List of Heads of State 1913

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Africa

Angola (Portuguese colony)
- Governor General: José Norton de Matos (1912–1915)

Egypt (nominally part of the Ottoman Empire from 1882–1914, de facto British protectorate)
- Head of State: Khedive Abbas II. (1892-1914)
  - Prime Minister Muhammad Said Pasha (1910–1914, 1919 )
- British Consul General : Herbert Kitchener, Viscount Kitchener of Khartoum (1911–1914)

Ethiopia
- Head of State and Government:
  - Emperor Menelik II (1898-12 December 1913)
  - Emperor Iyasu V (December 12, 1913–1916) (1910–1911 regent)

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
- Governor General: Reginald Wingate (1899-1916)

Belgian Congo
- Governor General: Félix Fuchs (1912–1916)

British East Africa
- Governor: Henry Conway Belfield (1912-1917)

German East Africa
- Governor: Heinrich Schnee (1912–1918)

German South West Africa
- Governor : Theodor Seitz (1910–1915)

French Equatorial Africa
- Governor General: Martial Merlin (1908–1917)

French North Africa
- Governor General : Charles Lutaud (1911–1918)

French West Africa
- Governor General : William Ponty (1908–1915)

Gold Coast (British Colony)
- Governor Hugh Charles Clifford (1912-1919)

Italian Somaliland
- Governor: Giacomo De Martino (1910-1916)

Cameroon (German Colony)
- Governor : Karl Ebermaier (1912–1916)

Cyrenaica
- Sheikh: Ahmad al-Sharif (1902–1918)
- Italian governor : Ottavio Briccola (1911–1913)
- Italian governor: Giovanni Battista Ameglio (1913–1918)

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Daniel E. Howard (1912–1920)

Madagascar (French colony)
- Governor General: Albert Picquié (1910–1914)

Morocco (French Protectorate)
- Sultan : Mulai Yusuf (1912-1927)
- French General Resident : Hubert Lyautey (1912–1925)

Mozambique (Portuguese Colony)
- Governor General: Alfredo Afonso Mendeses de Magalhães (1912–1913)
- Governor General: Augusto Ferreira dos Santos (1913–1914)

Northern Nigeria (British Protectorate)
- Governor: Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard (1912–1914)
- Sokoto
  - Sultan: Muhammad Attahiru II. (1903-1915)

Zanzibar (British Protectorate)
- Sultan : Chalifa ibn Harub ibn Thuwaini (1911–1960)

South Africa
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  - Governor General : Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone (1910–1914)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Louis Botha (1910–1919) (1907–1910 Prime Minister of the Transvaal)

Southern Nigeria (British Protectorate)
- Governor: Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard (1912–1914)

Togo (German Colony)
- Governor Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg (1912–1914)

Tripolitania (Italian Colony)
- Governor : Ottavio Ragni (1912–1913)
- Governor: Vincenzo Garioni (1913–1914)

Tunis (French Protectorate)
- Bey : Muhammad V an-Nasir (1906–1922)
- French General Resident : Gabriel Alapetite (1907–1918)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  - Governor General : Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1911–1916)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Borden (1911–1920)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Francisco Madero (1911-19 February 1913)
  - President Pedro Lascuráin Paredes (February 19, 1913)
  - President Victoriano Huerta (February 19, 1913–1914) (acting)

Newfoundland
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1934)
  - Governor :
    - Ralph Champneys Williams (1909 – December 1913)
    - Walter Edward Davidson (December 1913–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Morris (1909–1917)

United States of America
- Head of State and Government:
  - President William Howard Taft (1909– March 4, 1913)
  - President Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913–1921)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno ( 1882–1885 , 1910–1914, 1924–1928, 1932–1936 )

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Adolfo Alejandro Nouel (1912-13 April 1913) (acting)
  - President José Bordas Valdez (April 14, 1913–1914) (acting)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Manuel Enrique Araujo (1911– February 8, 1913)
  - President Carlos Meléndez (February 9, 1913–1914, 1915–1918 ) (acting)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Tancrède Auguste (1912– May 3, 1913)
  - President Michel Oreste (May 12, 1913–1914)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Manuel Bonilla ( 1903–1907 , 1912– March 21, 1913)
  - President Francisco Bertrand ( 1911-1912 ; March 21, 1913-1919)

Cuba
- Head of State and Government:
  - President José Miguel Gómez (1909– May 20, 1913)
  - President Mario García Menocal (May 20, 1913–1921)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Adolfo Díaz (1911–1917, 1926–1929 )

Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Belisario Porras Barahona (1912–1916, 1918–1920, 1920–1924 )

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Roque Sáenz Peña (1910–1914)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Eliodoro Villazón Montaño (1909-14 August 1913)
  - President Ismael Montes Gamboa ( 1904–1909 , August 14, 1913–1917)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca (1910–1914)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Ramón Barros Luco (1910–1915)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez ( 1901–1905 , 1912–1916)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Eugenio Restrepo (1910–1914)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Eduardo Schaerer (1912–1916)

Peru
- Head of State: President Guillermo Billinghurst (1912–1914)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Enrique Varela Vidaurre (1912–24 February 1913, 1913–1914 )
  - Prime Minister Federico Luna y Peralta (February 24, 1913– June 17, 1913)
  - Prime Minister Aurelio Sousa Matute (June 17, 1913– July 27, 1913, 1914 )
  - Prime Minister Enrique Varela Vidaurre ( 1912–1913 , July 27, 1913–1914)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President José Batlle y Ordóñez ( 1899, 1903–1907 , 1911–1915)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Vicente Gómez ( 1909–1910 , 1910–1914, 1922–1929, 1931–1935 )

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bhutan
- Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)

Brunei (British Protectorate)
- Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II. (1906-1924)

British India
- Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
  - Viceroy : Charles Hardinge (1910–1916)
- Bahawalpur
  - Nawab Emir Sadiq Muhammed Khan IV. (1907-1947)
- Baroda
  - Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. (1875–1939)
- Bhopal
  - Begum Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan (1901–1926)
- Bikaner
  - Maharaja Ganga Singh (1887-1943)
- Cooch Behar
  - Maharaja Rajarajendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur (1911-1913)
  - Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur (1913-1922)
- Gwalior
  - Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia (1886–1925)
- Hyderabad
  - Nizam Asaf Jah VII. (1911-1950)
    - Divan Salar Jung III. (1912-1914)
    - British resident Alexander Fleetwood Pinhey (1911-1916)
- Indore
  - Maharaja Tukojirao Holkar III. (1911-1926)
- Jaipur
  - Maharaja Sawai Shri Sir Madho Singh II. (1880-1922)
- Jammu and Kashmir
  - Maharaja Pratap Singh (1885-1925)
- Kolhapur
  - Maharaja Shahaji II (1884-1922)
- Marwar
  - Maharaja Sumer Singh (1911-1918)
- Mewar
  - Maharaja Fateh Singh (1884-1930)
- Mysore
  - Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV. (1884-1940)
- Sikkim
  - Chogyal Thutob Namgyal (1874-1914)
- Travancore
  - Maharaja Moolam Thirunal (1885-1924)

China
- Head of State: President Yuan Shikai (1912–1916)
- Head of Government:
  - Cabinet President Zhao Bingjun (1912–1 May 1913)
  - (incumbent) Duan Qirui (May 1 - July 31, 1913)
  - Cabinet President Xiong Xiling (July 31, 1913–1914)

French Indochina
- Governor General Albert Sarraut (1912–1919)
- Annam
  - Emperor : Duy Tân (1907–1916)
- Cambodia
  - King : Sisowath I (1904–1927)
- Luang Phrabang
  - King : Sisavang Vong (1904–1959)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Yoshihito (1912–1926)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Katsura Tarō (1912-20 February 1913)
  - Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe (February 20, 1913–1914)

Malaysia (British Protectorate)
- Straits Settlements
  - Governor : Arthur Young (1911-1920)
- Federated Malay States
  - Negeri Sembilan
    - Yamtuan Besar : Tuanku Muhammad Shah ibni Almarhum Tuanku Antah (1888–1933)
  - Pahang
    - Sultan: Mahmud Shah (1909-1917)
  - Perak
    - Sultan: Idris Shah I (1887-1916)
  - Selangor
    - Sultan: Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah (1896–1937)
- Unfederated Malay States
  - Johor
    - Sultan: Ibrahim (1895-1959)
  - Kedah
    - Sultan: Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (1881–1943)
  - Kelantan
    - Sultan: Muhammad IV (1900-1920)
  - Perlis
    - Sultan: Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (1881–1943)
  - Terengganu
    - Sultan: Zainal Abidin III. (1881-1918)

Nepal

Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

Dutch East Indies
- Governor General Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg (1909–1916)
- Surakarta
  - Susuhunan Pakubuwono X. (1893-1939)
- Yogyakarta
  - Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII (1877-1921)

Sarawak (British Protectorate)
- Raja Charles Johnson Brooke (1868-1917)

Siam (today: Thailand)
- Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)

Middle East

Arabia ( Saud dynasty )
- Imam Abdul Rahman ibn Abdallah (1902–1928)

Yemen
- Head of State: King Yahya Muhammad Hamid ad-Din (1911–1948)

Muscat and Oman
- Head of State: Sultan Faisal ibn Turki (1888–1913)
- Head of State: Sultan Taimur ibn Faisal (1913–1932)

Persia (today: Iran)
- Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Saad al Dowleh (1912–11 January 1913)
  - Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Khan Ala al-Saltaneh (January 11, 1913–1914)

Shihr and Mukalla (British Protectorate)
- Sultan : Ghalib I bin Awadh al-Quʿaiti (1909–1922)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Ruler: Emir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919)

Mongolia (disputed)

Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sain Nojon Khan Shirindambyn Namnansüren (1912–1919)

Tibet (controversial)
- Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatsho (1913–1933)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General: Baron Thomas Denman (1911–1914)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (1910–24 June 1913)
  - Prime Minister Joseph Cook (June 24, 1913–1914)

New Zealand
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor: Earl Arthur Foljambe (1912-1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Massey (1912-1925)

Europe

Albania
- Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional Government Ismail Qemali (1912–1914)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France :
    - Armand Fallières (1906– February 18, 1913)
    - Raymond Poincaré (February 18, 1913–1920)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Juan Benlloch y Vivó (1907-1919)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Baron de Broqueville (1911–1918, 1932–1934 ) (1914–1918 in exile)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: Tsar Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (until 1908 Prince)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ivan Geschow (1911–14 June 1913)
  - Prime Minister Stojan Danew ( 1902–1903 , June 14, 1913– July 17, 1913)
  - Prime Minister Wassil Radoslawow ( 1886–1887 , July 17, 1913–1918)

Denmark
- Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Klaus Berntsen (1910–21 June 1913)
  - Prime Minister Carl Theodor Zahle ( 1909–1910 , June 21, 1913–1920)

German Empire
- Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
  - Imperial Chancellor : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
- Stop
  - Duke : Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
    - Minister of State: Ernst von Laue (1910–1918)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich II. (1907–1918)
    - Minister of State: Alexander von Dusch (1905–1917)
- Bavaria
  - King : Otto I (1886–1913)
    - Regent : Prince Regent Ludwig (1912–1913) (from 1913 king)
  - King: Ludwig III. (1913-1918)
    - Chairman of the Council of Ministers : Georg Freiherr von Hertling (1912–1917)
- Braunschweig
  - Regent : Johann Albrecht Duke of Mecklenburg (1907–1913)
  - Duke: Ernst August (1913–1918)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Carl Georg Barkhausen (1904) (1906) (1911) (1913) (1916)
- Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
  - Imperial governor: Prince Karl von Wedel (1907–1914)
    - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Hugo Freiherr Zorn von Bulach (1908–1914)
- Hamburg
  - First Mayor : Carl August Schröder (1912–1913) (1916)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
    - President of the entire ministry : Carl von Ewald (1906–1918)
- lip
  - Prince : Leopold IV. (1905–1918)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Johann Georg Eschenburg (1905–1906) (1909–1910) (1913–1914)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz IV. (1897–1918)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Adolf Friedrich V (1904–1914)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : August II (1900–1918)
    - Minister of State : Friedrich Julius Heinrich Ruhstrat (1908–1916)
- Prussia
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
    - Prime Minister : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
    - Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (1908-1918)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich XIV. (1867–1913)
    - Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (1908-1913)
  - Prince: Heinrich XXVII. (1913-1918)
- Saxony
  - King : Friedrich August III. (1904-1918)
    - Chairman of the entire ministry : Max Clemens Lothar Freiherr von Hausen (1912–1914)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst II (1908–1918)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Carl Eduard (1900–1918)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : George II (1866–1914)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Adolf II (1911–1918)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1890–1918)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (from 1909 in personal union with Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1909–1918)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
  - Prince : Friedrich (1893–1918)
- Württemberg
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
    - President of the State Ministry : Karl von Weizsäcker (1906–1918)

Finland (1809–1917 autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire)
- Head of State: Grand Duke Nicholas II (1894–1917)
  - Governor General : Franz Albert Seyn (1909–1917)

France
- Head of State:
  - President Armand Fallières (1906– February 18, 1913)
  - President Raymond Poincaré (February 18, 1913–1920) (1912–1913, 1922–1924, 1926–1929 President of the Council of Ministers)
- Head of Government:
  - President of the Council of Ministers Raymond Poincaré (1912–21 January 1913, 1922–1924, 1926–1929 ) (1913–1920 President)
  - President of the Council of Ministers Aristide Briand ( 1911 , January 21, 1913– March 22, 1913, 1915–1917, 1921–1922, 1925–1926, 1929 )
  - President of the Council of Ministers Louis Barthou (March 22, 1913– December 9, 1913)
  - President of the Council of Ministers Gaston Doumergue (December 9, 1913–1914, 1934 )

Greece
- Head of State:
  - King George I (1863-18 March 1913)
  - King Constantine I (March 18, 1913–1917, 1920–1922 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos (1910–1915, 1915, 1917–1920, 1924, 1928–1932, 1932, 1933 )

Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ( 1892–2893, 1903–1905, 1906–1909 , 1911–1914, 1920–1921 )

Liechtenstein
- Head of State and Government: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duchess Maria-Adelheid (1912–1919)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Eyschen (1888–1915)

Monaco
- Head of State: Prince Albert I (1889–1922)
- Head of Government: Minister of State : Émile Flach (1911–1917)

Montenegro
- Head of State: King Nikola I. Petrović-Njegoš (1860–1918) ( Prince until 1910 )
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mitar Martinović (1912–8 May 1913)
  - Prime Minister Janko Vukotić (May 8, 1913–1915)

Neutral Moresnet (1830-1915 under joint administration of Belgium and Prussia)
- Head of State: King of Belgium Albert I (1909–1915, 1918–1920 )
  - Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz (1889–1915, 1918–1920 )
- Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
  - Commissioner : Walter The Losen (1909–1918)
- Mayor : Hubert Schmetz (1885–1915)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Theo Heemskerk (1908–29 August 1913)
  - Prime Minister Pieter Cort van der Linden (August 29, 1913–1918)

Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1905–1957)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jens Bratlie (1912–31 January 1913)
  - Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen ( 1908–1910 , January 31, 1913–1920)

Ottoman Empire
- Head of State: Sultan Mehmed V (1909–1918)
- Head of Government:
  - Grand Vizier Kıbrıslı Kâmil Pasha ( 1885-1891, 1895, 1908-1909 , 1912-23 January 1913)
  - Grand Vizier Mahmud Şevket Pasha (January 23, 1913– June 11, 1913)
  - Grand Vizier Said Halim Pasha (July 11, 1913–1917)

Austria-Hungary
- Head of State: Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Head of Government of Cisleithanien: Prime Minister Karl Stürgkh (1911–1916)
- Head of Government of Transleithanien:
  - Prime Minister László Lukács (1912–10 June 1913)
  - Prime Minister István Tisza Count of Borosjenő and Szeged ( 1903–1905 , June 10, 1913–1917)

Portugal
- Head of State: President Manuel José de Arriaga (1911–1915)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Duarte Leite Pereira da Silva (1912–9 January 1913)
  - Prime Minister Afonso Costa (January 9, 1913–1914, 1915–1916, 1917 )

Romania
- Head of State: King Charles I (1866–1914) (until 1881 Prince)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Titu Maiorescu (1912–1914)

Russia
- Head of State: Tsar Nicholas II (1894–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vladimir Kokovtsov (1911–1914)

San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti :
  - Menetto Bonelli ( 1889, 1893, 1896–1897, 1904, 1908 , 1912–1 April 1913) and Vincenzo Marcucci (1912–1 April 1913, 1917 )
  - Giuseppe Angeli ( 1907–1908 , April 1, 1913– October 1, 1913) and Ignazio Grazia (April 1, 1913– October 1, 1913)
  - Ciro Belluzzi ( 1907 , October 1, 1913–1914) and Domenico Suzzi Valli ( 1909 , October 1, 1913–1914, 1928, 1931–1932 )

Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (Sweden) (1907–1950)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Karl Staaff ( 1905–1906 , 1911–1914)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Eduard Müller ( 1899, 1907 , 1913)
- Federal Council :
  - Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
  - Ludwig Forrer (1903-1917)
  - Arthur Hoffmann (1911-1917)
  - Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
  - Louis Perrier (1912-16 May 1913)
  - Camille Decoppet (1912-1919)
  - Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
  - Felix Calonder (June 12, 1913–1920)

Serbia
- King Peter I Karadjordjevic (1903-1918)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ( 1891–1892, 1904–1905, 1906–1908, 1909–1911 , 1912–1918) (1918, 1921–1924, 1924–1926 Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Croats, Serbs and Slovenes)

Spain
- Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Álvaro Figueroa Torres (1912–27 October 1913, 1915–1917, 1918–1919 )
  - Prime Minister Eduardo Dato (October 27, 1913–1915, 9117, 1920–1921 )

United Kingdom :
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith (1908–1916)

Individual evidence

↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[1] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares