List of Heads of State 1921

Overview
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Africa

• Egypt (British Protectorate 1914–1936)
  • Head of State: Sultan Fuad I (1917–1936) (from 1922 King)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha (1920–16 May 1921, 1922–1923, 1934–1936 )
    • Prime Minister Adli Yakan Pasha (May 16, 1921–1922, 1926–1927, 1929–1930 )
  • British High Commissioner : Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby (1919–1925)

• Ethiopia
  • Head of State and Government: Empress Zauditu (1916–1930)
    • Regent: Ras Tafari Makonnen (1916–1930) (1930–1974 Emperor)

• Liberia
  • Head of State and Government: President Charles DB King (1920–1930)

• South Africa
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General : Arthur of Connaught (1920–1923)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Jan Christiaan Smuts (1919–1924, 1939–1948 )

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General :
      • Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire (1916-11 August 1921)
      • Julian, Lord Byng (August 11, 1921–1926)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Arthur Meighen (1920–29 December 1921, 1926 )
    • Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King (December 29, 1921–1926, 1926–1930, 1935–1948 )

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government: President Álvaro Obregón (1920–1924)

• Newfoundland
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor : Charles Alexander Harris (1917–1922)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Richard Squires (1919–1923, 1928–1932 )

• United States of America
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Woodrow Wilson (1913– March 4, 1921)
    • President Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921–1923)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government: President Julio Acosta García (1920–1924)

• Dominican Republic (occupied by the USA 1916–1924)
  • Head of State and Government:
    • Military Governor Thomas Snowden (1919– June 3, 1921)
    • Military Governor Samuel Robison (June 3, 1921–1922)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government: President Jorge Meléndez Ramírez (1919–1923)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Carlos Herrera y Luna (1920-10 December 1921)
    • President José María Orellana Pinto (December 10, 1921–1926)

• Haiti (occupied by the USA 1915–1934)
  • Head of State and Government: President Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave (1915–1922)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government: President Rafael López Gutiérrez (1920–1924)

• Cuba
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Mario García Menocal (1913–20 May 1921)
    • President Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso (May 20, 1921–1925)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (1917–1 January 1921, 1926–1929 )
    • President Diego Manuel Chamorro Bolaños (January 1, 1921–1923)

• Panama
  • Head of State and Government: President Belisario Porras Barahona ( 1912–1916, 1918–1920 , 1920–1924)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government: President Hipólito Yrigoyen (1916–1922, 1928–1930 )

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government: President Bautista Saavedra Mallea (1920–1925)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government: President Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa (1919–1922)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President Arturo Alessandri (1920–1924, 1925, 1932–1938 )

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government: President José Luis Tamayo (1920–1924)

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Marco Fidel Suárez (1918–1922)
    • President Jorge Holguín (November 11, 1921–1922) (acting)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Manuel Gondra ( 1910–1911 , 1920–7 November 1921)
    • President Eusebio Ayala (November 7, 1921–1923, 1932–1936 ) (acting)

• Peru
  • Head of State: President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo ( 1908–1912 , 1919–1930) (1904–1907 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Germán Leguía y Martínez Jakeway (1919–1922)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Baltasar Brum (1919–1923)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government: President Victorino Márquez Bustillos (1914–1922) (acting)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

• Bhutan
  • Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)

• China
  • Head of State: President Xu Shichang (1918–1922)
  • Head of Government:
    • Premier of the State Council Jin Yunpeng (1920–18 December 1921)
    • (incumbent) Yan Huiqing (December 18 - December 24, 1921)
    • Premier of the State Council Liang Shiyi (December 24, 1921–1922)

• British India
  • Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
  • Viceroy :
    • Frederic Thesiger (1916–1921)
    • Rufus Isaacs (1921-1925)

• Japan
  • Head of State: Emperor Yoshihito (1912–1926)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Hara Takashi (1918–4 November 1921)
    • (Acting) Foreign Minister Uchida Yasuya (November 4 - November 13, 1921)
    • Prime Minister Takahashi Korekiyo (November 13, 1921–1922)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

• Siam (today: Thailand)
  • Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)

Middle East

• Azerbaijan (controversial, occupied)
  • Head of State:?
  • Head of Government:?

• Persia (today: Iran)
  • Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Fathollah Akbar Sepahdar (1920 – February 1921)
    • Prime Minister Seyyed Zia al Din Tabatabai (February – May 1921)
    • Prime Minister Ahmad Qavām al-Saltaneh (June 4, 1921–1922)

• Georgia (controversial, occupied from March 21)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Noe Schordania (1918–17 March 1921)

• Yemen
  • Ruler: Imam Yahya bin Muhammad (1918–1948)

• Transjordan (today: Jordan )
  • Ruler: Emir Abdallah ibn Husain I (1921–1951)

Central Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Ruler: Emir Amanullah Khan (1919–1929)

• Mongolia
  • Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Khatanbaatar Sandagdordschiin Magsardschaw (February 15 - March 1921)
    • Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Dambyn Khadardsschaw (March 13 - April 16, 1921)
    • Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Dogsomyn Bodoo (April 16, 1921–1922)

• Tibet (controversial)
  • Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1913–1933)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor General: Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster (1920–1925)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Billy Hughes (1915-1923)

• New Zealand
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor General: Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Viscount Jellicoe (1920–1924)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Massey (1912-1925)

Europe

• Albania
  • Head of State: Regency Council (1920–1925) (Prime Minister 1924)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Iliaz Vrioni (1920–19 October 1921, 1924, 1924–1925 )
    • Prime Minister Pandeli Evangjeli (October 19, 1921– December 6, 1921, 1930–1935 )
    • Prime Minister Qazim Koculi (December 6, 1921– December 7, 1921) (acting)
    • Prime Minister Hasan Bej Prishtina (December 7, 1921– December 12, 1921)
    • Prime Minister Idhomene Kosturi (December 12, 1921– December 30, 1921) (acting)
    • Prime Minister Xhafer Ypi (December 30, 1921–1922)

• Albania
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ilias Bej Vrioni (1920–1921)
    • Prime Minister Pandeli Evangjeli (1921)
    • Prime Minister Hasan Bej Prishtina (1921)
    • Prime Minister Omer Pasha Vrioni (1921–1922)

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France : Alexandre Millerand (1920–1924)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Justí Guitart i Vilardebò (1920–1940)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Henri Carton de Wiart (1920–16 December 1921)
    • Prime Minister Georges Theunis (December 16, 1921–1925, 1934–1935 )

• Bulgaria
  • Head of State: Tsar Boris III. (1918–1943)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Aleksandar Stambolijski (1919–1923)

• Denmark
  • Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Niels Neergaard ( 1908–1909 , 1920–1924)

• German Empire
  • Head of State: President Friedrich Ebert (1919–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Chancellor Constantin Fehrenbach (1920–4 May 1921)
    • Chancellor Joseph Wirth (May 10, 1921–1922)

• Estonia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • State Elder Ants Piip (1920–25 January 1921) (1920 Prime Minister)
    • State Elder Konstantin Päts (January 25, 1921–1922, 1923–1924, 1931–1932, 1932–1933, 1933–1940 ) (1918–1919, 1934–1937 Prime Minister)

• Finland
  • Head of State: President Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (1919–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Rafael Erich (1920–9 April 1921)
    • Prime Minister Juho Vennola ( 1919–1920 , April 9, 1921–1922)

• France
  • Head of State: President Alexandre Millerand (1920–1924) (1920 President of the Council of Ministers)
  • Head of Government:
    • President of the Council of Ministers Georges Leygues (1920–16 January 1921)
    • President of the Council of Ministers Aristide Briand ( 1909–1911, 1913, 1915–1917 , January 16, 1921–1922, 1925–1926, 1929 )

• Greece
  • Head of State: King Constantine I ( 1913–1917 , 1920–1922)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis ( 1897, 1903, 1905, 1909 , 1920–6 February 1921)
    • Prime Minister Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos ( 1916 , February 6, 1921– April 8, 1921)
    • Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris ( 1915 , May 6, 1921–1922)

• Italy
  • Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ( 1892–1893, 1903–1905, 1906–1909, 1911–1914 , 1920–4 July 1921)
    • Prime Minister Ivanoe Bonomi (July 4, 1921–1922, 1944–1945 )

• Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)
  • Head of State:
    • King Peter I (1918–16 August 1921)
    • King Alexander I (August 16, 1921–1934)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Milenko Vesnić (1920–1 January 1921)
    • Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ( 1918 , January 1, 1921–1924, 1924–1926 )

• Latvia
  • Head of State: President of the Constitutional Assembly Jānis Čakste (1918–1925, 1925–1927 )
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis ( 1918–1919 , 1919–17 June 1921, 1925–1926, 1931, 1934–1940 ) (1936–1940 President)
    • Prime Minister Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics (June 17, 1921–1923, 1923–1924 )

• Liechtenstein
  • Head of State: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)
  • Head of Government Josef Ospelt (March 2, 1921–1922) (new office introduced)

• Lithuania
  • Head of State: President Aleksandras Stulginskis (1920–1926, 1926 ) (provisional until 1922)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Kazys Grinius (1920–1922) (President 1926)

• Luxembourg
  • Head of State: Grand Duchess Charlotte (1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Émile Reuter (1918–1925)

• Monaco
  • Head of State: Prince Albert I (1889–1922)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Raymond Le Bourdon (1919–1923)

• Netherlands
  • Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (1918–1925, 1929–1933 )

• Norway
  • Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Otto Bahr Halvorsen (1920–22 June 1921, 1923 )
    • Prime Minister Otto Albert Blehr ( 1902–1903 , June 22, 1921–1923)

• Ottoman Empire (today: Turkey )
  • Ruler: Sultan Mehmed VI. (1918–1922)

• Austria
  • Head of State: Federal President Michael Hainisch (1920–1928)
  • Head of Government:
    • Federal Chancellor Michael Mayr (1920–21 June 1921)
    • Federal Chancellor Johann Schober (June 21, 1921–1922)

• Poland
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Wincenty Witos (1920–13 September 1921)
    • Prime Minister Antoni Ponikowski (September 19, 1921–1922)

• Portugal
  • Head of State: President António José de Almeida (1919–1923)
  • Head of Government:
    • General Liberato Ribeiro Pinto (1920–2 March 1921)
    • Prime Minister Bernardino Machado (March 2 - May 23, 1921)
    • Prime Minister Tomé José de Barros Queirós (23 May - 30 August 1921)
    • Prime Minister António Joaquim Granjo (August 30 - October 19, 1921)
    • General Manuel Maria Coelho (October 19 – November 5, 1921)
    • General Carlos Maia Pinto (November 5 - December 16, 1921)
    • Prime Minister Francisco Pinto da Cunha Leal (December 16, 1921–1922)

• Romania
  • Head of State: King Ferdinand I (1914–1927)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Alexandru Averescu (1920–18 December 1921)
    • Prime Minister Antoni Ponikowski (December 18, 1921–1922)

• Russia
  • Head of State: Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (since 1919, December 30, 1922: establishment of the Soviet Union)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1917–1924, December 30, 1922: establishment of the Soviet Union)

• San Marino
  • Capitani Reggenti :
    • Carlo Balsimelli (1920–1 April 1921, 1933–1934, 1938–1939, 1942–1943 ) and Simone Michelotti (1920–1 April 1921)
    • Marino Della Balda (April 1, 1921– October 1, 1921, 1943–1944, 1947, 1950–1951 ) and Vincenzo Francini (April 1, 1921– October 1, 1921)
    • Egisto Morri ( 1917 , October 1, 1921–1922) and Giuseppe Lanci (October 1, 1921–1922)

• Sweden
  • Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Gerhard Louis De Geer (1920–13 February 1921)
    • Prime Minister Oscar von Sydow (February 23 - October 13, 1921)
    • Prime Minister Hjalmar Branting (October 13, 1921–1923)

• Switzerland
  • Federal President : Edmund Schulthess ( 1917 , 1921, 1928, 1933 )
  • Federal Council :
    • Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
    • Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
    • Robert Haab (1918–1929)
    • Ernest Chuard (1920–1928)
    • Jean-Marie Musy (1920-1934)
    • Karl Scheurer (1920–1929)
    • Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934)

• Spain
  • Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
  • Head of Government:
    • District President Eduardo Dato Iradier (1920–8 March 1921)
    • (officiating) Gabino Bugallal Araújo (March 8 - March 13, 1921)
    • District President Manuel Allendesalazar Muñoz de Salazar (March 13 - August 14, 1921)
    • District President Antonio Maura Montaner (August 14, 1921–1922)

• Czechoslovakia
  • Head of State: President Tomáš Masaryk (1918–1935)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Jan Černý (1920–26 September 1921)
    • Prime Minister Edvard Beneš (September 26, 1921–1922) (1935–1938, President 1945–1948)

• Ukraine (controversial, occupied)
  • Head of State and Government: President Symon Petljura (1919–1922)

• Hungary
  • Head of State: Imperial Administrator Miklós Horthy (1920–1944)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Count Pál Teleki (1920–14 April 1921)
    • Prime Minister Count István Bethlen (April 14, 1921–1931)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Earl David Lloyd George (1916–1922)

• Belarus (controversial, occupied)
  • Head of State or Government:?

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares