Aghlabids

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The realm of the Aghlabids between 800 and 909

The Aghlabids ( Banu al-Aghlab , Arabic بنو الأغلب, DMG Banū al-Aġlab , also: Arabic الأغالبة al-Aghāliba , DMG Al-Aġāliba ) were an Arab dynasty thatruled Ifrīqiya from 800 to 909.

history

Aghlabid dinar of Ibrahim I (808)

In order to counteract the anarchy in the province of Ifrīqiya ( Tunisia ) after the fall of the Muhallabites towards the end of the 8th century, the caliph Hārūn ar-Raschīd appointed Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab as hereditary emir (800-812). His rulership included eastern Algeria , Tunisia, Tripolitania , Sicily, Malta, Sardinia and southern Italy. Although he ruled effectively independently, the Abbasid supremacy was always recognized even among his successors.

The palace city of Raqqada was founded as a residence outside of Kairouan . This was also done in order to avoid the opposition of the Maliki legal scholars and theologians, who accused the Aghlabid emirs of a godless way of life. They also rejected the unequal treatment of the Muslim Berbers . Border fortresses ( ribats ) were built to secure power internally and externally . a. in Sousse and Monastir .

Under Ziyādat Allaah I (817-838) there was a serious crisis when the Arab troops rebelled in Tunis in 824 . The uprising could not be suppressed until 836 with the help of the Berbers. In order to keep the troubled Arab troops under control, the Aghlabids began to conquer Byzantine Sicily under Asad ibn al-Furat in 827 under the pretext of providing arms for the Byzantine usurper Euphemios . The conquest was slow, and it was not until 902 that the last Byzantine bases could be occupied. From Sicily, large parts of Italy were plundered by raids in the period that followed . In 846 there was an attack on Rome , which led to the sacking of the city and the destruction of St. Peter's Basilica . It was not until the 10th century that the Muslims were ousted from Italy again - the Aghlabids increasingly lost control of the Arab troops in Sicily and Italy.

The Aghlabid Empire reached its peak under Abu Ibrahim Ahmad (856–863). Ifriqiya was an important economic power due to its flourishing agriculture. By the Romans acquired irrigation systems were further developed. The empire developed into a hub of trade between the Islamic countries as well as Italy and Byzantium , with the slave trade in particular being very profitable. Under the Aghlabids, Kairuan became the most important center of science in the Maghreb . Especially scholars of theology and law, as well as poets, gathered in the city.

The decline of the dynasty began under Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm II (875-902). Control of Calabria was lost to Byzantium, an attack by the Tulunids from Egypt had to be repulsed in 882 and Berber uprisings had to be put down in costly battles. In addition, since 893, the movement of the Shiite Fatimids began to spread among the Kutāma Berbers through the mission of Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Shīʿī . These also brought about the fall of the Aghlabids in 909.

meaning

The importance of the Aghlabids lies in the initiation of a development towards the statehood of Tunisia. In addition, they largely enforced the Orthodox Sunni Islam of the Maliki school of law in Ifriqiya and ousted the Kharijites from this part of the Maghreb .

Ruler

See also

literature

  • Clifford Edmund Bosworth: The New Islamic Dynasties. A Chronological and Genealogical Manual . 2nd Edition. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-2137-7 ( The new Edinburgh Islamic Surveys ).
  • Ulrich Haarmann : History of the Arab World. Edited by Heinz Halm . 4th revised and expanded edition. CH Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-47486-1 ( Beck's historical library ).
  • Giosuè Musca: L 'Emirato di Bari. 847-871 . 2nd Edition. 2nd pressure. Dedalo, Bari 1992, ISBN 88-220-6138-1 ( Nuova biblioteca Dedalo 138).
  • Stephan Ronart, Nandy Ronart: Lexicon of the Arab World . Artemis Verlag, Zurich 1972, ISBN 3-7608-0138-2 .