks this changed to the disadvantage of the Copts .

Az-Zahir (1021-1036) pacified the empire and put down some Bedouin uprisings in Syria. The height of power was reached by the Fatimids under al-Mustansir (1036-1094), when Ismaili missionaries seized power in Yemen and the Abbassids in Baghdad were briefly overthrown in 1059.

However, this extensive power politics led to national bankruptcy and the decline of the dynasty. Although the Zirids in Ifrīqiya could be forced back under the domination of the Fatimids by the deportation of the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym , Syria and Palestine were lost to the Seljuks in 1076 . Internally, too, the government increasingly had to be left to the commanders of the troops and the viziers .

The Fatimids could not prevent the conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders during the First Crusade in 1099 and the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , and after unsuccessful attempts at recapture ( Battle of Ramla ) they came increasingly under the influence of the Crusaders in 1130. With the successful conclusion of the siege of Askalon (1153) by King Baldwin III. of Jerusalem , the Fatimids lost their last base in Palestine. To forestall a conquest of Egypt by the Crusaders, Nur ad-Din , the ruler of Damascus, led a campaign to Egypt as early as 1163 until his officer Saladin overthrew the Fatimids in 1171 and founded the Ayyubid dynasty.

Important Arabic sources on the history of the Fatimids in Egypt are the two works “A walk of the two eyeballs to the news of the two states” ( Nuzhat al-muqlatain fī aḫbār ad-daulatain ) by Ibn at-Tuwair (d. 1220) and “Exhortation of the Muslims with the News of the Fatimid Imam Caliphs ”( Ittiʿāẓ al-ḥunafāʾ bi-aḫbār al-aʾimma al-Fāṭimīyīn al-ḫūlafāʾ ) by al-Maqrīzī (d. 1442).

Religious politics

The Fatimid Empire was a clearly Ismaili-oriented state. At the top of the religious hierarchy was an upper Dāʿī , who often also served as an upper kadi . He held public teaching sessions every Thursday in the palace of Cairo, the so-called madschālis al-ḥikma ("sessions of wisdom"), in which the adepts were instructed in the Ismaili secret doctrine after taking a vow. Al-Qāḍī an-Nuʿmān , who served the Fatimids in both offices until 974, developed his own Ismaili school of norms.

Outwardly, the Fatimids continued to work towards the overthrow of the Abbasid caliphs. To this end, they sent numerous missionaries out. The Fatimid mission achieved its greatest success in Yemen, where in 1047 the missionary ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad founded with the Sulaihids a new Ismaili dynasty loyal to the Fatimids and brought Sanaa and Aden into his power.

In the country itself no opportunity was missed to emphasize the descent of the dynasty from the Prophet. For this purpose, a new festival was introduced at court in the 11th century, namely the birthday of the prophet . It was celebrated on the 12th Rabīʿ al-awwal , the actual day of the Prophet's death. The caliph played a central role in the celebrations; public sermons and readings of the Koran took place.

The Fatimids did not impose the Ismaili creed on their own Muslim subjects, but the intensive advertising resulted in numerous conversions. In the early 12th century, more and more Sunnis rose to influential positions in the Fatimid Empire and founded their own madrasas . This led to a restoration of Sunni Islam in Egypt at that time .

Family tree of the Fatimid caliphs

→ Main article : List of Fatimid Caliphs

Persons officiating as caliphs or counter-caliphs are shown in bold and the period of reign is given in brackets.

Mohammed died 632

Fatima d. 632

Ali died 661

Hussein d. 680

Ali Zain al-Abidin died 713

Muhammad al-Baqir d. 732/36

Jafar as-Sadiq died 765

Ismail al-Mubarak died around 760

Muhammad al-Maktum died before 809

Abdallah al-Akbar hidden

Ahmad hidden

Hussein hidden

al-Mahdi (910-934)

al-Qaim (934-946)

al-Mansur (946-953)

al-Muizz (953-975)

al-Aziz (975-995)

al-Hakim (995-1021)

az-Zahir (1021-1036)

al-Mustansir (1036-1094)

Nizar d. 1095

al-Mustali (1094–1101)

Muhammad

al-Amir (1101-1130)

al-Hafiz (1130-1149)

Yusuf d. 1154

az-Zafir (1149-1154)

al-Adid (1160-1171)

al-Faiz (1154-1160)

Vizier

→ Main article : Vizier

After his proclamation in 910, the first Fatimid caliph al-Mahdi had already delegated the handling of day-to-day state affairs to someone he considered trustworthy, establishing the institution of the leading chief minister as the highest in the Fatimid state hierarchy. Although the first holder of this post, al-Baghdadi, had been given the supervision of the ministries (dīwān) and his office thus corresponded to the usual definition of a vizier, he was simply referred to as a “secretary” (kātib) , which was also true for his own immediate successor in office. The introduction of the title of "helper" (Arabic: wazīr ), originally derived from the Persian nomenclature, was apparently deliberately omitted, as this was already given to their chief minister by the warring Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad. The Fatimids, on the other hand, continued the practice already practiced by the Prophet, who only had his affairs dealt with by secretaries.

The first Fatimid chief minister to hold the vizier title was Yaqub ibn Killis (d. 991), who received it on April 18, 979 from Caliph al-Aziz as an expression of a special honor. His successors in office, however, were not allowed to use this title, instead they mostly used that of “mediator” (wāsiṭa) . It was not until al-Jardjarai (died 1045) that the title of vizier became mandatory for all other incumbents until the end of the caliphate.

At the end of the 11th century, the character of the Fatimid vizier had undergone a fundamental change from a purely civil-administrative authority to a sovereign power endowed with unrestricted powers. Contemporary authors knew how to differentiate the viziers into “those with the pen” (arbāb al-qalam) and “those with the sword” (arbāb al-saif) , whereby in the Muslim theory of the state the first group is a “vizier of execution” ( wizārat at-tanfīḏ) , in which the incumbent was merely an executive organ for the actually ruling caliph. However , this relationship began to change during the reign of the caliphs al -Zahir and al-Mustansir from 1021, when the viziers themselves took over the rule due to the caliphs' inability or unwillingness to rule. The functionality of the state became dependent on the personal authority of the respective incumbent, and when this ceased to exist with the overthrow of al-Yazuri in 1058, the state steered first into crisis and then into rapid collapse. The anarchy in the second half of the 11th century, in which the vizier was the prey of various incompetent factions in quick succession, could only be ended by the takeover of power by the military in the form of General Badr al-Jamali in 1074. The redefinition of the official character was completed by the unification of the most important civil competences, which was completed by 1078 at the latest, including the vizier, the supreme jurisdiction and the management of the Ismaili mission, in combination with the military supreme command. The newly created “ vizārat at-tafwiḍ) corresponded to a“ rule ” ( sulṭān ) in which the viziers“ with the sword ”could rule in unrestricted power like secular princes. In fact, some of the viziers who were still in office until 1171 appropriated the Arab prince or king title (malik) , even if at first it was only understood as an honorary title.

The caliphate itself, in whose name the viziers still ruled, was actually degraded to a puppet that the viziers only used to superficially legitimize the power they claimed. The caliphs al-Amir and al-Hafiz made attempts to reverse the existing situation and restore the caliphate to its old perfect power by not appointing viziers during the brief phases of their personal authority, but these attempts each ended with their death. In 1169 Egypt was conquered by the troops of the Sunni ruler of Syria, and the last Fatimid caliph al-Adid was forced to appoint his commander Shirkuh and, after his early death, his nephew Saladin as the new vizier. The latter removed the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt while al-Adid was still alive in favor of a commitment to the formal suzerainty of the Abbasid caliph. In fact, however, he founded the sultanate of his own family, the Ayyubids , into which the Fatimid viziero seamlessly merged.

List of viziers of the Fatimid caliphs:

Short name	full name in DMG	Time	Remarks
	Abū l-Yusr al-Baġdādī	910–?	last secretary of the Aghlabids in Africa, taken over by al-Mahdi
Jahar al-Saqilli	Ǧauhar aṣ-Ṣiqillī		1st time, 969 conquered Egypt
	Abū l-Faḍl Ǧaʿfar ibn al-Faḍl ibn Ǧaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Furāt	969-973	1st time, Sunni, last chief minister of the Ichschidids in Egypt
Jahar al-Saqilli	Ǧauhar aṣ-Ṣiqillī	973-978	2nd time, al-Aziz enthroned
Yaqub ibn Killis	al-Wazīr al-Aǧall Abū l-Faraǧ Yaʿqūb ibn Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Hārūn ibn Dāwūd ibn Killis	978-984	Jew converted to Ismaili Islam
	Ǧabr ibn al-Qāsim	984	two months
Yaqub ibn Killis	al-Wazīr al-Aǧall Abū l-Faraǧ Yaʿqūb ibn Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Hārūn ibn Dāwūd ibn Killis	984-991	2nd time, died in office
	Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn ʿUmar al-ʿAddās	991	Acting for 7 days
	Abū l-Faḍl Ǧaʿfar ibn al-Faḍl ibn Ǧaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Furāt	992	2nd time, Sunni
Isa ibn Nasturus	ʿĪsā ibn Nasṭūrus ibn Sūrus	994-996	Coptic Christian
Ibn Ammar	Amīn ad-Daula Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAmmār ibn Abī l-Ḥusain al-Kutāmī	996-997	Kutama Berbers , enthroned al-Hakim
Bardjawan	Barǧawān al-Ustāḏ	997-1000	killed by al-Hakim
	al-Ḥusain ibn Ǧauhar	1000-1008	Son of Jawhar as-Saqilli , deposed and later executed
	Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAlī ar-Rūḏbārī	1008-1009	deposed and later executed
	Abū Naṣr al-Manṣūr ibn ʿAbdūn al-Kāfī	1009-1010	Christian, deposed and later executed
	Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Quṣūrī	1010	Deposed after 10 days and later executed
	Zurʿa ibn ʿĪsā ibn Nasṭūrus ibn Sūrus aš-Šafī	1010-1012	Coptic Christian
	al-Ḥusain ibn Ṭāhir al-Wazzān	1012-1014	executed
	al-Ḥasan ibn Abī al-Sayyid	1014	Brothers, executed after 62 days
	ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān ibn Abī al-Sayyid
	Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Faḍl ibn l-Wazīr Abī l-Faḍl Ǧaʿfar ibn l-Faḍl al-Furāt	1014	Sunni, executed after 5 days
	Quṭb ad-Daula Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Ǧaʿfar ibn Falāḥ	1015-1019	Kutama Berbers , murdered in office
	Sharaf al-Mulk Ṣāʿid ibn ʿĪsā ibn Nasṭūrus ibn Sūrus	1019	Christian forcibly converted to Islam, son of Isa ibn Nasturus , executed after 6 months
	Shams al-Mulk Abū l-Fatḥ al-Masʿūd ibn Ṭāhir al-Wazzān	1019-1020	1 time
	Ḫaṭīr al-Mulk Abū l-Ḥusain ʿAmmār ibn Muḥammad	1020-1021	1st time, az-Zahir enthroned
	al-Ḥusain ibn Dawwās	1021	Kutama Berbers , executed a few days later, alleged murderer of al-Hakim
	Ḫaṭīr al-Mulk Abū l-Ḥusain ʿAmmār ibn Muḥammad	1021-1022	Executed 2nd time after 7 months
	Badr ad-Daula Abū l-Futūḥ Mūsā ibn al-Ḥasan	1022-1023	Executed after 9 months
	David ben Jitzchak	1023	Jew, only 2 months until March / April
	Shams al-Mulk Abū l-Fatḥ al-Masʿūd ibn Ṭāhir al-Wazzān	1023-1025	2 times
	ʿAmīd ad-Daula Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Ṣāliḥ ar-Rūḏbārī	1025-1027
al-Jardjarai	Naǧīb ad-Daula Abū l-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad al-Ǧarǧarāʾī	1028-1045	died in office, enthroned al-Mustansir
	Abū l-Manṣūr Ṣaḍaqa ibn Yūsuf al-Falāḥī	1045-1048	Jew converted to Islam, murdered
	Abū l-Barakāt al-Ḥusain ibn ʿImād ad-Daula Muḥammad al-Ǧarǧarāʾī	1048-1050	1 time; Nephew of al-Jardjarai
	Abū l-Faḍl Ṣāʿid ibn Masʿūd	1050
al-Yazuri	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān al-Yāzūrī	1050-1058	Sunni, deposed and later executed
	Abū l-Faraǧ ʿAbd Alāh ibn Muḥammad al-Bābilī	1058	in April / May
	Abū l-Faraǧ Muḥammad ibn Ǧaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusain al-Maġribī	1058-1060	1 time
	Abū l-Faraǧ ʿAbd Alāh ibn Muḥammad al-Bābilī	1060-1061	2 times
	Abū l-Mufaḍḍal ʿAbd Alāh ibn Yaḥyā ibn al-Mudabbir	1061	1st time, from February / March to September / October, Sunni
	Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Sāʿid ibn Mālik ibn Sāʿid al-Fāriqī	1061-1062	from September / October over the turn of the year to January 17th, died in office
	Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Sāʿid ibn Mālik ibn Sāʿid al-Fāriqī	1062	1st time, serving for 17 days; Brother of the previous one
	Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusain ibn Sadīd ad-Daula Ḏī l-Kifāyatain ibn Abī l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿĪsā al-ʿUqailī al-Māsakī	1062	from March to August 11th
	Abū l-Faraǧ ʿAbd Alāh ibn Muḥammad al-Bābilī	1062-1063	3rd time, over the turn of the year until January
	Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Sāʿid ibn Mālik ibn Sāʿid al-Fāriqī	1063	2nd time, a few days in January
	Ǧalāl al-Mulk Abū Aḥmad Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Sāʿid al-Fāriqī	1063	1st time, from January 16 to February 9, nephew of the previous one
	Abū l-Mufaḍḍal ʿAbd Alāh ibn Yaḥyā ibn al-Mudabbir	1063	2nd time, a few weeks until May 20th, died in office
	Abū Ǧālib ʿAbd aẓ-ẓāhir ibn al-Faḍl ibn al-Muwaffaq fī l-Dīn ibn al-ʿAǧamī	1063	1st time, a few weeks until August 25th
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1063	1st time, a few weeks until November 29th
	Ǧalāl al-Mulk Abū Aḥmad Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Sāʿid al-Fāriqī	1063-1064	2nd time, over the turn of the year until January 6th
	Abū l-Makārim al-Mušarraf ibn Asʿad ibn ʿUqail	1064	1st time, from January / February to March / April, Sunni
	Abū Ǧālib ʿAbd aẓ-ẓāhir ibn al-Faḍl ibn al-Muwaffaq fī l-Dīn ibn al-ʿAǧamī	1064	2nd time, a few weeks from April 8th to May
	Abū l-Barakāt al-Ḥusain ibn ʿImād ad-Daula Muḥammad al-Ǧarǧarāʾī	1064	2nd time, a few weeks from June 19th to August 28th
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1064	2nd time, a few weeks until November 17th
	Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn Abī Saʿd Ibrāhīm ibn Sahl al-Tustarī	1064	a few weeks in November / December, a Jew converted to Islam
	Abū Shuǧa Muḥammad ibn al-Asraf ibn Abī Ġālib Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḫalaf	1064-1065	1 time; a few days over the turn of the year
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1065	3rd time, a week in January
	Abū Shuǧa Muḥammad ibn al-Asraf ibn Abī Ġālib Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḫalaf	1065	2nd time, a few days in January
	Sadīd ad-Daula Abū l-Qāsim Hibatallāh ibn Muḥammad ar-Raʿbānī ar Raḥbī	1065	1st time, a few days until March
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1065	4th time, a few weeks in May / June
	Abū l-Makārim al-Mušarraf ibn Asʿad ibn ʿUqail	1065	2nd time, a few weeks until September 16, Sunni
	Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Anbārī	1065	a few days until November / December
	Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan Sadīd ad-Daula Ḏū l-Kifāyatain al-Māsakī	1065
	Abū Shuǧa Muḥammad ibn al-Asraf ibn Abī Ġālib Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḫalaf	1065-1066	3 times
	Sadīd ad-Daula Abū l-Qāsim Hibatallāh ibn Muḥammad ar-Raʿbānī ar Raḥbī	1066	2nd time, a few days in March
	Ǧalāl al-Mulk Abū Aḥmad Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Sāʿid al-Fāriqī	1066	3 times; a few days in May
	Abū l-Ḥasan Ṭāhir ibn Wazīr aṭ-Ṭarābulusī	1066
	Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abī Ḥāmid at-Tannīsī	1066	executed after a day
	Abū Saʿd Manṣūr ibn Abī l-Yumn Sawīris ibn Makrawāh ibn Zunbūr	1066	Christian converted to Islam as a vizier, fled after a few days
	Abū l-ʿAlāʾ ʿAbd al-Ġanī ibn Naṣr ibn Saʿīd aḍ-Ḍaif	1066	a few days
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1066	5th time until November 29th
	Abū l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Wahb ibn ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān al-Malīgī	1066-1067	1st time, until April 25th
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1067	6th time, a few days
	Abū l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Wahb ibn ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān al-Malīgī	1067	2nd time, a few days
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1067	7th time, a few days until September 30th
	Ǧalāl al-Mulk Abū Aḥmad Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Sāʿid al-Fāriqī	1067	4 times
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1067/68	8 times
	Abū l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Wahb ibn ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān al-Malīgī	1067/68	3rd time, acting for 5 days
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1067/68	9 times
	Abū l-Faraǧ Muḥammad ibn Ǧaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusain al-Maġribī	1069	2 times
	Ǧalāl al-Mulk Abū Aḥmad Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Sāʿid al-Fāriqī	1069	5th time, a few days
	Ḫaṭīr al-Mulk Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Yāzūrī	1069	a few days until he was murdered in July / August, son of al-Yazuri
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1069	10th time, a few days in August / September
	Abū l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Wahb ibn ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān al-Malīgī	1069	4 times
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1071/72	11th time
	Abū Ǧālib ʿAbd aẓ-ẓāhir ibn al-Faḍl ibn al-Muwaffaq fī l-Dīn ibn al-ʿAǧamī	1072/73	3 times
	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muǧallī ibn Asʿad ibn Abī Kudaina	1073/74	12th time, executed
Badr al-Jamali	Abū n-Naǧim Badr ibn ʿAbd Allāh (al-Ǧamālī) al-Mustanṣirī	1074-1094
al-Afdal Shahanshah	al-Afḍal Abū l-Qāsim Šāhānšāh ibn Badr al-Mustanṣirī	1094-1121	Son of the previous one, enthroned al-Mustali and al-Amir , murdered
	al-Maʾmūn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Fatāk al-Baṭāʾiḥī	1121-1125	executed
1125–1130 no vizier.
Kutaifat	Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Šāhānšāh	1129-1131	Son of al-Afdal Shahanshah, murdered
	Abū l-Fatḥ Yānis	1131-1132	Christ, enthroned al-Hafiz
1131–1135 no vizier.
	Tāǧ ad-Daula Saif al-Islām Abū l-Muẓaffar Bahrām al-Armanī	1135-1137	Christian
	al-Malik al-Afḍal Saif al-Islām Riḍwān ibn Walaḫši	1137-1139	Sunni
1139–1149 no vizier.
Ibn Masal	Naǧm ad-Dīn Abūʾl-Fatḥ Salīm ibn Muḥammad ibn Maṣāl	1149-1150	enthroned az-Zafir
Ibn as-Sallar	al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Saif ad-Dīn Abūʾl-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al -Sallār	1150-1153	Sunni
Abbas ibn Abi l-Futuh	Rukn ad-Dīn Abū l-Faḍl ʿAbbās ibn Abī l-Futūḥ	1153-1154	Stepson of the previous one, enthroned al-Faiz
Tala'i ibn Ruzzik	al-Malik aṣ-Ṣāliḥ Abū l-Ġārāt Ṭalāʾiʿ ibn Ruzzīq	1154-1161	Twelve Shiite, enthroned al-Adid
	al-Malik al-ʿĀdil an-Nāṣīr Abū Shuǧāʿ Ruzzīq ibn Ṭalāʾiʿ	1161-1162	Twelve Shiite, son of the previous one
Sharar	Abū Šuǧāʿ Šāwar ibn Muǧīr as-Saʿdī	1162-1163	1 time
	al-Malik al-Manṣur Abū l-Ašbāl Ḍirġām ibn ʿAmir ibn Suwār al-Lukhamī	1163-1164
Sharar	Abū Šuǧāʿ Šāwar ibn Muǧīr as-Saʿdī	1164-1169	2 times
Schirkuh	Asad ad-Dīn Šīrkūh ibn Šāḏī ad-Dawīnī	1169
Saladin	al-Malik an-Nāṣīr Ṣalaḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Aiyūb ibn Shāḏī ad-Dawīnī	1169-1171	Nephew of Schirkuh

literature

• Jonathan M. Bloom: The Origins of Fatimid Art. In: Oleg Grabar (Ed.): Muqarnas Volume III: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. EJ Brill, Leiden 1985, pp. 20-38 (online at ArchNet)
• Michael Brett: The rise of the Fatimids. The world of Mediterranean and the Middle East in the fourth century of the Hijra, tenth century CE . In: The medieval mediterranean . tape 30 . Brill, Leiden, Boston, Cologne 2001, ISBN 90-04-11741-5 .
• Herbert Eisenstein : The Wezire of Egypt under al-Mustanṣir AH 452-466. In: Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol. 77 (1987), pp. 37-50.
• Heinz Halm : The Empire of the Mahdi. The rise of the Fatimids (875–973). CH Beck, Munich, 1991. ISBN = 3-406-35497-1
• Heinz Halm: The Fatimids . In: Ulrich Haarmann, Heinz Halm (ed.): History of the Arab world . Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-47486-1 , III., Pp. 166-199 .
• Heinz Halm: The Caliphs of Cairo. The Fatimids in Egypt (973-1074) . Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-48654-1 .
• Yaacov Lev: The Fatimid vizier Yaʿqūb ibn Killis and the Beginning of the Fatimid Administration in Egypt. In: Der Islam, Vol. 58 (1981), pp. 287-249.
• Jenny Rahel Oesterle: Caliphate and royalty. Representation of power by the Fatimids, Ottonians and early Salians at religious festivals . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-534-21961-2 .

Web links

Commons : Fatimids  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Fatimide  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

supporting documents

1. ↑ Cf. Halm: Das Reich des Mahdi. 1991, pp. 180-194.
2. ↑ Jane Hathaway: A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen . SUNY Press, 2012, ISBN 9780791486108 , p. 97.
3. ^ Siegfried G. Richter : The Coptic Egypt. Treasures in the shadow of the pharaohs. With photos by Jo Bischof. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2019, ISBN 978-3-8053-5211-6 , pp. 120–121.
4. ↑ cf. also cf. NJG Kaptein: Muḥammad's Birthday Festival. Early History in the Central Muslim Lands and Development in the Muslim West until the 10th / 16th Century. Leiden et al .: Brill 1993. pp. 7-30.
5. ↑ See Jonathan Berkey: The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo. A Social History of Islamic Education. New Jersey 1989. p. 131.
6. ↑ See Halm (1991), p. 142.
7. ↑ See Halm (2003), p. 323 f.
8. ↑ See Halm (2014), p. 35 f.