List of Heads of State 1931

Overview
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Africa

• Egypt (British Protectorate 1914–1936)
  • Head of State: King Fuad I (1917–1936) (Sultan until 1922)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ismail Sedki Pascha (1930–1933, 1946 )
  • British High Commissioner : Percy Lyham Loraine (1929–1933)

• Ethiopia
  • Head of State and Government: Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–1974) (1916–1930 regent, 1936–1941 in exile)

• Liberia
  • Head of State and Government: President Edwin Barclay (1930–1944) (acting until 1932)

• South Africa
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General :
      • Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (1924– January 26, 1931)
      • George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon (January 26, 1931-1937)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister J.BM Hertzog (1924–1939)

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General :
      • Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Viscount Willingdon (1926–14 January 1931) (1931–1936 Viceroy of India)
      • Lyman Poore Duff (January 14, 1931– April 4, 1931, 1935, 1940 ) (acting)
      • Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough (April 4, 1931-1935)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Richard Bedford Bennett (1930–1935)

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government: President Pascual Ortiz Rubio (1930–1932)

• Newfoundland
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor : John Middleton (1928–1932)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Richard Squires ( 1919–1923 , 1928–1932)

• United States of America
  • Head of State and Government: President Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government: President Cleto González Víquez ( 1960–1910 , 1928–1932)

• Dominican Republic
  • Head of State and Government: President Rafael Trujillo (1930–1938, 1942–1952 )

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Pío Romero Bosque (1927–1 March 1931)
    • President Arturo Araujo (March 1, 1931– December 4, 1931)
    • President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (December 4, 1931–1934, 1935–1944 ) (acting)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Lázaro Chacón González (1926–2 January 1931)
    • President José María Reina Andrade (January 2, 1931– February 14, 1931) (acting)
    • President Jorge Ubico Castañeda (February 14, 1931–1944)

• Haiti (occupied by the USA 1915–1934)
  • Head of State and Government: President Sténio Vincent (1930–1941)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government: President Vicente Mejía Colindres ( 1919 , 1929–1933)

• Cuba
  • Head of State and Government: President Gerardo Machado (1925–1933)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President José María Moncada Tapia (1929–1933)

• Panama
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena (1928–3 January 1931)
    • President Ricardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované (January 16, 1931–1932) (acting)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government: President José Félix Uriburu (1930–1932) (acting)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Carlos Blanco Galindo (1930–5 March 1931)
    • President Daniel Salamanca Urey (March 5, 1931–1934)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government: President Getúlio Vargas (1930–1945, 1951–1954 ) (acting until 1934)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1927-29 June 1931, 1952-1958 )
    • President Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez (July 29, 1931–1932) (acting until December 4, 1931)

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Isidro Ayora (1926– August 24, 1931)
    • President Luis Larrea Alba (August 24, 1931– October 15, 1931) ( Acting )
    • President Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno ( 1912, 1916–1920 , October 15, 1931–1932) (acting)

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government: President Enrique Olaya Herrera (1930–1934)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government: President José Patricio Guggiari (1928–1932)

• Peru
  • Head of State:
    • President Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (1930–1 March 1931, 1931–1933 )
    • Chairman of the Transitional Junta Mariano Holguín Maldonado (March 1, 1931)
    • Chairman of the transition junta Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias (March 1, 1931– March 3, 1931)
    • Chairman of the Transitional Junta Gustavo Jiménez (March 5, 1931– March 11)
    • Chairman of the Transitional Junta David Samanez Ocampo (March 11, 1931– December 8, 1931)
    • President Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro ( 1930–1931 , December 8, 1931–1933)
  • Head of Government:
    • vacant (1930–8 December 1931)
    • Prime Minister Germán Arenas y Loayza ( 1918–1919 , December 8, 1931–1932)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Juan Campisteguy (1927– March 1, 1931)
    • President Gabriel Terra (March 1, 1931–1938)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Juan Bautista Pérez (1929– June 13, 1931)
    • President Pedro Itriago Chacín (June 13, 1931– July 13, 1931) (acting)
    • President Juan Vicente Gómez ( 1909–1910, 1910–1914, 1922–1929 , 1931–1935)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

• Bhutan
  • Ruler: King Jigme Wangchuk (1926–1952)

• China
  • Head of State:
    • Chairman of the Chiang Kai-shek National Government (1928–15 December 1931, 1943–1948)
    • President of the National Government Lin Sen (December 15, 1931–1943)
  • Head of Government:
    • Chairman of the Executive Yuan Chiang Kai-shek (1930–15 December 1931, 1935–1938, 1939–1945, 1947)
    • Chairman of the Executive Yuan Chen Mingshu (December 15 - December 28, 1931)
    • Chairman of the Executive Yuan Sun Fo (December 28, 1931-1932, 1948/1949)

• British India
  • Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
  • Viceroy :
    • Edward Frederick Lindley Wood (1926–1931)
    • Freeman Freeman-Thomas (1931-1936)

• Japan
  • Head of State: Emperor Hirohito (1926–1989)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi (1929-14 April 1931)
    • Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijirō (1926/1927, April 14 - December 13, 1931)
    • Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi (December 13, 1931-1932)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1950, 1952/53)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1929–1932)

• Siam (today: Thailand)
  • Ruler: King Rama VII (1925–1935)

Middle East

• Iraq
  • Head of State: King Faisal I (1921–1933)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Nuri as-Said (1930–1932, 1938–1940, 1941–1944, 1946/1947, 1949, 1950–1952, 1954–1957, 1958)

• North Yemen
  • Ruler: King Yahya bin Muhammad (1904–1948)

• Persia (today: Iran)
  • Head of State: Shah Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925–1941)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Mehdi Qoli Khan Hedayat (Mokhber-ol Saltaneh) (1927–1933)

• Transjordan (today: Jordan )
  • Ruler: Emir Abdallah ibn Husain I (1921–1951)

Central Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Ruler: King Mohammed Nadir Shah (1929–1933)

• Mongolia
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the Small State Khural Losolyn Laagan (1930–1932)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Tsengeltiin Jigdschiddschaw (1930–1932)

• Tibet
  • Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1878–1933)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor:
    • Governor General John Lawrence Baird Baron Stonehaven (1925–21 January 1931)
    • Governor General Isaac Isaacs (January 21, 1931-1936)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister James Scullin (1929–1932)

• New Zealand
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor: Governor General Charles Bathurst (1930–1935)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister George Forbes (1930–1935)

Europe

• Albania
  • Head of State: King Ahmet Zogu (1925–1939, 1943–1946 )
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Pandeli Evangjeli ( 1921 , 1930–1935)

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France :
      • Gaston Doumergue (1924-1931)
      • Paul Doumer (1931-1932)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Justí Guitart i Vilardebò (1920–1940)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Henri Jaspar (1926–6 June 1931)
    • Prime Minister Jules Renkin (June 6, 1931–1932)

• Bulgaria
  • Head of State: Tsar Boris III. (1918–1943)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Andrei Lyaptschew (1926–29 June 1931)
    • Prime Minister Aleksandar Malinov ( 1908–1911, 1918 , June 29, 1931– October 12, 1931)
    • Prime Minister Nikola Muschanow (October 12, 1931–1934)

• Denmark
  • Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning ( 1924–1926 , 1929–1942)

• German Empire
  • Head of State: President Paul von Hindenburg (1925–1934)
  • Head of government: Chancellor Heinrich Brüning (March 30, 1930–1932)

• Estonia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • State Elder Otto August Strandman (1929–12 February 1931)
    • State Elder Konstantin Päts ( 1921–1922, 1923–1924 , February 12, 1931–1932, 1932–1933, 1933–1940 ) (1918–1919, 1934–1937 Prime Minister)

• Finland
  • Head of State:
    • President Lauri Kristian Relander (1925– March 1, 1931)
    • President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (March 1, 1931–1937) (1917–1918, Prime Minister 1930–1931)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Pehr Evind Svinhufvud ( 1917–1918 , 1930–16 February 1931) (1931–1937 President)
    • Prime Minister Juho Heikki Vennola ( 1919–1920. 1921–1922 , February 16, 1931– March 21, 1931)
    • Prime Minister Juho Sunila ( 1927–1928 , March 21, 1931–1932)

• France
  • Head of State:
    • President Gaston Doumergue (1924–13 June 1931) (1913–1914, 1934–1944 President of the Council of Ministers)
    • President Paul Doumer (June 13, 1931–1932)
  • Head of Government:
    • President of the Council of Ministers Théodore Steeg (1930–27 January 1931)
    • President of the Council of Ministers Pierre Laval (January 27, 1931–1932, 1935–1936, 1942–1944 )

• Greece
  • Head of State: President Alexandros Zaimis (1929–1935) (1897–1899, 1901–1902, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1926–1928 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos ( 1910–1915, 1915, 1916–1917, 1917–1920, 1924–1924 , 1928–1932, 1932, 1933 )

• Ireland
  • Head of State: King George V (1922–1936)
    • Governor General James McNeill (1928–1932)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Thomas Cosgrave (1922–1932)

• Italy
  • Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
  • Head of Government: Duce Benito Mussolini (1922–1943)

• Yugoslavia
  • Head of State: King Alexander I (1921–1934)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Petar Živković (1929–1932)

• Latvia
  • Head of State: President Alberts Kviesis (1930–1936)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Hugo Celmiņš ( 1924–1925 , 1928–24 March 1931)
    • Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis ( 1918–1919, 1919–1921, 1925–1926 , March 24, 1931– December 5, 1931, 1934–1940 ) (President 1936–1940)
    • Prime Minister Marģers Skujenieks ( 1926–1928 , December 5, 1931–1933)

• Liechtenstein
  • Head of State: Prince Franz I (1929–1938)
  • Head of Government Josef Hoop (1928–1945)

• Lithuania
  • Head of State: President Antanas Smetona ( 1918–1920 , 1926–1940)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Juozas Tūbelis (1929–1938)

• Luxembourg
  • Head of State: Grand Duchess Charlotte (1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Joseph Bech (1926–1937, 1953–1958 )

• Monaco
  • Head of State: Prince Louis II (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Maurice Piette (1923–1932)

• Netherlands
  • Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck ( 1918–1925 , 1929–1933)

• Norway
  • Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Johan Ludwig Mowinckel ( 1924–1926 , 1928–12 May 1931, 1933–1935 )
    • Prime Minister Peder Kolstad (May 12, 1931–1932)

• Austria
  • Head of State: Federal President Wilhelm Miklas (1928–1938)
  • Head of Government:
    • Federal Chancellor Otto Ender (1930–1931)
    • Federal Chancellor Karl Buresch (1931–1932)

• Poland
  • Head of State: President Ignacy Mościcki (1926–1939)
  • Head of Government:
    • President of the Council of Ministers Walery Sławek (1930, 1930 – May 1931)
    • President of the Council of Ministers Aleksander Prystor (May 1931–1933)

• Portugal
  • Head of State: President António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona (1926–1951)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Domingos da Costa e Oliveira (1930–1932)

• Romania
  • Head of State: King Charles II (1930–1940)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Gheorghe G. Mironescu (1930, 1930-19 April 1931)
    • Prime Minister Nicolae Iorga (April 19, 1931–1932)

• San Marino
  • Capitani Reggenti :
    • Valerio Pasquali ( 1925–1926 , 1930–1 April 1931) and Gino Ceccoli (1930–1 April 1931, 1936–1937 )
    • Angelo Manzoni Borghesi ( 1911–1912, 1917–1918, 1924 , April 1 – October 1, 1931, 1934–1935, 1940 ) and Francesco Mularoni ( 1924 , April 1 – October 1, 1931)
    • Domenico Suzzi Valli ( 1909, 1913–1914, 1928 , October 1, 1931–1932) and Marino Morri ( 1927 , October 1, 1931–1932, 1935–1936, 1939 )

• Sweden
  • Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Carl Gustaf Ekman (1926–1928, 1930–1932)

• Switzerland
  • Federal President : Heinrich Häberlin ( 1926 , 1931)
  • Federal Council :
    • Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
    • Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
    • Jean-Marie Musy (1920-1934)
    • Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934)
    • Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1929-1944)
    • Albert Meyer (1930–1938)
    • Rudolf Minger (1930–1940)

• Soviet Union
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (1919–1938)
  • Head of Government: General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Josef Stalin (1922–1953)

• Spain
  • Head of State:
    • King Alfonso XIII (1886–1931)
    • President Niceto Alcalá Zamora (1931–1936)
  • Head of Government:
    • District President Dámaso Berenguer Fusté (1930–18 February 1931)
    • District President Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas (February 18 - April 14, 1931)
    • District President Niceto Alcalá Zamora (April 14 - October 14, 1931)
    • District President Manuel Azaña (October 14, 1931–1932)

• Czechoslovakia
  • Head of State: President Tomáš Masaryk (1918–1935)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister František Udržal (1929–1932)

• Turkey
  • Head of State: President Mustafa Kemal (1923–1938)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister İsmet İnönü (1923–1924, 1925–1937, 1961–1965)

• Hungary
  • Head of State: Imperial Administrator Miklós Horthy (1920–1944)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister István Bethlen (1921-19 August 1931)
    • Prime Minister Gyula Károlyi (August 19, 1931–1932)

• Vatican city
  • Head of State: Pope Pius XI. (1929-1939)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (1924, 1929–1935)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares