Symon Petljura
Symon Petlyura Wassyljowytsch even Petliura or Petlura ( Ukrainian Симон Васильович Петлюра , scientific. Transliteration Symon Petlyura Vasyl'ovyč ; born May 10, jul. / 22. May 1879 greg. In Poltava ; † 25. May 1926 in Paris ) was a Ukrainian politician , journalist , writer and publicist and from 1919 to 1920 President of the Ukrainian People's Republic .
Life
Petljura was born on May 22nd, 1879 in Poltava, the son of city Cossacks . This origin enabled him to study, in contrast to the largely unlawful farmers. Petljura was a co-founder of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers' Party in 1905 and editor of the Slowo and Ukrajinskaya Shysn magazines between 1905 and 1909. During World War I he served in the tsarist army . After the February Revolution of 1917 he became a member of the new parliament, the Central Na Rada , which in June proclaimed Ukraine an autonomous republic . In July he became Secretary General for Military Affairs (Minister of War), but soon afterwards German troops occupied the Ukraine and set up a puppet government with the hetmanate under Pavlo Skoropadskyj .
After the withdrawal of the German troops in 1918, Petljura became one of five members of the board of directors of the Ukrainian People's Republic and military commander-in-chief, then head of government in 1919. In the Russian Civil War he fought against both the Bolsheviks and parts of the Russian Conservatives (" whites "), rival Ukrainians under Pavlo Skoropadskyj or Nestor Machno, and against Poland. Pogroms against the Jewish population of Ukraine took place in the Ukraine, with an estimated 35,000 to 50,000 deaths. Some of these pogroms were caused by members of the militias that made up part of Petljura's armed forces. Petljura introduced legal penalties for violence against Jewish civilians and had some of those responsible executed, but without being able to stop the violence, which he was later accused of in many ways.
After the victory of the communists, Petljura fled to Poland, where he was recognized as the ostensibly legal head of government of Ukraine and signed a peace agreement with the Polish government in Lublin in March 1920, accepting the Polish conditions for drawing the border in the east in exchange for military aid . In the Polish-Soviet War , however, Kiev was only temporarily occupied and the restoration of Ukrainian independence failed. Petljura now temporarily led the Ukrainian government in exile from Tarnów and Warsaw , but had to leave Poland in 1923 due to increased Soviet pressure and went to Paris via Vienna and Geneva in 1924 . There he founded the newspaper "Tryzub" ("trident", after the Ukrainian coat of arms ), which reported on the activities of the Ukrainian government in exile.
death
On May 25, 1926, while shopping in Paris, he was gunned down in the street by the Ukrainian Jewish anarchist Scholom Schwartzbard and died shortly afterwards. The perpetrator was acquitted by a French court for acting in retaliation for the deaths of 15 family members, including his parents.
family
Symon Petljura was the uncle of the later patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Mstyslav .
Honors
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent independence of Ukraine, Petlyura is today recognized in his homeland as an important politician and one of the founders of modern Ukraine. Petljura has received a number of honors. In the capital Kiev as well as in his hometown Poltava a monument was erected. In 2009, the Kiev city council named a street after him. In several cities such as Rivne or Lviv streets were named after him. The Ukrainian-American youth organization CYM (SUM) cites Petlyura as a model. Annual readings of his works have been held in Kiev since 1993.
literature
- Saul S. Friedman : Pogromchik: the assassination of Simon Petlura . New York: Hart Pub. Co., 1976
- Rudolf A. Mark : Symon Petljura and the UNR. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1988. ISBN 3-447-02700-2 (= research on Eastern European history . Volume 40, also dissertation at the Free University of Berlin 1988).
- Nikolai Alexejewitsch Ostrowski : How the steel was hardened , LeiV, Leipzig 2004, ISBN 3-89603-197-X .
- Matthias Vetter: Petljura, Symon. In: Handbuch des Antisemitismus , Volume 2/2, 2009, pp. 630f.
- David Engel : Schwarzbard Trial. In: Dan Diner (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Jewish History and Culture (EJGK). Volume 5: Pr-Sy. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2014, ISBN 978-3-476-02505-0 , pp. 395-400.
Web links
- Symon Petljura in the online version of the Reich Chancellery Edition Files. Weimar Republic
- Reviews of books on Petljura
- Review of Henry Abramson's book A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times
- Newspaper article about Symon Petljura in the press kit of the 20th century of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .
Individual evidence
- ^ Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers' party in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine ; accessed on May 10, 2017 (English)
- ↑ Orest Subtelny , Ukraine: A History (4th ed.) , Pp. 363–364, University of Toronto Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1442697287
- ↑ Petljura's biography on encyclopediaofukraine.com
- ↑ http://un.ua/eng/article/204626.html
- ↑ http://io.ua/113873
- ↑ http://h.ua/story/38575/
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 24, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://petlura.poltava.ua/
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Petljura, Symon |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Симон Петлюра (Ukrainian); Petliura, Symon; Petljura, Symon Wassyljowytsch; Petlura, Symon |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Ukrainian politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | May 22, 1879 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Poltava |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 25, 1926 |
| Place of death | Paris |