Sultanate of Egypt
| السلطنة المصرية (Arabic) Mısır Sultanlığı (Turkish) |
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As-Saltana al-Misriyya (arab.) |
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| Sultanate of Egypt | |||||
| 1914-1922 | |||||
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| Official language | Ottoman and English | ||||
| Capital | Cairo | ||||
| Form of government | Sultanate under British protectorate | ||||
| Head of state |
Sultan Hussein Kamil (1914–1917) Fu'ad I (1917–1922) |
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| Head of government | Prime Minister List of Prime Ministers |
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| currency | Egyptian pound | ||||
| founding | 1914 | ||||
| resolution | 1922 | ||||
 Light green : Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Lightest green : ceded by Sudan to Italian Libya in 1919 |
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The Sultanate of Egypt ( Turkish Mısır Sultanlığı , Arabic السلطنة المصرية, DMG as-Salṭana al-miṣriyya , English Sultanate of Egypt ) was a short-term protectorate of the United Kingdom over Egypt , which existed from 1914 to 1922.
history
At the beginning of the First World War , the United Kingdom, which had already initiated British rule in what was actually Ottoman Egypt since the victorious Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882 , planned to establish its own protectorate over the previous khedivat Egypt in order to separate it completely from the Ottoman sphere of influence to be able to. On December 19, 1914, they deposed the Khedive Abbas Hilmi II and encouraged his uncle, Hussein Kamil , to proclaim a sultanate and declare himself sultan.
At the same time, the United Kingdom set up a commissariat in the country, the Protectorate of Egypt. Milne Cheetham was the first high commissioner until January 9, 1915 , who was replaced by Henry McMahon .
From January 1915, the Ottoman army marched up to 80,000 soldiers to recapture the country and drive the British out. However, this army was defeated and driven back near the Suez Canal on February 3, 1915 . The Sinai Peninsula remained a theater of war until 1917, but the Sultanate itself was no longer in serious danger during this period.
When the British refused to allow the nationalist Wafd party to participate in the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , strikes, protests and riots broke out across the country. Therefore, the British High Commissioner Edmund Allenby campaigned for Egypt to be granted independence, otherwise it would be difficult to keep.
On February 28, 1922, the country finally achieved its formal independence from Great Britain with the Declaration of Egypt , which, however, reserved some rights in the country and continued to exercise strong influence. Two weeks later, on March 15, 1922, the previous Sultan Fu'ad I finally proclaimed the independent Kingdom of Egypt . The declaration was sent by Lord Curzon of the British Foreign Office to the acting High Commissioner, Marshal Allenby, successor to the High Commissioner for Egypt Reginald Wingate , on February 21, 1922 , but it was not approved until February 28, 1922 and as a circular dispatch of March 15, 1922 the content of the British diplomatic missions abroad, which resulted in different ways of citing the date. The later "British-Egyptian Treaty of Independence" of August 26, 1936 at the time of the successor state of the Kingdom of Egypt was terminated by Egypt on October 15, 1951, which ended the influence of British rule.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Official text of: "British Proclamation on the Establishment of the Protectorate over Egypt" in: The London Gazette of December 18, 1914.
- ↑ English text of the proclamation in: Karl Strupp : Selected diplomatic files on the oriental question. FA Perthes, Gotha 1916, p. 172. ( Perthes' writings on the world war. H. 10).
- ^ British and Foreign State Papers. London, Vol. 109, 1915 (1919), p. 436.
- ↑ English text from: “British Declaration regarding the Ending of the Protectorate and Recognition of Egypt as an Independent Sovereign State” in: Niemeyer's Journal for International Law. Duncker & Humblot, Munich / Leipzig. Vol. 31, 1923, p. 72.
- ^ Rauschning, Suez Canal, 1956, p. 103.
- ↑ Hecker, Constitutional Register, IV, 1963, p. 17
literature
- Rainer Büren: The Arab Socialist Union. Unity party and constitutional system of the United Arab Republic taking into account the constitutional history of 1840–1968. Leske, Opladen 1970.
- Dietrich Rauschning : The dispute over the Suez Canal. Analysis, materials, bibliography. Research center for international law and foreign public law at the University of Hamburg, Hamburg 1956.
