List of Heads of State 1922

Overview
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Africa

• Egypt (British Protectorate 1914–1936)
  • Head of State: Sultan Fuad I (1917–1936) (King since March 16, 1922)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Adli Yakan Pasha (1921–1 March 1922, 1926–1927, 1929–1930 )
    • Prime Minister Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha (March 1, 1922– November 30, 1922, 1927–1928 )
    • Prime Minister Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha ( 1920–1921 , November 30, 1922–1923, 1934–1936 )
  • British High Commissioner : Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby (1919–1925)

• Ethiopia
  • Head of State and Government: Empress Zauditu (1916–1930)
    • Regent: Ras Tafari Makonnen (1916–1930) (1930–1974 Emperor)

• Liberia
  • Head of State and Government: President Charles DB King (1920–1930)

• South Africa
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General : Arthur of Connaught (1920–1923)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Jan Christiaan Smuts (1919–1924, 1939–1948 )

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General : Julian, Lord Byng (1921–1926)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King (1921–1926, 1926–1930, 1935–1948 )

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government: President Álvaro Obregón (1920–1924)

• Newfoundland
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor :
      • Charles Alexander Harris (1917 – September 1922)
      • William Allardyce (September 1922-1928)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Richard Squires (1919–1923, 1928–1932 )

• United States of America
  • Head of State or Government: President Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government: President Julio Acosta García (1920–1924)

• Dominican Republic (occupied by the USA 1916–1924)
  • Head of State and Government:
    • Military Governor Samuel Robison (1921–21 October 1922)
    • President Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos (October 21, 1922–1924) (Acting)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government: President Jorge Meléndez Ramírez (1919–1923)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government: President José María Orellana Pinto (1921–1926)

• Haiti (occupied by the USA 1915–1934)
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave (1915-15 May 1922)
    • President Louis Bornó (May 15, 1922–1930)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government: President Rafael López Gutiérrez (1920–1924)

• Cuba
  • Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso (1921–1925)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President Diego Manuel Chamorro Bolaños (1921–1923)

• Panama
  • Head of State and Government: President Belisario Porras Barahona ( 1912–1916, 1918–1920 , 1920–1924)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Hipólito Yrigoyen (1916– October 12, 1922, 1928–1930 )
    • President Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear (October 12, 1922–1928)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government: President Bautista Saavedra Mallea (1920–1925)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa (1919– November 15, 1922)
    • President Artur da Silva Bernardes (November 15, 1922–1926)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President Arturo Alessandri (1920–1924, 1925, 1932–1938 )

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government: President José Luis Tamayo (1920–1924)

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Marco Fidel Suárez (1918–7 August 1922)
    • President Jorge Holguín (1921–7 August 1922) (acting)
    • President Pedro Nel Ospina (August 7, 1922–1926)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Eusebio Ayala (1921–1923, 1932–1936 ) (acting)

• Peru
  • Head of State: President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo ( 1908–1912 , 1919–1930) (1904–1907 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Germán Leguía y Martínez Jakeway (1919–7 October 1922)
    • Prime Minister Julio Enrique Ego Aguirre (October 7, 1922–1924)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Baltasar Brum (1919–1923)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Victorino Márquez Bustillos (1914–24 June 1922) (acting)
    • President Juan Vicente Gómez ( 1909–1910, 1910–1914 , June 24, 1922–1929, 1931–1935 )

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

• Bhutan
  • Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)

• China
  • Head of State:
    • President Xu Shichang (1918– June 2, 1922)
    • (incumbent) Zhou Ziqi (June 2 - June 11, 1922)
    • President Li Yuanhong (June 11, 1922–1923)
  • Head of Government:
    • Premier of the State Council Liang Shiyi (1921-25 January 1922)
    • (incumbent) Yan Huiqing (January 25 - April 8, 1922)
    • (incumbent) Zhou Ziqi (April 8 - June 11, 1922)
    • Prime Minister of State Council Yan Huiqing (June 11 – August 5, 1922)
    • (incumbent) Wang Ch'ung-hui (August 5 - November 29, 1922)
    • (incumbent) Wang Daxie (November 29 - December 11, 1922)
    • (incumbent) Wang Zhengting (December 11, 1922–1923)

• British India
  • Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
  • Viceroy : Rufus Isaacs (1921–1925)

• Japan
  • Head of State: Emperor Yoshihito (1912–1926)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Takahashi Korekiyo (1921–12 June 1922)
    • Prime Minister Katō Tomosaburō (June 12, 1922–1923)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

• Siam (today: Thailand)
  • Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)

Middle East

• Azerbaijan (controversial, occupied)
  • Head of State:?
  • Head of Government:?

• Persia (today: Iran)
  • Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ahmad Qavām al-Saltaneh (1921 – January 1922)
    • Prime Minister Hassan Pirnia Moshir al Dowleh (January – May 1922)
    • Prime Minister Ahmad Qavām al-Saltaneh (June 1922–1923)

• Georgia (controversial, occupied)
  • Head of Government:?

• Yemen
  • Ruler: Imam Yahya bin Muhammad (1918–1948)

• Transjordan (today: Jordan )
  • Ruler: Emir Abdallah ibn Husain I (1921–1951)

Central Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Ruler: Emir Amanullah Khan (1919–1929)

• Mongolia
  • Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)
  • Head of Government:
    • Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Dogsomyn Bodoo (1921–7 January 1922)
    • Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Sodnomyn Damdinbazar (March 3, 1922–1923)

• Tibet (controversial)
  • Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1913–1933)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor General: Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster (1920–1925)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Billy Hughes (1915-1923)

• New Zealand
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor General: Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Viscount Jellicoe (1920–1924)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Massey (1912-1925)

Europe

• Albania
  • Head of State: Regency Council (1920–1925) (Prime Minister 1924)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Xhafer Ypi (1921–4 December 1922)
    • Prime Minister Ahmet Zogu (December 4, 1922–1924, 1925 ) (President 1925–1928, King 1928–1939)

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France : Alexandre Millerand (1920–1924)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Justí Guitart i Vilardebò (1920–1940)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Georges Theunis (1921–1925, 1934–1935 )

• Bulgaria
  • Head of State: Tsar Boris III. (1918–1943)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Aleksandar Stambolijski (1919–1923)

• Denmark
  • Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Niels Neergaard ( 1908–1909 , 1920–1924)

• German Empire
  • Head of State: President Friedrich Ebert (1919–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Chancellor Joseph Wirth (1921-14 November 1922)
    • Reich Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno (November 22, 1922–1923)

• Estonia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • State Elder Konstantin Päts (1921–21 November 1922, 1923–1924, 1931–1932, 1932–1933, 1933–1940 ) (1918–1919, 1934–1937 Prime Minister)
    • State Elder Juhan Kukk (November 21, 1922–1923)

• Finland
  • Head of State: President Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (1919–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Juho Vennola ( 1919–1920 , 1921–2 June 1922)
    • Prime Minister Aimo Kaarlo Cajander (June 2, 1922– November 14, 1922, 1924–1937–1939 )
    • Prime Minister Kyösti Kallio (November 14, 1922–1924, 1925–1926, 1929–1930, 1936–1937 ) (President 1937–1940)

• France
  • Head of State: President Alexandre Millerand (1920–1924) (1920 President of the Council of Ministers)
  • Head of Government:
    • President of the Council of Ministers Aristide Briand ( 1909–1911, 1913, 1915–1917 , 1921–15 January 1922, 1925–1926, 1929 )
    • President of the Council of Ministers Raymond Poincaré ( 1912–1913 , January 15, 1922–1924, 1926–1929 ) (1913–1920 President)

• Greece
  • Head of State:
    • King Constantine I ( 1913–1917 , 1920–27 September 1922)
    • King George II (September 27, 1922-1924, 1935-1947 )
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris ( 1915 , 1921–16 May 1922)
    • Prime Minister Nikolaos Stratos (May 16, 1922– May 22, 1922)
    • Prime Minister Petros Protopapadakis (May 22, 1922– September 10, 1922)
    • Prime Minister Nikolaos Triantafyllakos (September 10, 1922– September 29, 1922)
    • Prime Minister Anastasios Charalambis (September 29, 1922– September 30, 1922)
    • Prime Minister Sotirios Krokidas (September 30, 1922– November 27, 1922)
    • Prime Minister Stylianos Gonatas (November 27, 1922-1924)

• Ireland (since December 6, 1922 Dominion)
  • Head of State: King George V (December 6, 1922–1936)
    • Governor General Timothy Michael Healy (December 6, 1922–1928)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Thomas Cosgrave (December 6, 1922–1932)

• Italy
  • Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ivanoe Bonomi (1921–25 February 1922, 1944–1945 )
    • Prime Minister Luigi Facta (February 25, 1922– October 31, 1922)
    • Duce Benito Mussolini (October 31, 1922–1943)

• Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)
  • Head of State: King Alexander I (1921–1934)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ( 1918 , 1921–1924, 1924–1926 )

• Latvia
  • Head of State: President Jānis Čakste (1918–1925, 1925–1927 ) (until November 18, 1922 President of the Constitutional Assembly)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics (1921–1923, 1923–1924 )

• Liechtenstein
  • Head of State: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)
  • Head of government
    • Josef Ospelt (1921–4 May 1922)
    • Alfons Feger (May 4, 1922– June 1, 1922) (acting)
    • Felix Gubelmann (June 1, 1992– June 6, 1922) (acting)
    • Gustav Schädler (June 6, 1922–1928)

• Lithuania
  • Head of State: President Aleksandras Stulginskis (1920–1926, 1926 ) (provisional until December 21, 1922)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Kazys Grinius (1920–2 February 1922) (1926 President)
    • Prime Minister Ernestas Galvanauskas ( 1919–1920 , February 2, 1922–1924)

• Luxembourg
  • Head of State: Grand Duchess Charlotte (1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Émile Reuter (1918–1925)

• Monaco
  • Head of State:
    • Prince Albert I (1889–26 June 1922)
    • Prince Louis II (June 26, 1922–1949)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Raymond Le Bourdon (1919–1923)

• Netherlands
  • Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (1918–1925, 1929–1933 )

• Norway
  • Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Otto Albert Blehr ( 1902–1903 , 1921–1923)

• Ottoman Empire (today: Turkey )
  • Ruler: Sultan Mehmed VI. (1918– November 1, 1922)

• Austria
  • Head of State: Federal President Michael Hainisch (1920–1928)
  • Head of Government:
    • Federal Chancellor Johann Schober (1921–31 May 1922)
    • Federal Chancellor Ignaz Seipel (May 31, 1922–1924)

• Poland
  • Head of State:
    • President Gabriel Narutowicz (December 9-December 16, 1922)
    • (officiating) Maciej Rataj (December 16 - December 20, 1922)
    • President Stanisław Wojciechowski (December 20, 1922–1926)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Antoni Ponikowski (1921–7 June 1922)
    • Prime Minister Artur Śliwiński (June 28 - July 7, 1922)
    • Prime Minister Julian Nowak (July 31 - December 14, 1922)
    • Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski (December 19, 1922–1923)

• Portugal
  • Head of State: President António José de Almeida (1919–1923)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Francisco Pinto da Cunha Leal (1921–7 February 1922)
    • Prime Minister António Maria da Silva (February 7, 1922–1923)

• Romania
  • Head of State: King Ferdinand I (1914–1927)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Take Ionescu (1921–19 January 1922)
    • Prime Minister Ion IC Brătianu (January 19, 1922–1926)

• Russia
  • Head of State: Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (from 1919, December 30, 1922: establishment of the Soviet Union )
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Lenin (1917–1924, December 30, 1922: establishment of the Soviet Union )

• San Marino
  • Capitani Reggenti :
    • Egisto Morri ( 1917 , 1921–1 April 1922) and Giuseppe Lanci (1921–1 April 1922)
    • Eugenio Reffi (April 1, 1922– October 1, 1922) and Giuseppe Arzilli (April 1, 1922– October 1, 1922)
    • Onofrio Fattori ( 1898, 1902, 1905–1906, 1911–1912, 1916 , October 1, 1922–1923) and Giuseppe Balducci ( 1917–1918 , October 1, 1922–1923)

• Sweden
  • Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Hjalmar Branting (1921–1923)

• Switzerland
  • Federal President : Robert Haab (1922, 1929 )
  • Federal Council :
    • Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
    • Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
    • Robert Haab (1918–1929)
    • Ernest Chuard (1920–1928)
    • Jean-Marie Musy (1920-1934)
    • Karl Scheurer (1920–1929)
    • Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934)

• Soviet Union
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (December 30, 1922–1946)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Lenin

• Spain
  • Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
  • Head of Government:
    • District President Antonio Maura Montaner (1921–8 March 1922)
    • District President José Sánchez-Guerra Martínez (March 8, 1922– December 7, 1922)
    • District President Manuel García Prieto (December 7, 1922–1923)

• Czechoslovakia
  • Head of State: President Tomáš Masaryk (1918–1935)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Edvard Beneš (1921–7 October 1922) (1935–1938, 1945–1948 President)
    • Prime Minister Antonín Švehla (October 8, 1922–1926, 1926–1929 )

• Ukraine (controversial, occupied)
  • Head of State and Government: President Symon Petljura (1919–30 December 1922)

• Hungary
  • Head of State: Imperial Administrator Miklós Horthy (1920–1944)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Count Pál Teleki (1920–14 April 1921)
    • Prime Minister Count István Bethlen (April 14, 1921–1931)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Earl David Lloyd George (1916– October 23, 1922)
    • Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law (October 23, 1922–1923)

• Belarus (controversial, occupied)
  • Head of State or Government:?

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares