List of Heads of State 1928

Overview
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Africa

• Egypt (British Protectorate 1914–1936)
  • Head of State: King Fuad I (1917–1936) (Sultan until 1922)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pascha ( 1922 , 1927–16 March 1928)
    • Prime Minister Mustafa an-Nahhas Pascha (March 16, 1928– June 27, 1928, 1930, 1936–1937, 1942–1944, 1950–1952 )
    • Prime Minister Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha (June 27, 1928–1929, 1937–1939 )
  • British High Commissioner : George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd (1925–1929)

• Ethiopia
  • Head of State and Government: Empress Zauditu (1916–1930)
    • Regent: Ras Tafari Makonnen (1916–1930) (1930–1974 Emperor)

• Liberia
  • Head of State and Government: President Charles DB King (1920–1930)

• South Africa
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General : Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (1924–1931)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister J.BM Hertzog (1924–1939)

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General : Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Viscount Willingdon (1926–1931) (1931–1936 Viceroy of India)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1921–1926 , 1926–1930, 1935–1948 )

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Plutarco Elías Calles (1924– November 30, 1928)
    • President Emilio Portes Gil (December 1, 1928–1930)

• Newfoundland
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor :
      • William Allardyce (1922 – October 1928)
      • John Middleton (October 1928–1932)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Walter Stanley Monroe (1924 – August 1928)
    • Prime Minister Frederick Alderdice (August 1928–17 November 1928, 1932–1934 )
    • Prime Minister Richard Squires ( 1919–1923 , November 17, 1928–1932)

• United States of America
  • Head of State or Government: President Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno ( 1910–1914 , 1924–8 May 1928, 1932–1936 )
    • President Cleto González Víquez ( 1960–1910 , May 8, 1928–1932)

• Dominican Republic
  • Head of State and Government: President Horacio Vásquez ( 1899, 1902–1903 , 1924–1930)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government: President Pío Romero Bosque (1927–1931)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government: President Lázaro Chacón González (1926–1931)

• Haiti (occupied by the USA 1915–1934)
  • Head of State and Government: President Louis Bornó (1922–1930)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government: President Miguel Paz Barahona (1925–1929)

• Cuba
  • Head of State and Government: President Gerardo Machado (1925–1933)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President Adolfo Díaz ( 1911–1917 , 1926–1929)

• Panama
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Rodolfo Chiari (1924– October 1, 1928)
    • President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena (October 1, 1928–1931)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear (1922– October 12, 1928)
    • President Hipólito Yrigoyen ( 1916–1920 , October 12, 1928–1930)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government: President Hernando Siles Reyes (1926–1930)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government: President Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa (1926–1930)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1927–1931, 1952–1958 )

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government: President Isidro Ayora (1926–1931)

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government: President Miguel Abadia Méndez (1926–1930)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Eligio Ayala ( 1923–1924 , 1924– August 15, 1928)
    • President José Patricio Guggiari (August 15, 1928–1932)

• Peru
  • Head of State: President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo ( 1908–1912 , 1919–1930) (1904–1907 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Pedro José Rada y Gamio (1926–1929)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Juan Campisteguy (1927–1931)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government: President Juan Vicente Gómez ( 1909–1910, 1910–1914 , 1922–1929, 1931–1935 )

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

• Bhutan
  • Ruler: King Jigme Wangchuk (1926–1952)

• China
  • Head of State:
    • President Zhāng Zuòlín (1927– June 2, 1928)
    • Chairman of the Chiang Kai-shek National Government (October 10, 1928–1931, 1943–1948)
  • Head of Government:
    • Acting Prime Minister Pan Fu (1927–2 June 1928)
    • Chairman of the Executive Yuan Tan Yankai (June 2, 1928–1930)

• British India
  • Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
  • Viceroy : Edward Frederick Lindley Wood (1926–1931)

• Japan
  • Head of State: Emperor Hirohito (1926–1989)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Tanaka Giichi (1927–1929)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1950, 1952/53)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

• Thailand
  • Ruler: King Prajadhipok (1925–1935)

Middle East

• Iraq
  • Head of State: King Faisal I (1921–1933)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Jafar al-Askari (1923/24, 1926–31 December 1927)
    • Prime Minister Abd al-Muhsin as-Sa'dun (1922/1923, 1925/1926, January 14, 1928–1929, 1929)

• North Yemen
  • Ruler: King Yahya bin Muhammad (1904–1948)

• Kuwait
  • Ruler: Emir Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (1921–1950)

• Persia (today: Iran)
  • Head of State: Shah Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925–1941)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Mehdi Qoli Khan Hedayat (Mokhber-ol Saltaneh) (1927–1933)

• Transjordan (today: Jordan )
  • Ruler: Emir Abdallah ibn Husain I (1921–1951)

Central Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Ruler: Emir Amanullah Khan (1919–1929)

• Mongolia
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the Small State Chural Jamtsangiin Damdinsüren (1927–1929)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Balingiin Tserendordsch Beyse (1923-13 February 1928)
    • Prime Minister Anandyn Amar (February 21, 1928–1930, 1936–1939)

• Tibet
  • Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1878–1933)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor: Governor General John Lawrence Baird, 1st Baron Stonehaven (1925–1930)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Stanley Melbourne Bruce (1923–1929)

• New Zealand
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor: Governor General Charles Fergusson (1924–1929)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Joseph Gordon Coates (1925-10 December 1928)
    • Prime Minister Joseph Ward (1906–1912, December 10, 1928–1930)

Europe

• Albania
  • Head of State: King Ahmet Zogu (1925–1939) (1922–1924 and 1925 Prime Minister, 1925–1928 President)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Kostaq Kota (September 10, 1928–1930, 1936–1939 )

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France : Gaston Doumergue (1924–1931)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Justí Guitart i Vilardebò (1920–1940)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Henri Jaspar (1926–1931)

• Bulgaria
  • Head of State: Tsar Boris III. (1918–1943)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Andrei Lyaptschew (1926–1931)

• Denmark
  • Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Thomas Madsen-Mygdal (1926–1929)

• German Empire
  • Head of State: President Paul von Hindenburg (1925–1934)
  • Head of Government:
    • Reich Chancellor Wilhelm Marx (1923–1925, 1926–12 June 1928)
    • Reich Chancellor Hermann Müller (June 28, 1928–1930)

• Estonia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • State Elder Jaan Tõnisson (1927–4 December 1928, 1933 ) (1919–1920, 1920 Prime Minister)
    • State Elder August Rei ( 1919–1920 , December 4, 1928–1929)

• Finland
  • Head of State: President Lauri Kristian Relander (1925–1931)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Juho Sunila (1927–22 December 1928, 1931–1932 )
    • Prime Minister Oskari Mantere (December 22, 1928–1929)

• France
  • Head of State: President Gaston Doumergue (1924–1931) (1913–1914, 1934–1944 President of the Council of Ministers)
  • Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Raymond Poincaré ( 1912–1913, 1922–1924 , 1926–1929) (1913–1920 President)

• Greece
  • Head of State: President Pavlos Kountouriotis ( 1924–1926 , 1926–1929) (1920 regent)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Alexandros Zaimis ( 1897–1899, 1901–1902, 1915, 1916, 1917 , 1926–4 July 1928)
    • Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos ( 1910–1915, 1915, 1916–1917, 1917–1920, 1924–1924 , July 4, 1928–1932, 1932, 1933 )

• Ireland
  • Head of State: King George V (1922–1936)
    • Governor General
      • Timothy Michael Healy (1922–31 January 1928)
      • James McNeill (February 1, 1928-1932)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Thomas Cosgrave (1922–1932)

• Italy
  • Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
  • Head of Government: Duce Benito Mussolini (1922–1943)

• Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)
  • Head of State: King Alexander I (1921–1934)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Velimir Vukićević (1927–28 July 1928)
    • Prime Minister Anton Korošec (July 28, 1928–1929)

• Latvia
  • Head of State: President Gustavs Zemgals (1927–1930)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Marģers Skujenieks (1926–21 January 1928, 1931–1933 )
    • Prime Minister Pēteris Juraševskis (January 21, 1928– December 1, 1928)
    • Prime Minister Hugo Celmiņš ( 1924–1925 , December 1, 1928–1931)

• Liechtenstein
  • Head of State: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)
  • Head of government
    • Gustav Schädler (1922–28 June 1928)
    • Prince Alfred (June 28, 1928– August 4, 1928) (acting)
    • Josef Hoop (August 4, 1928–1945)

• Lithuania
  • Head of State: President Antanas Smetona ( 1918–1920 , 1926–1940)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras ( 1918 , 1926–1929)

• Luxembourg
  • Head of State: Grand Duchess Charlotte (1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Joseph Bech (1926–1937, 1953–1958 )

• Monaco
  • Head of State: Prince Louis II (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Maurice Piette (1923–1932)

• Netherlands
  • Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Dirk Jan de Geer (1926–1929, 1939–1940 )

• Norway
  • Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ivar Lykke (1926–28 January 1928)
    • Prime Minister Christopher Hornsrud (January 28, 1928– February 15, 1928)
    • Prime Minister Johan Ludwig Mowinckel ( 1924–1926 , February 15, 1928–1931, 1933–1935 )

• Austria
  • Head of State:
    • Federal President Michael Hainisch (1920–10 December 1928)
    • Federal President Wilhelm Miklas (December 10, 1928–1938)
  • Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Ignaz Seipel (1926–1929)

• Poland
  • Head of State: President Ignacy Mościcki (1926–1939)
  • Head of Government:
    • President of the Council of Ministers Józef Piłsudski (1926 – June 1928, 1930)
    • President of the Council of Ministers Kazimierz Bartel (1926, June 1928–1929, 1929/1930)

• Portugal
  • Head of State: President António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona (1926–1951)
  • Head of Government:
    • (officiating, military junta): António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona (1926– April 18, 1928)
    • Prime Minister: José Vicente de Freitas (April 18, 1928–1929)

• Romania
  • Head of State: King Michael I (1927–1930, 1940–1947)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Vintilă Brătianu (1927–11 November 1928)
    • Prime Minister Iuliu Maniu (November 11, 1928–1930)

• San Marino
  • Capitani Reggenti :
    • Marino Rossi ( 1920 , October 1, 1927–1928, 1934, 1937–1938 ) and Nelson Burgagni (October 1, 1927–1928)
    • Domenico Suzzi Valli ( 1909, 1913–1914 , April 1, 1928– October 1, 1928, 1931–1932 ) and Francesco Pasquali ( 1907, 1912, 1919–1920 , April 1, 1928– October 1, 1928)
    • Francesco Morri ( 1918–1919, 1924–1925 , October 1, 1928–1929, 1933, 1936–1937 ) and Melchiorre Filippi (October 1, 1928–1929, 1933–1934 )

• Sweden
  • Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Carl Gustaf Ekman (1926–2 October 1928)
    • Prime Minister Arvid Lindman (October 2, 1928–1930)

• Switzerland
  • Federal President : Edmund Schulthess ( 1917, 1921 , 1928, 1933 )
  • Federal Council :
    • Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
    • Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
    • Robert Haab (1918–1929)
    • Ernest Chuard (1920–31 December 1928)
    • Jean-Marie Musy (1920-1934)
    • Karl Scheurer (1920–1929)
    • Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934)

• Soviet Union
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (1919–1938)
  • Head of Government: General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Josef Stalin (1922–1953)

• Spain
  • Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
  • Head of Government: District President Miguel Primo de Rivera Orbaneja (1923–1930)

• Czechoslovakia
  • Head of State: President Tomáš Masaryk (1918–1935)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Antonín Švehla ( 1922–1926 , 1926–1929)

• Turkey
  • Head of State: President Mustafa Kemal (1923–1938)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister İsmet İnönü (1923–1924, 1925–1937, 1961–1965)

• Hungary
  • Head of State: Imperial Administrator Miklós Horthy (1920–1944)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister István Bethlen (1921–1931)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (1923/24, 1924–1929)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares