al-Adil I.
Abu-Bakr Malik al-ʿAdil I ( Arabic الملك العادل سيف الدين أبو بكر بن أيوب, DMG al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Saif ad-Dīn Abū Bakr b. Aiyūb ; * June 1145 ; † August 1218 ) was the third sultan of the Ayyubids in Egypt from 1200 to 1218. In Christian traditions he is often called Saphadin .
Life
Al-Adil had already been entrusted with important tasks during the reign of his brother Saladin (1171–1193). He was governor of Aleppo from 1183 to 1186 . Among other things, he led negotiations with Richard I the Lionheart of England during the Third Crusade . According to a later report by the Bar Hebræus , Saladin asked Richard the Lionheart in October 1191 for a marriage between his brother and Princess Johanna Plantagenet for the purpose of a mutual peace, and the couple should be granted rulership over Jerusalem . Ultimately, however, this plan failed because of al-Adil's refusal to convert to Christianity.
After Saladin's death, al-Adil was assigned Upper Mesopotamia (Jazira) as an area of government. He allied himself with his nephew az-Zahir Ghazi of Aleppo, put down a Zengid uprising in Mosul in 1193 and advanced into Damascus around 1196, where he overthrew his nephew al-Afdal . Around 1200 he advanced against the resistance of his nephews in Egypt and prevailed as the successor of the Sultan al-Aziz . Al-Adil now rose under the throne name al-Malik al-Adil to the Sultan of Egypt and the overlord of the Ayyubids . He soon succeeded in subordinating the Ayyubid princes to his suzerainty. Although al-Adil tried to promote trade with the Italian Maritime Republics , u. a. if a trade treaty was signed with Pisa , relations with Christians deteriorated . In May 1218, an army of crusaders landed in Egypt. In this situation, al-Malik al-Adil died in August 1218. Before his death, he installed his eldest son al-Kamil as sultan in Egypt and transferred al-Ashraf Upper Mesopotamia and al-Mu'azzam Syria . This division of the Ayyubid Empire led again to power struggles among the Ayyubids under al-Kamil (1218-1238).
His children include:
- al-Kamil Muhammad I (* 1177/80; † 1238), Sultan of Egypt
- al-Ashraf Musa (* around 1180; † 1237), lord of Jazira and Damascus
- Dhaifa
- al-Mu'azzam 'Isa († 1227), Lord of Damascus
- al-Faiz
- al-Muzaffar I.
- as-Salih Ismail († 1250), Lord of Damascus
literature
- Hans Eberhard Mayer : History of the Crusades. 8th improved and enlarged edition. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart a. a. 1995, ISBN 3-17-013802-2 ( Kohlhammer-Urban-Taschenbücher , 86).
- Steven Runciman : History of the Crusades. Special edition in 1 volume without indication of source or literature. HC Beck, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-406-02527-7 ( Beck's special editions ).
Web links
- Abu Bekr el-Malek el-Adel at fmg.ac (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ For the name "Saphadin" see, among other things, Itinerary of Richard I IV, §31, ed. by HG Bohn in: Chronicles of the Crusades: being contemporary narratives of the crusade of Richard Cœur de Lion (1848), p. 252
predecessor | Office | successor |
---|---|---|
al-Aziz |
Emir of Jazira 1193–1218 |
al-Ashraf |
al-Afdal |
Emir of Damascus 1196–1218 |
al-Mu'azzam |
al-Mansur |
Sultan of Egypt 1200–1218 |
al-Kamil |
personal data | |
---|---|
SURNAME | al-Adil I. |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Abu-Bakr Malik al-Adil I .; Saphadin |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Sultan of the Ayyubids in Egypt |
DATE OF BIRTH | June 1145 |
DATE OF DEATH | August 1218 |