al-Adil I.

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Abu-Bakr Malik al-ʿAdil I ( Arabic الملك العادل سيف الدين أبو بكر بن أيوب, DMG al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Saif ad-Dīn Abū Bakr b. Aiyūb ; * June 1145 ; † August 1218 ) was the third sultan of the Ayyubids in Egypt from 1200 to 1218. In Christian traditions he is often called Saphadin .

Life

Al-Adil had already been entrusted with important tasks during the reign of his brother Saladin (1171–1193). He was governor of Aleppo from 1183 to 1186 . Among other things, he led negotiations with Richard I the Lionheart of England during the Third Crusade . According to a later report by the Bar Hebræus , Saladin asked Richard the Lionheart in October 1191 for a marriage between his brother and Princess Johanna Plantagenet for the purpose of a mutual peace, and the couple should be granted rulership over Jerusalem . Ultimately, however, this plan failed because of al-Adil's refusal to convert to Christianity.

After Saladin's death, al-Adil was assigned Upper Mesopotamia (Jazira) as an area of ​​government. He allied himself with his nephew az-Zahir Ghazi of Aleppo, put down a Zengid uprising in Mosul in 1193 and advanced into Damascus around 1196, where he overthrew his nephew al-Afdal . Around 1200 he advanced against the resistance of his nephews in Egypt and prevailed as the successor of the Sultan al-Aziz . Al-Adil now rose under the throne name al-Malik al-Adil to the Sultan of Egypt and the overlord of the Ayyubids . He soon succeeded in subordinating the Ayyubid princes to his suzerainty. Although al-Adil tried to promote trade with the Italian Maritime Republics , u. a. if a trade treaty was signed with Pisa , relations with Christians deteriorated . In May 1218, an army of crusaders landed in Egypt. In this situation, al-Malik al-Adil died in August 1218. Before his death, he installed his eldest son al-Kamil as sultan in Egypt and transferred al-Ashraf Upper Mesopotamia and al-Mu'azzam Syria . This division of the Ayyubid Empire led again to power struggles among the Ayyubids under al-Kamil (1218-1238).

His children include:

literature

  • Hans Eberhard Mayer : History of the Crusades. 8th improved and enlarged edition. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart a. a. 1995, ISBN 3-17-013802-2 ( Kohlhammer-Urban-Taschenbücher , 86).
  • Steven Runciman : History of the Crusades. Special edition in 1 volume without indication of source or literature. HC Beck, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-406-02527-7 ( Beck's special editions ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ For the name "Saphadin" see, among other things, Itinerary of Richard I IV, §31, ed. by HG Bohn in: Chronicles of the Crusades: being contemporary narratives of the crusade of Richard Cœur de Lion (1848), p. 252
predecessor Office successor
al-Aziz Emir of Jazira
1193–1218 		al-Ashraf
al-Afdal Emir of Damascus
1196–1218 		al-Mu'azzam
al-Mansur Sultan of Egypt
1200–1218 		al-Kamil
personal data
SURNAME al-Adil I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Abu-Bakr Malik al-Adil I .; Saphadin
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Sultan of the Ayyubids in Egypt
DATE OF BIRTH June 1145
DATE OF DEATH August 1218