List of Heads of State 1919

Overview
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Africa

• Egypt (British Protectorate 1914–1936)
  • Head of State: Sultan Fuad I (1917–1936) (from 1922 King)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Hussein Rushdi Pascha (1914-12 April 1919)
    • Prime Minister Muhammad Said Pasha ( 1910–1914 , May 21, 1919– November 19, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Yusuf Wahba Pasha (November 19, 1919–1920)
  • British High Commissioner :
    • Reginald Wingate (1917– October 7, 1919)
    • Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby (October 7, 1919–1925)

• Ethiopia
  • Head of State and Government: Empress Zauditu (1916–1930)
    • Regent: Ras Tafari Makonnen (1916–1930) (1930–1974 Emperor)

• Liberia
  • Head of State or Government: President Daniel E. Howard (1912–1920)

• South Africa
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General : Sydney Buxton, 1st Viscount Buxton (1914–1920)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Louis Botha (1910–27 August 1919) (1907–1910 Prime Minister of the Transvaal)
    • Prime Minister Jan Christiaan Smuts (September 3, 1919–1924, 1939–1948 )

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General : Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire (1916–1921)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Borden (1911–1920)

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government: President Venustiano Carranza ( 1914 , 1915–1920)

• Newfoundland
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor : Charles Alexander Harris (1917–1922)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister William Frederick Lloyd (1917–22 May 1919) (provisional until 1918)
      • Prime Minister Michael Patrick Cashin (May 22 - November 17, 1919)
      • Prime Minister Richard Squires (November 17, 1919–1923, 1928–1932 )

• United States of America
  • Head of State or Government: President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Federico Alberto Tinoco Granados (1917–20 August 1919)
    • President Juan Bautista Quirós Segura (August 20, 1919– September 2, 1919) (acting)
    • President Francisco Aguilar Barquero (September 2, 1919–1920) (Acting)

• Dominican Republic (occupied by the USA 1916–1924)
  • Head of State and Government:
    • Military Governor Ben H. Fuller (1918– February 25, 1919)
    • Military Governor Thomas Snowden (February 25, 1919–1921)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Alfonso Quiñónez Molina ( 1914–1915 , 1918–1 March 1919, 1923–1927 )
    • President Jorge Meléndez Ramírez (March 1, 1919–1923)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

• Haiti (occupied by the USA 1915–1934)
  • Head of State and Government: President Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave (1915–1922)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Francisco Bertrand ( 1911–1912 , 1913–9 September 1919)
    • President Salvador Aguirre (September 9, 1919– September 16, 1919) (acting)
    • President Vicente Mejía Colindres (September 16, 1919– October 5, 1919, 1929–1933 ) (Acting)
    • President Francisco Bográn (October 5, 1919–1920) (acting)

• Cuba
  • Head of State and Government: President Mario García Menocal (1913–1921)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (1917–1921, 1926–1929 )

• Panama
  • Head of State and Government: President Belisario Porras Barahona ( 1912–1916 , 1918–1920, 1920–1924 )

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government: President Hipólito Yrigoyen (1916–1922, 1928–1930 )

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government: President José Gutiérrez Guerra (1917–1920)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Delfim Moreira da Costa Ribeiro (1918–28 July 1919) (acting)
    • President Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa (July 28, 1919–1922)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President Juan Luis Sanfuentes (1915–1920)

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno ( 1912 , 1916–1920, 1931–1932 )

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government: President Marco Fidel Suárez (1918–1922)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Manuel Franco (1916– June 5, 1919)
    • President José Pedro Montero (June 5, 1919–1920) (Acting)

• Peru
  • Head of State:
    • President José Pardo y Barreda ( 1904–1908 , 1915–4 July 1919) (1903–1904 Prime Minister)
    • President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo ( 1908–1912 , July 4, 1919–1930) (Prime Minister 1904–1907)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Germán Arenas Zuñiga (1918–26 April 1919, 1931–1932 )
    • Prime Minister Germán Leguía y Martínez Jakeway (April 26, 1919–1922)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Feliciano Viera (1915– March 1, 1919)
    • President Baltasar Brum (March 1, 1919–1923)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government: President Victorino Márquez Bustillos (1914–1922) (acting)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

• Bhutan
  • Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)

• China
  • Head of State: President Xu Shichang (1918–1922)
  • Head of Government:
    • (incumbent) Qian Nengxun (1918–13 June 1919)
    • (incumbent) Gong Xinzhan (June 13 - September 24, 1919)
    • Premier of the State Council Jin Yunpeng (September 24, 1919–1920, serving until November 5 )

• British India
  • Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
  • Viceroy : Frederic Thesiger (1916–1921)

• Japan
  • Head of State: Emperor Yoshihito (1912–1926)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Hara Takashi (1918–1921)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

• Siam (today: Thailand)
  • Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)

Middle East

• Azerbaijan ( Democratic Republic , disputed )
  • Head of State: President Məhəmməd Əmin Rəsulzadə (1918–1920)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Fätälikhan Hoylu (1918–1920)

• Persia (today: Iran)
  • Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Hassan Vosough al Dowleh (1918–1920)

• Georgia (controversial)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Noe Schordania (1918–1921)

• Yemen
  • Ruler: Imam Yahya bin Muhammad (1918–1948)

Central Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Ruler:
    • Emir Habibullah Khan (1901-20 February 1919)
    • Emir Nasrullah Khan (February 20 - February 28, 1919)
    • Emir Amanullah Khan (February 28, 1919–1929)

• Mongolia (disputed)
  • Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Sain Nojon Khan Shirindambyn Namnansüren (1912 – April 1919)

• Tibet (controversial)
  • Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1913–1933)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor General: Viscount Ronald Munro-Ferguson (1914–1920)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Billy Hughes (1915-1923)

• New Zealand
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor General: Earl Arthur Foljambe (1912–1920)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Massey (1912-1925)

Europe

• Albania
  • Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional Government Turhan Pascha Përmeti (1918–1920) (1914 Prime Minister)

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France : Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920)
    • Bishop of Urgell :
      • Juan Benlloch y Vivó (1907-1919)
      • Jaume Viladrich (1919–1920) (acting)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Léon Delacroix (1918–1920)

• Bulgaria
  • Head of State: Tsar Boris III. (1918–1943)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Teodor Teodorow (1918–6 October 1919)
    • Prime Minister Aleksandar Stambolijski (October 7, 1919–1923)

• Denmark
  • Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Carl Theodor Zahle ( 1909–1910 , 1913–1920)

• German Empire
  • Head of State: President Friedrich Ebert (February 11, 1919–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Chairwoman of the Council of People's Representatives Friedrich Ebert, Hugo Haase (1918–13 February 1919)
    • Reich Minister-President Philipp Scheidemann (February 13 - June 20, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Gustav Bauer (June 21, 1919–1920, Chancellor from August 14 )

• German Austria / Austria (name change on October 21)
  • Head of State: President of the State Council Directorate Karl Seitz (March 5, 1919–1920)
  • Head of Government: State Chancellor Karl Renner (1918–1920)

• Estonia
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Konstantin Päts (1918–9 May 1919, 1934–1937 ) (1921–1922, 1923–1924, 1931–1932, 1932–1933, 1933–1940 State Elder)
    • Prime Minister Otto Strandman (May 9, 1919– November 18, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Jaan Tõnisson (November 18, 1919–1920, 1920 ) (1927–1928, 1933 State Elder)

• Finland
  • Head of State: President Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (July 27, 1919–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Lauri Ingman (1918– April 17, 1919, 194–1925 )
    • Prime Minister Kaarlo Castrén (April 17, 1919– August 15, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Juho Vennola (August 15, 1919–1920, 1921–1922; 1931 )

• France
  • Head of State: President Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920) (1912–1913, 1922–1924, 1926–1929 President of the Council of Ministers)
  • Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Georges Clemenceau ( 1906–1909 , 1917–1920)

• Greece
  • Head of State: King Alexander (1917–1920)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos ( 1910–1915, 1915, 1916–1917 , 1917–1920, 1924, 1928–1932, 1932, 1933 )

• Italy
  • Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1917–23 June 1919)
    • Prime Minister Francesco Saverio Nitti (June 23, 1919–1920)

• Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)
  • Head of State: King Peter I (1918–1921)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Stojan Protić (1918–16 August 1919, 1920 )
    • Prime Minister Ljubomir Davidović (August 16, 1919–1920)

• Latvia
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Latvian People's Council Jānis Čakste (1918–1925, 1925–1927 )
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis (1918–26 April 1919, 1919–1921, 1925–1926, 1931, 1934–1940 ) (1936–1940 President)
    • Prime Minister Oskars Borkovskis (April 21, 1919– April 26, 1919) (acting)
    • Prime Minister Andrievs Niedra (April 26, 1919– June 28, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis ( 1918–1919 , July 14, 1919–1921, 1926–1926, 1931, 1934–1940 ) (1936–1940 President)

• Liechtenstein
  • Ruler: Prince Johann II (1858–1929)

• Lithuania
  • Head of State: President Antanas Smetona (1918–1920, 1926–1940 ) (until April 4, 1919 Chairman of the Presidium of the Lithuanian National Council)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius (1918–12 March 1919, 1919, 1926 )
    • Prime Minister Pranas Dovydaitis (March 12 - April 12, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius ( 1919 , April 12 - October 6, 1919, 1926 )
    • Prime Minister Ernestas Galvanauskas (October 7, 1919–1920, 1922–1924 )

• Luxembourg
  • Head of State:
    • Grand Duchess Maria-Adelheid (1912–15 January 1919)
    • Grand Duchess Charlotte (January 15, 1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Émile Reuter (1918–1925)

• Monaco
  • Head of State: Prince : Albert I (1889–1922)
  • Head of Government:
    • Minister of State Georges Jaloustre (1918 – February 1919)
    • Minister of State Raymond Le Bourdon (February 19, 1919–1923)

• Neutral Moresnet (1918-1920 under Belgian administration)
  • Head of State: King of Belgium Albert I ( 1909–1915 , 1918–1920)
    • Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz ( 1889–1915 , 1918–1920)
  • Mayor : Pierre Grignard (1918–1920)

• Netherlands
  • Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (1918–1925, 1929–1933 )

• Norway
  • Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen ( 1908–1910 , 1913–1920)

• Ottoman Empire (today: Turkey)
  • Ruler: Sultan Mehmed VI. (1918–1922)

• Poland
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Jędrzej Moraczewski (1918–16 January 1919)
    • Prime Minister Ignacy Paderewski (January 16 - November 27, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Leopold Skulski (December 13, 1919–1920)

• Portugal
  • Head of State:
    • (officiating) João do Canto e Castro (1918–5 October 1919)
    • President António José de Almeida (October 5, 1919–1923)
  • Head of Government:
    • General João Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (1918– January 27, 1919)
    • Prime Minister José Carlos de Mascarenhas Relvas (January 27 - March 30, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Domingos Leite Pereira (March 30 - June 30, 1919)
    • General Alfredo de Sá Cardoso (June 30, 1919–1920)

• Romania
  • Head of State: King Ferdinand I (1914–1927)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ion IC Brătianu (1918–1 October 1919)
    • Prime Minister Artur Văitoianu (October 1 - December 9, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (December 9, 1919–1920)

• Russia
  • Head of State:
    • Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov (1917–16 March 1919)
    • (Acting Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee) Mikhail Fyodorowitsch Vladimirsky (March 16 - March 30, 1919)
    • Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (from March 30, 1919, December 30, 1922 foundation of the Soviet Union)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1917–1924, December 30, 1922, foundation of the Soviet Union)

• San Marino
  • Capitani Reggenti :
    • Protogene Belloni (1918–1 April 1919) and Francesco Morri (1918–1 April 1919, 1924–1925, 1928–1929, 1933, 1936–1937 )
    • Domenico Vicini (April 1, 9119– October 1, 1919) and Pietro Suzzi Valli (April 1, 1919– October 1, 1919)
    • Moro Morri ( 1911, 1915 , October 1, 1919–1920) and Francesco Pasquali ( 1907, 1912 , October 1, 1919–1920, 1928 )

• Sweden
  • Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Nils Edén (1917–1920)

• Switzerland
  • Federal President : Gustave Ador (1919)
  • Federal Council :
    • Eduard Müller (1895– November 9, 1919)
    • Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
    • Camille Decoppet (1912–31 December 1919)
    • Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
    • Felix Calonder (1913-1920)
    • Gustave Ador (1917–31 December 1919)
    • Robert Haab (1918–1929)

• Spain
  • Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
  • Head of Government:
    • District President Álvaro Figueroa Torres (1918–15 April 1919)
    • District President Antonio Maura Montaner (April 15 - July 20, 1919)
    • District President Joaquín Sánchez de Toca Calvo (July 20 - December 12, 1919)
    • District President Manuel Allendesalazar Muñoz de Salazar (December 12, 1919–1920)

• Czecho-Slovakia
  • Head of State: President President Tomáš Masaryk (1918–1935)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Karel Kramář (1918–8 July 1919)
    • Prime Minister Vlastimil Tusar (July 8, 1919–1920)

• Ukraine (controversial, occupied from August)
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Volodymyr Vynnychenko (1918–11 February 1919)
    • President Symon Petljura (February 11, 1919–1922)

• Hungary
  • Head of State:
    • (provisional) President Count Mihály Károlyi (1918–21 March 1919)
    • Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Sándor Garbai (March 21 - August 1, 1919)
    • (incumbent) Prime Minister Gyula Peidl (August 1 - August 6, 1919)
    • Reichsverweser Archduke Joseph August ( August 6 - October 23, 1919)
    • (incumbent) Prime Minister István Friedrich (23 October – 24 November 1919)
    • (incumbent) Prime Minister Károly Huszár (November 24, 1919–1920)
  • Head of Government:
    • (provisional) President Count Mihály Károlyi (1918–11 January 1919)
    • Prime Minister Dénes Berinkey (January 18 - March 22, 1919)
    • Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Sándor Garbai (March 22 - June 23, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Antal Dovcsák (June 23 - August 1, 1919)
    • Prime Minister Gyula Peidl (August 1 - August 6, 1919)
    • Prime Minister István Friedrich (7 August - 24 November 1919)
    • Prime Minister Károly Huszár (November 24, 1919–1920)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Earl David Lloyd George (1916–1922)

• Belarus (controversial, occupied from August)
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Jan Sierada (1918– Jan 5, 1919)
    • Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas (February 27 - August 25, 1919)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares