List of Heads of State 1912

Overview
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Africa

Egypt (nominally part of the Ottoman Empire from 1882–1914, de facto British protectorate)
- Head of State: Khedive Abbas II. (1892-1914)
  - Prime Minister Muhammad Said Pasha (1910–1914, 1919 )
- British Consul General : Herbert Kitchener, Viscount Kitchener of Khartoum (1911–1914)

Ethiopia
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Menelik II (1898–1913)

Liberia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Arthur Barclay (1904– January 1, 1912)
  - President Daniel E. Howard (January 1, 1912–1920)

South Africa
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  - Governor General : Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone (1910–1914)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Louis Botha (1910–1919) (1907–1910 Prime Minister of the Transvaal)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  - Governor General : Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1911–1916)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Borden (1911–1920)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Madero (1911–1913)

Newfoundland
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1934)
  - Governor : Ralph Champneys Williams (1909–1913)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Morris (1909–1917)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President William Howard Taft (1909–1913)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno ( 1882–1885 , 1910–1914, 1924–1928, 1932–1936 )

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Eladio Victoria (1911– November 30, 1912)
  - President Adolfo Alejandro Nouel (December 1, 1912–1913) (acting)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Enrique Araujo (1911–1913)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Cincinnatus Leconte (1911–8 August 1912)
  - President Tancrède Auguste (August 8, 1912–1913)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Francisco Bertrand (1911–1 February 1912, 1913–1919 ) (acting)
  - President Manuel Bonilla ( 1903–1907 , February 1, 1912–1913)

Cuba
- Head of State and Government: President José Miguel Gómez (1909–1913)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Adolfo Díaz (1911–1917, 1926–1929 )

Panama
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Pablo Arosemena Alba (1910–1 October 1912) (acting)
  - President Belisario Porras Barahona (October 1, 1912–1916, 1918–1920, 1920–1924 )

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Roque Sáenz Peña (1910–1914)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Eliodoro Villazón Montaño (1909–1913)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca (1910–1914)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Ramón Barros Luco (1910–1915)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Carlos Freile Zaldumbide ( 1911 , 1911– March 6, 1912)
  - President Francisco Andrade Marín (March 6, 1912– August 10, 1912) (acting)
  - President Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno (August 10, 1912– September 1, 1912, 1916–1920 ) (acting)
  - President Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez ( 1901–1905 , September 1, 1912–1916)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Eugenio Restrepo (1910–1914)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Liberato Marcial Rojas (1911–28 February 1912) (acting)
  - President Pedro Pablo Peña (February 28, 1912– March 22, 1912) ( Acting )
  - President Emiliano González Navero ( 1908–1910 , March 22, 1912– August 15 , 1912) (acting)

Peru
- Head of State:
  - President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo (1908–24 September 1912, 1919–1920 ) (1904–1907 Prime Minister)
  - President Guillermo Billinghurst (September 24, 1912–1914)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Agustín Guillermo Ganoza Cavero (1911–24 September 1912)
  - Prime Minister Elías Malpartida (September 24, 1912– December 23, 1912)
  - Prime Minister Enrique Varela Vidaurre (December 23, 1912–1913, 1913–1914 )

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President José Batlle y Ordóñez ( 1899, 1903–1907 , 1911–1915)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Vicente Gómez ( 1909–1910 , 1910–1914, 1922–1929, 1931–1935 )

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bhutan
- Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)

China
- Head of State:
  - Emperor Puyi (1908– February 12, 1912)
  - (Provisional) President Sun Yat-sen (February 12 – March 10, 1912)
  - President Yuan Shikai (March 10, 1912–1916)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Yuan Shikai (1911-10 March 1912)
  - Cabinet President Tang Shaoyi (March 13-June 27, 1912)
  - Cabinet President Lu Zhengxiang (June 29 - September 25, 1912)
  - Cabinet President Zhao Bingjun (September 25, 1912–1913)

British India
- Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
- Viceroy : Charles Hardinge (1910–1916)

Japan
- Head of State:
  - Emperor Mutsuhito (1852– July 30, 1912)
  - Emperor Yoshihito (June 30, 1912–1926)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Saionji Kimmochi (1911–21 December 1912)
  - Prime Minister Katsura Tarō (December 21, 1912–1913)

Nepal

Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

Siam (today: Thailand)
- Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)

Middle East

Persia (today: Iran)
- Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Najaf Qoli Chan Samsam al-Saltane (1911–23 December 1912)
  - Prime Minister Saad al Dowleh (December 23, 1912–1913)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Ruler: Emir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919)

Mongolia (disputed)

Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sain Nojon Khan Shirindambyn Namnansüren (November 1912–1919)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General: Baron Thomas Denman (1911–1914)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (1910-1913)

New Zealand
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor:
  - Baron John Poynder Dickson (1910-1912)
  - Earl Arthur Foljambe (1912-1917)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Joseph Ward (1907– March 28, 1912)
  - Prime Minister Thomas Mackenzie (March 28 – July 10, 1912)
  - Prime Minister William Massey (July 10, 1912-1925)

Europe

Albania (independent since November 28, 1912)
- Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional Government Ismail Qemali (November 28, 1912–1914)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Armand Fallières (1906–1913)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Juan Benlloch y Vivó (1907-1919)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Baron de Broqueville (1911–1918, 1932–1934 ) (1914–1918 in exile)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: Tsar Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (until 1908 Prince)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ivan Geschow (1911–1913)

Denmark
- Head of State:
  - King Frederick VIII (1906-14 May 1912)
  - King Christian X (May 14, 1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Klaus Berntsen (1910–1913)

German Empire
- Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
  - Imperial Chancellor : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
- Stop
  - Duke : Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
    - Minister of State: Ernst von Laue (1910–1918)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich II. (1907–1918)
    - Minister of State: Alexander von Dusch (1905–1917)
- Bavaria
  - King : Otto I (1886–1913)
    - Regent : Prince Regent Luitpold (1886–1912)
    - Regent: Prince Regent Ludwig (1912–1913) (from 1913 king)
      - Chairman of the Council of Ministers : Clemens Graf von Podewils-Dürniz (1903–1912)
      - Chairman of the Council of Ministers: Georg Freiherr von Hertling (1912–1917)
- Braunschweig
  - Regent : Johann Albrecht Duke of Mecklenburg (1907–1913)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Victor Wilhelm Marcus (1907) (1909) (1912)
  - Mayor: Karl FH Stadtländer (1912) (1914)
- Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
  - Imperial governor: Prince Karl von Wedel (1907–1914)
    - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Hugo Freiherr Zorn von Bulach (1908–1914)
- Hamburg
  - First Mayor : Johann Heinrich Burchard (1903) (1906) (1908–1909) (1912)
  - First Mayor: Carl August Schröder (1912–1913) (1916)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
    - President of the entire ministry : Carl von Ewald (1906–1918)
- lip
  - Prince : Leopold IV. (1905–1918)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Johann Hermann Eschenburg (1911–1912) (1915–1916)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz IV. (1897–1918)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Adolf Friedrich V (1904–1914)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich August II. (1900–1918)
    - Minister of State : Friedrich Julius Heinrich Ruhstrat (1908–1916)
- Prussia
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
    - Prime Minister : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
    - Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (1908-1918)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich XIV. (1867–1913)
    - Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (1908-1913)
- Saxony
  - King : Friedrich August III. (1904-1918)
    - Chairman of the entire ministry : Victor Alexander von Otto (1910–1912)
    - Chairman of the entire ministry: Max Clemens Lothar Freiherr von Hausen (1912–1914)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst II (1908–1918)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Carl Eduard (1900–1918)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : George II (1866–1914)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Adolf II (1911–1918)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1890–1918)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (from 1909 in personal union with Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1909–1918)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
  - Prince : Friedrich (1893–1918)
- Württemberg
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
    - President of the State Ministry : Karl von Weizsäcker (1906–1918)

Finland (1809–1917 autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire)
- Head of State: Grand Duke Nicholas II (1894–1917)
  - Governor General : Franz Albert Seyn (1909–1917)

France
- Head of State: President Armand Fallières (1906–1913)
- Head of Government:
  - President of the Council of Ministers Joseph Caillaux (1911–14 January 1912)
  - President of the Council of Ministers Raymond Poincaré (January 14, 1912–1913, 1922–1924, 1926–1929 ) (1913–1920 President)

Greece
- Head of State: King George I (1863–1913)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos (1910–1915, 1915, 1917–1920, 1924, 1928–1932, 1932, 1933 )

Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ( 1892–2893, 1903–1905, 1906–1909 , 1911–1914, 1920–1921 )

Liechtenstein
- Head of State and Government: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)

Luxembourg
- Head of State:
  - Grand Duke William IV (1905–1912) (1902–1905 regent)
  - Grand Duchess Maria-Adelheid (February 25, 1912-1919)
    - Regent: Maria Anna of Portugal (1908–15 June 1912)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Eyschen (1888–1915)

Monaco
- Head of State: Prince Albert I (1889–1922)
- Head of Government: Minister of State : Émile Flach (1911–1917)

Montenegro
- Head of State: King Nikola I. Petrović-Njegoš (1860–1918) ( Prince until 1910 )
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Lazar Tomanović (1907-19 June 1912)
  - Prime Minister Mitar Martinović (June 19, 1912–1913)

Neutral Moresnet (1830-1915 under joint administration of Belgium and Prussia)
- Head of State: King of Belgium Albert I (1909–1915, 1918–1920 )
  - Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz (1889–1915, 1918–1920 )
- Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
  - Commissioner : Walter The Losen (1909–1918)
- Mayor : Hubert Schmetz (1885–1915)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Theo Heemskerk (1908–1913)

Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1905–1957)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Wollert Konow (1910–20 February 1912)
  - Prime Minister Jens Bratlie (February 20, 1912–1913)

Ottoman Empire
- Head of State: Sultan Mehmed V (1909–1918)
- Head of Government:
  - Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pascha ( 1897–1880, 1880–1882, 1882, 1882–1885, 1895, 1901–1903, 1908 , 1911– July 22, 1912)
  - Grand Vizier Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (July 22, 1912– October 29, 1912)
  - Grand Vizier Kıbrıslı Kâmil Pascha ( 1885–1891, 1895, 1908–1909 , October 29, 1912–1913)

Austria-Hungary
- Head of State: Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Head of Government of Cisleithanien: Prime Minister Karl Stürgkh (1911–1916)
- Head of Government of Transleithanien:
  - Prime Minister Károly Khuen-Héderváry ( 1903 , 1910– April 22, 1912)
  - Prime Minister László Lukács (April 22, 1912–1913)

Portugal
- Head of State: President Manuel José de Arriaga (1911–1915)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Augusto de Vasconcelos (1911–16 June 1912)
  - Prime Minister Duarte Leite Pereira da Silva (June 16, 1912–1913)

Romania
- Head of State: King Charles I (1866–1914) (until 1881 Prince)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Petru Carp ( 1901–1902 , 1911–10 April 1912)
  - Prime Minister Titu Maiorescu (April 10, 1912–1914)

Russia
- Head of State: Tsar Nicholas II (1894–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vladimir Kokovtsov (1911–1914)

San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti :
  - Onofrio Fattori ( 1898, 1902, 1905–1906 , 1911–1 April 1912, 1916, 1922–1923 ) and Angelo Manzoni Borghesi (1911–1 April 1912, 1917–1918, 1924, 1931, 1934–1935, 1940 )
  - Gustavo Babboni ( 1904–1905, 1908 , April 1, 1912– October 1, 1912, 1916–1917 ) and Francesco Pasquali ( 1907 , April 1, 1912– October 1, 1912, 1919–1920, 1928 )
  - Menetto Bonelli ( 1889, 1893, 1896–1897, 1904, 1908 , October 1, 1912–1913) and Vincenzo Marcucci (October 1, 1912–1913, 1917 )

Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (Sweden) (1907–1950)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Karl Staaff ( 1905–1906 , 1911–1914)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Ludwig Forrer ( 1906 , 1912)
- Federal Council :
  - Adolf Deucher (1883–20 July 1912)
  - Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
  - Robert Comtesse (1900–4 March 1912)
  - Marc-Emile Ruchet (1900-13 July 1912)
  - Ludwig Forrer (1903-1917)
  - Arthur Hoffmann (1911-1917)
  - Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
  - Louis Perrier (March 12, 1912-1913)
  - Edmund Schulthess (July 17, 1912–1935)
  - Camille Decoppet (July 17, 1912-1919)

Serbia
- King Peter I Karadjordjevic (1903-1918)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Milovan Milovanović (1911–1 July 1912)
  - Prime Minister Marko Trifković (July 1, 1912– September 12, 1912)
  - Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ( 1891–1892, 1904–1905, 1906–1908, 1909–1911 , September 12, 1912–1918) (1918, 1921–1924, 1924–1926 Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Croats, Serbs and Slovenes)

Spain
- Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister José Canalejas Méndez (1910–12 November 1912)
  - Prime Minister Manuel García Prieto (November 12, 1912– November 14, 1912, 1917, 1917–1918, 1918, 1922–1923 ) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Álvaro Figueroa Torres (November 14, 1912–1913, 1915–1917, 1918–1919 )

United Kingdom :
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith (1908–1916)

Individual evidence

↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[1] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares