List of Heads of State 1918

Overview
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Africa

Egypt (British Protectorate 1914–1936)
- Head of State: Sultan Fuad I (1917–1936) (from 1922 King)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hussein Rushdi Pascha (1914–1919)

Ethiopia
- Head of State and Government: Empress Zauditu (1916–1930)
  - Regent: Ras Tafari Makonnen (1916–1930) (1930–1974 Emperor)

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Daniel E. Howard (1912–1920)

South Africa
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  - Governor General : Sydney Buxton, 1st Viscount Buxton (1914–1920)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Louis Botha (1910–1919) (1907–1910 Prime Minister of the Transvaal)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  - Governor General : Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire (1916–1921)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Borden (1911–1920)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Venustiano Carranza ( 1914 , 1915–1920)

Newfoundland
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  - Governor : Charles Alexander Harris (1917–1922)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Frederick Lloyd (1917–1919) (provisional until 1918)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Federico Alberto Tinoco Granados (1917–1919)

Dominican Republic (occupied by the USA 1916–1924)
- Head of State and Government:
  - Military Governor Harry Shepard Knapp (1916-18 November 1918)
  - Military Governor Ben H. Fuller (November 18, 1918-1919)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Carlos Meléndez ( 1913-1914 , 1915-21 December 1918)
  - President Alfonso Quiñónez Molina ( 1914–1915 , December 21, 1918–1919, 1923–1927 )

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

Haiti (occupied by the USA 1915–1934)
- Head of State and Government: President Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave (1915–1922)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Bertrand ( 1911–1912 , 1913–1919)

Cuba
- Head of State and Government: President Mario García Menocal (1913–1921)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (1917–1921, 1926–1929 )

Panama
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Ramón Maximiliano Valdés (1916–3 June 1918)
  - President Ciro Luis Urriola (June 3, 1918– October 1, 1918) (acting)
  - President Pedro Antonio Díaz (October 1, 1918– October 12, 1918) (acting)
  - President Belisario Porras Barahona ( 1912–1916 , October 12, 1918–1920, 1920–1924 )

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Hipólito Yrigoyen (1916–1922, 1928–1930 )

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President José Gutiérrez Guerra (1917–1920)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Venceslau Brás (1914-15 November 1918)
  - President Delfim Moreira da Costa Ribeiro (November 15, 1918–1919) (acting)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Luis Sanfuentes (1915–1920)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno ( 1912 , 1916–1920, 1931–1932 )

Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President José Vicente Concha (1914–7 August 1918)
  - President Marco Fidel Suárez (August 7, 1918–1922)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Franco (1916–1919)

Peru
- Head of State: President José Pardo y Barreda ( 1904–1908 , 1915–1919) (1903–1904 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Francisco Tudela y Varela (1917–18 December 1918)
  - Prime Minister Germán Arenas Zuñiga (December 18, 1918–1919, 1931–1932 )

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Feliciano Viera (1915-1919)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Victorino Márquez Bustillos (1914–1922) (acting)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bhutan
- Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)

China
- Head of State:
  - President Feng Kuo-chang (1917-10 October 1918)
  - President Xu Shichang (October 10, 1918–1922)
- Head of Government:
  - (incumbent) Wang Shizhen (1917–20 February 1918)
  - (incumbent) Qian Nengxun (February 20 - March 23, 1918)
  - Premier of the State Council Duan Qirui (March 23 - October 10, 1918)
  - (incumbent) Qian Nengxun (October 10, 1918–1919)

British India
- Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
- Viceroy : Frederic Thesiger (1916–1921)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Yoshihito (1912–1926)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake (1916–29 September 1918)
  - Prime Minister Hara Takashi (September 29, 1918–1921)

Nepal

Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

Siam (today: Thailand)
- Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)

Middle East

Azerbaijan (controversial)

Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan

Head of State: President Məhəmməd Əmin Rəsulzadə (1918–1920)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Fätälikhan Hoylu (1918–1920)

Baku Commune
- Head of State: Chairman of the Council of People's Deputies Stepan Shahumyan (1918)

Persia (today: Iran)
- Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Abdol Madschid Mirza Eyn-al-Dowleh (1917 – January 1918)
  - Prime Minister Hassan Mostofi al Mamalek (January – May 1918)
  - Prime Minister Samsam-os Saltaneh (May – August 5, 1918)
  - Prime Minister Hassan Vosough al Dowleh (August 5, 1918–1920)

Georgia (controversial)
Head of Government: Prime Minister Noe Schordania (June 24, 1918–1921)

Yemen
- Ruler: Imam Yahya bin Muhammad (1918–1948)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Ruler: Emir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919)

Mongolia (disputed)

Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sain Nojon Khan Shirindambyn Namnansüren (1912–1919)

Tibet (controversial)
- Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1913–1933)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General: Viscount Ronald Munro-Ferguson (1914–1920)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Billy Hughes (1915-1923)

New Zealand
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General: Earl Arthur Foljambe (1912–1920)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Massey (1912-1925)

Europe

Albania (occupied 1916–1918)
- Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional Government Turhan Pascha Përmeti (December 28, 1918–1920) (Prime Minister 1914)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Juan Benlloch y Vivó (1907-1919)

Belgium (occupied by Germany 1914–1918)
- Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Charles Baron de Broqueville (1911–31 May 1918, 1932–1934 ) (1914–1918 in exile)
  - Prime Minister Gerhard Cooreman (May 31, 1918– November 21, 1918)
  - Prime Minister Léon Delacroix (November 21, 1918–1920)

Bulgaria
- Head of State:
  - Tsar Ferdinand I (1887–3 October 1918) (until 1908 Prince)
  - Tsar Boris III. (October 3, 1918–1943)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Wassil Radoslawow ( 1886–1887 , 1913–21 June 1918)
  - Prime Minister Aleksandar Malinov ( 1908–1911 , June 21, 1918– November 28, 1918, 1931 )
  - Prime Minister Teodor Teodorow (November 28, 1918-1919)

Denmark
- Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carl Theodor Zahle ( 1909–1910 , 1913–1920)

German Empire
- Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
  - Chancellor : Georg Graf von Hertling (1917–1918)
    - Reich Chancellor : Prince Max von Baden (October 3, 1918 - November 9, 1918)
- Stop
  - Duke : Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
  - Duke: Eduard (April 21, 1918 - September 13, 1918)
  - Duke: Joachim Ernst (September 13, 1918 - November 12, 1918)
    - Guardian: Prince Aribert von Anhalt (September 13, 1918 - November 12, 1918)
    - Minister of State: Ernst von Laue (1910–1918)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich II. (1907–1918)
    - Minister of State: Heinrich Freiherr von und zu Bodman (1917–1918)
- Bavaria
  - King : Ludwig III. (1913-1918)
    - - Chairman of the Council of Ministers : Otto Ritter von Dandl (1917–1918)
- Braunschweig
  - Duke : Ernst August (1913–1918)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Hermann Hildebrand (1918)
- Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine (the country declared itself independent on November 11th)
  - Imperial governor: Johann von Dallwitz (1914–1918)
  - Imperial governor: Rudolf Schwander (October 1918 - November 1918)
    - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Georg Freiherr von Tschammer and Quaritz (1916–1918)
    - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine: Karl Hauss (October 1918 - November 1918)
  - President of the Alsace-Lorraine National Council: Eugen Ricklin (November 1918)
  - President of the Alsace-Lorraine National Council: Nicolaus Delsor (end of November 1918 until repeal in January 1919)
- Hamburg
  - First Mayor : Werner von Melle (1915) (1918)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
    - President of the entire ministry : Christian von Ewald (1906–1918)
- lip
  - Prince : Leopold IV. (1905–1918)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Emil Ferdinand Fehling (1917–1920)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz IV. (1897–1918)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Adolf Friedrich VI. (1914-1918)
  - Administrator: Friedrich Franz IV of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (February 27, 1918 - November 14, 1918)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich August II. (1900–1918)
    - Minister of State : Franz Friedrich Paul Ruhstrat (1916–1918)
- Prussia
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
    - Prime Minister : Georg Michaelis (July 14, 1917 - November 1, 1917)
    - Prime Minister: Georg Graf von Hertling (1917–1918)
    - Prime Minister: Prince Max von Baden (October 3, 1918 - November 9, 1918)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
    - Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (Reuss younger line) (1908–1918)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXVII. (Reuss younger line) (1913-1918)
- Saxony
  - King : Friedrich August III. (1904-1918)
    - Chairman of the entire ministry : Heinrich Gustav Beck (1914–1918)
    - Chairman of the entire ministry: Rudolf Heinze (October 26, 1918 - November 13, 1918)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst II (1908–1918)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Carl Eduard (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) (1900-1918)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : Bernhard III. (1914-1918)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Adolf II (1911–1918)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1890–1918)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (from 1909 in personal union with Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1909–1918)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
  - Prince : Friedrich (1893–1918)
- Württemberg
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
    - President of the State Ministry : Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (1906–1918)
    - President of the State Ministry: Theodor Liesching (November 7, 1918 - November 9, 1918)
German Austria
- Head of Government: State Chancellor Karl Renner (November 11, 1918–1920)

Estonia
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Konstantin Päts (February 24, 1918–1919)

Finland
- Head of Government:
  1. State Protector Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (1917-27 May 1918)
  2. Minister of State Juho Kusti Paasikivi (May 27 - November 27, 1918)
  3. Minister of State Lauri Ingman (November 27, 1918-1919)

France
- Head of State: President Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920)
- Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Georges Clemenceau (1917–1920)

Greece
- Head of State: King Alexander I (1917–1920)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos (1917–1920)

Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1917–1919)

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)

Head of State: King Peter I (December 1, 1918–1921)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Stojan Protić (December 1, 1918–1919)

Latvia
- Head of State: President Jānis Čakste (November 18, 1918–1927)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis (November 18, 1918–1921)

Liechtenstein
- Ruler: Prince Johann II (1858–1929)

Lithuania
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras (November 11 - December 26, 1918)
  - Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius (December 26, 1918-1919)

Luxembourg (occupied)
- Head of State: Grand Duchess Maria-Adelheid (1912–1919)
- Head of Government:
  - District President Léon Kauffman (1917–1918)
  - District President Émile Reuter (1918–1925)

Monaco
- Prince : Albert I (1889–1922)
  - Head of Government:
    - Minister of State: Georges Jaloustre (January – February 1918)
    - Minister of State: Raymond Le Bourdon (February 19, 1918–1923)

Montenegro ( occupied )
- Head of State: King Nikola I. Petrović-Njegoš (1860–1 December 1918) (until 1910 Prince )
- Military Governor General : Major General Heinrich Graf Clam-Martinic (1917–11 November 1918)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Evgenije Popovic (1917–1 December 1918)

Neutral Moresnet (1915–1918 under Prussian administration, 1918–1920 under Belgian administration)
- Head of State: King of Belgium Albert I ( 1909–1915 , 1918–1920)
  - Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz ( 1889–1915 , 1918–1920)
- Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
  - Commissioner : Walter The Losen (1909–1918)
- Mayor :
  - Wilhelm Kyll (1915-1918)
  - Pierre Grignard (1918–1920)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Pieter Cort van der Linden (1913–9 September 1918)
- + Prime Minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (September 9, 1918–1925)

Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen (1913–1920)

Ottoman Empire (today: Turkey)
- Ruler:
  - Sultan Mehmed V (1909–3 July 1918)
  - Sultan Mehmed VI. (July 4, 1918–1922)

Austria-Hungary
- Head of State: Emperor Karl I (1916–11 November 1918)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ernst Ritter Seidler von Feuchtenegg (1917–25 July 1918)
  - Prime Minister Max Freiherr Hussarek von Heinlein (July 25 - October 27, 1918)
  - Prime Minister Prof. Heinrich Lammasch (October 27 - November 11, 1918)

Poland
Head of Government: Prime Minister Jędrzej Moraczewski (November 18, 1918–1919)

Portugal
- Head of State:
  - President of the revolutionary junta Sidónio Pais (April 28 - December 14, 1918)
  - (officiating) João do Canto e Castro (December 16, 1918–1919)
- Head of Government:
  - General Sidónio Pais (1917-14 December 1918)
  - General João do Canto e Castro (December 14 - December 23, 1918)
  - General João Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (December 23, 1918-1919)

Romania
- Head of State: King Ferdinand I (1914–1927)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ion IC Brătianu (1914–9 February 1918)
  - Prime Minister Alexandru Averescu (February 9 - March 15, 1918)
  - Prime Minister Alexandru Marghiloman (March 15 - October 24, 1918)
  - Prime Minister Constantin Coandă (October 24 to December 14, 1918)
  - Prime Minister Ion IC Brătianu (December 14, 1918-1919)

Russia
- Head of State: Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov (1917–1919)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1917–1924)

San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti :
  - Angelo Manzoni Borghesi ( 1911–1912 , 1917–1 April 1918, 1924, 1931, 1934–1935, 1940 ) and Giuseppe Balducci (1917–1 April 1918, 1922–1923 )
  - Ferruccio Martelli ( 1914 , April 1, 1918– October 1, 1918, 1945–1946, 1949 ) and Ermenegildo Mularoni (April 1, 1918– October 1, 1918)
  - Protogene Belloni (October 1, 1918–1919) and Francesco Morri (October 1, 1918–1919, 1924–1925, 1928–1929, 1933, 1936–1937 )

Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nils Edén (1917–1920)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Felix Calonder (1918)
- Federal Council :
  - Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
  - Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
  - Camille Decoppet (1912-1919)
  - Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
  - Felix Calonder (1913-1920)
  - Gustave Ador (1917-1919)
  - Robert Haab (January 1, 1918–1929)

Serbia (occupied)
- Head of State: King Peter I (1903–1 December 1918)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Pašić (1912–1 December 1918)

Spain
- Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
- Head of Government:
  - District President Manuel García Prieto (1917–22 March 1918)
  - District President Antonio Maura Montaner (March 22 - November 9, 1918)
  - District President Manuel García Prieto (November 9 - December 5, 1918)
  - District President Álvaro Figueroa Torres (December 5, 1918-1919)

Czecho-Slovakia
- Head of State: President Tomáš Masaryk (November 14, 1918–1935)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Karel Kramář (November 14, 1918– July 8, 1919)

Ukraine (occupied April to November)
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Mychajlo Hrushevskyi (1917-29 April 1918)
  - Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyj (April 29 - November 1, 1918)
  - President Volodymyr Vynnychenko (November 13, 1918-1919)

Hungary
- Head of State and Government: (provisional) President Count Mihály Károlyi (November 16, 1918–1919)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Earl David Lloyd George (1916–1922)

Belarus
- Head of State: President Jan Sierada (March 25, 1918–1919)

Individual evidence

↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[1] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares