List of Heads of State 1921
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt (British Protectorate 1914–1936)
- Head of State: Sultan Fuad I (1917–1936) (from 1922 King)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha (1920–16 May 1921, 1922–1923, 1934–1936 )
- Prime Minister Adli Yakan Pasha (May 16, 1921–1922, 1926–1927, 1929–1930 )
- British High Commissioner : Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby (1919–1925)
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Ethiopia
- Head of State and Government: Empress Zauditu (1916–1930)
- Regent: Ras Tafari Makonnen (1916–1930) (1930–1974 Emperor)
- Head of State and Government: Empress Zauditu (1916–1930)
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Liberia
- Head of State and Government: President Charles DB King (1920–1930)
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South Africa
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General : Arthur of Connaught (1920–1923)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jan Christiaan Smuts (1919–1924, 1939–1948 )
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
America
North America
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Canada
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
-
Governor General :
- Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire (1916-11 August 1921)
- Julian, Lord Byng (August 11, 1921–1926)
-
Governor General :
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Arthur Meighen (1920–29 December 1921, 1926 )
- Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King (December 29, 1921–1926, 1926–1930, 1935–1948 )
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Álvaro Obregón (1920–1924)
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Newfoundland
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor : Charles Alexander Harris (1917–1922)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Richard Squires (1919–1923, 1928–1932 )
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
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United States of America
- Head of State and Government:
- President Woodrow Wilson (1913– March 4, 1921)
- President Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921–1923)
- Head of State and Government:
Central America
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Julio Acosta García (1920–1924)
-
Dominican Republic (occupied by the USA 1916–1924)
- Head of State and Government:
- Military Governor Thomas Snowden (1919– June 3, 1921)
- Military Governor Samuel Robison (June 3, 1921–1922)
- Head of State and Government:
-
El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Jorge Meléndez Ramírez (1919–1923)
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government:
- President Carlos Herrera y Luna (1920-10 December 1921)
- President José María Orellana Pinto (December 10, 1921–1926)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Haiti (occupied by the USA 1915–1934)
- Head of State and Government: President Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave (1915–1922)
-
Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael López Gutiérrez (1920–1924)
-
Cuba
- Head of State and Government:
- President Mario García Menocal (1913–20 May 1921)
- President Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso (May 20, 1921–1925)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government:
- President Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (1917–1 January 1921, 1926–1929 )
- President Diego Manuel Chamorro Bolaños (January 1, 1921–1923)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Belisario Porras Barahona ( 1912–1916, 1918–1920 , 1920–1924)
South America
-
Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Hipólito Yrigoyen (1916–1922, 1928–1930 )
-
Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Bautista Saavedra Mallea (1920–1925)
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Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa (1919–1922)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Arturo Alessandri (1920–1924, 1925, 1932–1938 )
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Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President José Luis Tamayo (1920–1924)
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Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
- President Marco Fidel Suárez (1918–1922)
- President Jorge Holguín (November 11, 1921–1922) (acting)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
- President Manuel Gondra ( 1910–1911 , 1920–7 November 1921)
- President Eusebio Ayala (November 7, 1921–1923, 1932–1936 ) (acting)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Peru
- Head of State: President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo ( 1908–1912 , 1919–1930) (1904–1907 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Germán Leguía y Martínez Jakeway (1919–1922)
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Baltasar Brum (1919–1923)
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Victorino Márquez Bustillos (1914–1922) (acting)
Asia
East, South and Southeast Asia
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Bhutan
- Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)
-
China
- Head of State: President Xu Shichang (1918–1922)
- Head of Government:
- Premier of the State Council Jin Yunpeng (1920–18 December 1921)
- (incumbent) Yan Huiqing (December 18 - December 24, 1921)
- Premier of the State Council Liang Shiyi (December 24, 1921–1922)
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British India
- Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
-
Viceroy :
- Frederic Thesiger (1916–1921)
- Rufus Isaacs (1921-1925)
-
Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Yoshihito (1912–1926)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Hara Takashi (1918–4 November 1921)
- (Acting) Foreign Minister Uchida Yasuya (November 4 - November 13, 1921)
- Prime Minister Takahashi Korekiyo (November 13, 1921–1922)
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Nepal
- Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)
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Siam (today: Thailand)
- Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)
Middle East
-
Azerbaijan (controversial, occupied)
- Head of State:?
- Head of Government:?
-
Persia (today: Iran)
- Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Fathollah Akbar Sepahdar (1920 – February 1921)
- Prime Minister Seyyed Zia al Din Tabatabai (February – May 1921)
- Prime Minister Ahmad Qavām al-Saltaneh (June 4, 1921–1922)
-
Georgia (controversial, occupied from March 21)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Noe Schordania (1918–17 March 1921)
-
Yemen
- Ruler: Imam Yahya bin Muhammad (1918–1948)
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Transjordan (today: Jordan )
- Ruler: Emir Abdallah ibn Husain I (1921–1951)
Central Asia
-
Afghanistan
- Ruler: Emir Amanullah Khan (1919–1929)
-
Mongolia
- Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Khatanbaatar Sandagdordschiin Magsardschaw (February 15 - March 1921)
- Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Dambyn Khadardsschaw (March 13 - April 16, 1921)
- Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Dogsomyn Bodoo (April 16, 1921–1922)
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Tibet (controversial)
- Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1913–1933)
Australia and Oceania
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Australia
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General: Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster (1920–1925)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Billy Hughes (1915-1923)
-
New Zealand
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General: Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Viscount Jellicoe (1920–1924)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Massey (1912-1925)
Europe
-
Albania
- Head of State: Regency Council (1920–1925) (Prime Minister 1924)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Iliaz Vrioni (1920–19 October 1921, 1924, 1924–1925 )
- Prime Minister Pandeli Evangjeli (October 19, 1921– December 6, 1921, 1930–1935 )
- Prime Minister Qazim Koculi (December 6, 1921– December 7, 1921) (acting)
- Prime Minister Hasan Bej Prishtina (December 7, 1921– December 12, 1921)
- Prime Minister Idhomene Kosturi (December 12, 1921– December 30, 1921) (acting)
- Prime Minister Xhafer Ypi (December 30, 1921–1922)
-
Albania
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ilias Bej Vrioni (1920–1921)
- Prime Minister Pandeli Evangjeli (1921)
- Prime Minister Hasan Bej Prishtina (1921)
- Prime Minister Omer Pasha Vrioni (1921–1922)
- Head of Government:
-
Andorra
-
Co-princes :
- President of France : Alexandre Millerand (1920–1924)
- Bishop of Urgell : Justí Guitart i Vilardebò (1920–1940)
-
Co-princes :
-
Belgium
- Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Henri Carton de Wiart (1920–16 December 1921)
- Prime Minister Georges Theunis (December 16, 1921–1925, 1934–1935 )
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Bulgaria
- Head of State: Tsar Boris III. (1918–1943)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Aleksandar Stambolijski (1919–1923)
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Denmark
- Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Niels Neergaard ( 1908–1909 , 1920–1924)
-
German Empire
- Head of State: President Friedrich Ebert (1919–1925)
- Head of Government:
- Chancellor Constantin Fehrenbach (1920–4 May 1921)
- Chancellor Joseph Wirth (May 10, 1921–1922)
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Estonia
- Head of State and Government:
- State Elder Ants Piip (1920–25 January 1921) (1920 Prime Minister)
- State Elder Konstantin Päts (January 25, 1921–1922, 1923–1924, 1931–1932, 1932–1933, 1933–1940 ) (1918–1919, 1934–1937 Prime Minister)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Finland
- Head of State: President Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (1919–1925)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Rafael Erich (1920–9 April 1921)
- Prime Minister Juho Vennola ( 1919–1920 , April 9, 1921–1922)
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France
- Head of State: President Alexandre Millerand (1920–1924) (1920 President of the Council of Ministers)
- Head of Government:
- President of the Council of Ministers Georges Leygues (1920–16 January 1921)
- President of the Council of Ministers Aristide Briand ( 1909–1911, 1913, 1915–1917 , January 16, 1921–1922, 1925–1926, 1929 )
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Greece
- Head of State: King Constantine I ( 1913–1917 , 1920–1922)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis ( 1897, 1903, 1905, 1909 , 1920–6 February 1921)
- Prime Minister Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos ( 1916 , February 6, 1921– April 8, 1921)
- Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris ( 1915 , May 6, 1921–1922)
-
Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ( 1892–1893, 1903–1905, 1906–1909, 1911–1914 , 1920–4 July 1921)
- Prime Minister Ivanoe Bonomi (July 4, 1921–1922, 1944–1945 )
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Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)
- Head of State:
- King Peter I (1918–16 August 1921)
- King Alexander I (August 16, 1921–1934)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Milenko Vesnić (1920–1 January 1921)
- Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ( 1918 , January 1, 1921–1924, 1924–1926 )
- Head of State:
-
Latvia
- Head of State: President of the Constitutional Assembly Jānis Čakste (1918–1925, 1925–1927 )
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis ( 1918–1919 , 1919–17 June 1921, 1925–1926, 1931, 1934–1940 ) (1936–1940 President)
- Prime Minister Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics (June 17, 1921–1923, 1923–1924 )
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Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)
- Head of Government Josef Ospelt (March 2, 1921–1922) (new office introduced)
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Lithuania
- Head of State: President Aleksandras Stulginskis (1920–1926, 1926 ) (provisional until 1922)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kazys Grinius (1920–1922) (President 1926)
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Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duchess Charlotte (1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Émile Reuter (1918–1925)
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Monaco
- Head of State: Prince Albert I (1889–1922)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Raymond Le Bourdon (1919–1923)
-
Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (1918–1925, 1929–1933 )
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Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Otto Bahr Halvorsen (1920–22 June 1921, 1923 )
- Prime Minister Otto Albert Blehr ( 1902–1903 , June 22, 1921–1923)
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Ottoman Empire (today: Turkey )
- Ruler: Sultan Mehmed VI. (1918–1922)
-
Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Michael Hainisch (1920–1928)
- Head of Government:
- Federal Chancellor Michael Mayr (1920–21 June 1921)
- Federal Chancellor Johann Schober (June 21, 1921–1922)
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Poland
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Wincenty Witos (1920–13 September 1921)
- Prime Minister Antoni Ponikowski (September 19, 1921–1922)
- Head of Government:
-
Portugal
- Head of State: President António José de Almeida (1919–1923)
- Head of Government:
- General Liberato Ribeiro Pinto (1920–2 March 1921)
- Prime Minister Bernardino Machado (March 2 - May 23, 1921)
- Prime Minister Tomé José de Barros Queirós (23 May - 30 August 1921)
- Prime Minister António Joaquim Granjo (August 30 - October 19, 1921)
- General Manuel Maria Coelho (October 19 – November 5, 1921)
- General Carlos Maia Pinto (November 5 - December 16, 1921)
- Prime Minister Francisco Pinto da Cunha Leal (December 16, 1921–1922)
-
Romania
- Head of State: King Ferdinand I (1914–1927)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Alexandru Averescu (1920–18 December 1921)
- Prime Minister Antoni Ponikowski (December 18, 1921–1922)
-
Russia
- Head of State: Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (since 1919, December 30, 1922: establishment of the Soviet Union)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1917–1924, December 30, 1922: establishment of the Soviet Union)
-
San Marino
-
Capitani Reggenti :
- Carlo Balsimelli (1920–1 April 1921, 1933–1934, 1938–1939, 1942–1943 ) and Simone Michelotti (1920–1 April 1921)
- Marino Della Balda (April 1, 1921– October 1, 1921, 1943–1944, 1947, 1950–1951 ) and Vincenzo Francini (April 1, 1921– October 1, 1921)
- Egisto Morri ( 1917 , October 1, 1921–1922) and Giuseppe Lanci (October 1, 1921–1922)
-
Capitani Reggenti :
-
Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Gerhard Louis De Geer (1920–13 February 1921)
- Prime Minister Oscar von Sydow (February 23 - October 13, 1921)
- Prime Minister Hjalmar Branting (October 13, 1921–1923)
-
Switzerland
- Federal President : Edmund Schulthess ( 1917 , 1921, 1928, 1933 )
-
Federal Council :
- Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
- Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
- Robert Haab (1918–1929)
- Ernest Chuard (1920–1928)
- Jean-Marie Musy (1920-1934)
- Karl Scheurer (1920–1929)
- Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934)
-
Spain
- Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
- Head of Government:
- District President Eduardo Dato Iradier (1920–8 March 1921)
- (officiating) Gabino Bugallal Araújo (March 8 - March 13, 1921)
- District President Manuel Allendesalazar Muñoz de Salazar (March 13 - August 14, 1921)
- District President Antonio Maura Montaner (August 14, 1921–1922)
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Czechoslovakia
- Head of State: President Tomáš Masaryk (1918–1935)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Jan Černý (1920–26 September 1921)
- Prime Minister Edvard Beneš (September 26, 1921–1922) (1935–1938, President 1945–1948)
-
Ukraine (controversial, occupied)
- Head of State and Government: President Symon Petljura (1919–1922)
-
Hungary
- Head of State: Imperial Administrator Miklós Horthy (1920–1944)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Count Pál Teleki (1920–14 April 1921)
- Prime Minister Count István Bethlen (April 14, 1921–1931)
-
United Kingdom
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Earl David Lloyd George (1916–1922)
-
Belarus (controversial, occupied)
- Head of State or Government:?
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares