List of heads of state 1903

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Africa

• Egypt (nominally part of the Ottoman Empire from 1882–1914, de facto British protectorate)
  • Head of State: Khedive Abbas II. (1892-1914)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Mustafa Fahmi Pascha ( 1891–1893 , 1895–1908)
  • British Consul General : Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer (1883–1907)

• Ethiopia
  • Head of State and Government: Emperor Menelik II (1898–1913)

• Liberia
  • Head of State or Government: President Garretson W. Gibson (1900-1904)

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: King Edward VII (1901–1910)
    • Governor General : Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (1898–1904)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier (1896–1911)

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government: President Porfirio Díaz ( 1876–1880 , 1884–1911)

• United States of America
  • Head of State or Government: President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government: President Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra (1902–1906)

• Dominican Republic
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Horacio Vásquez ( 1899 , 1902– April 23, 1903, 1924–1930 )
    • President Alejandro Woss y Gil ( 1885–1887 , April 23, 1903– November 24, 1903)
    • President Carlos Felipe Morales (November 24, 1903–1906)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Tomás Regalado (1898– March 1, 1903)
    • President Pedro José Escalón (March 1, 1903–1907)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

• Haiti
  • Head of State and Government: President Pierre Nord Alexis (1902–1908)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Terencio Sierra (1899– February 1, 1903)
    • President Juan Ángel Arias (February 1, 1903– April 13, 1903) (acting until February 18)
    • President Manuel Bonilla (April 13, 1903–1907, 1912–1913 )

• Cuba
  • Head of State and Government: President Tomás Estrada Palma ( 1976–1877 , 1902–1906)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President José Santos Zelaya (1893–1909)

• Panama (independent since November 3, 1903)
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Demetrio H. Brid (Nov. 3, 1903– Nov. 4, 1903)
    • President of the Provisional Government Junta José Agustín Arango (November 4, 1903–1904)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government: President Julio Argentino Roca ( 1880–1886 , 1898–1904)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government: President José Manuel Pando (1899–1904)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government: President Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves (1902–1906)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President Germán Riesco Errázuriz (1901–1906)

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government: President Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez (1901–1905, 1912–1916 )

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government: President José Manuel Marroquín (1900–1904)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Juan Antonio Escurra (1902–1904)

• Peru
  • Head of State:
    • President Eduardo López de Romaña (1899–8 September 1903)
    • President Manuel Candamo ( 1895 , September 8, 1903–1904)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister José Pardo y Barreda (1902–8 September 1903)
    • Prime Minister José Pardo y Barreda (September 8, 1903–1904) (1904–1908, President 1915–1919)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Juan Lindolfo Cuestas ( 1897–1899 , 1899– March 1, 1903)
    • President José Batlle y Ordóñez ( 1899 , March 1, 1903–1907, 1911–1915 )

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government: President Cipriano Castro (1899–1909)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

• Bhutan
  • Ruler: Choley Yeshe Ngodub (1903–1905)

• China
  • Ruler: Emperor Guangxu (1875–1908, nominal )
  • Regent: Empress Dowager Cixi (1898–1908)

• British India
  • Emperor : Edward VII (1901–1910)
  • Viceroy : George Curzon (1899–1904)

• Japan
  • Head of State: Emperor Mutsuhito (1852–1912)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Marquis Katsura Tarō (1901–1906)

• Korea
  • Ruler: Emperor Gojong (1897–1907)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Prithvi (1881–1911)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

• Siam (today: Thailand)
  • Ruler: King Chulalongkorn (1868–1910)

Middle East

• Persia (today: Iran)
  • Head of State: Shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah (1896–1907)
  • Head of Government: Haji Mirza Ali Khan Sinaki (1897–?)

Central Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Ruler: Emir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Head of State: King Edward VII (1901–1910)
  • Governor General :
    1. John Hope (1901 to January 9, 1903)
    2. Hallam Tennyson (January 9, 1903-1904)
  • Head of Government:
    1. Prime Minister Sir Edmund Barton (1901 to September 24, 1903)
    2. Prime Minister Alfred Deakin (September 24, 1903-1904)

• New Zealand
  • Head of State: King Edward VII (1901–1910)
  • Governor General : Uchter Knox, 5th Earl of Ranfurly (1897–1904)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Richard Seddon (1893–1906)

• Tonga
  • Head of State: King George Tupou II (1893–1918)

Europe

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France : Émile Loubet (1899–1906)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Joan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera (1902–1906)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul de Smet de Naeyer ( 1896–1899 , 1899–1907)

• Bulgaria
  • Head of State: Prince Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (from 1908 Tsar)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Stojan Danew (1902–19 May 1903, 1913 )
    • Prime Minister Ratscho Petrow ( 1901 , May 19, 1903–1906)

• Denmark
  • Head of State: King Christian IX. (1863–1906)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Johan Henrik Deuntzer (1901–1905)

• German Empire
  • Head of State: Kaiser Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
  • Head of government: Reich Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow (1900–1909)
  • Stop
    • Head of State: Duke Friedrich I (1871–1904)
    • Head of Government: Minister of State Johann von Dallwitz (1903–1909)
  • to bathe
    • Head of State: Grand Duke Friedrich I (1856–1907) (1852–1856 regent)
    • Head of Government: Minister of State Arthur von Brauer (1901–1905)
  • Bavaria
    • Head of State: King Otto I (1886–1913)
      • Regent : Prince Regent Luitpold (1886–1912)
    • Head of Government:
      • Chairman of the Council of Ministers Friedrich Krafft von Crailsheim (1890–1 May 1903)
      • Chairman of the Council of Ministers Clemens Freiherr von Podewils-Dürniz (May 1, 1903–1912)
  • Braunschweig
    • Head of State: Regent Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885–1906)
    • Head of Government: Minister of State Albert von Otto (1889–1911) (1906–1907 Chairman of the Regency Council)
  • Bremen
    • President of the Senate : Alfred Dominicus Pauli ( 1891, 1893, 1896, 1898 , 1903, 1905, 1908, 1910 )
  • Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
    • Imperial governor: Prince Hermann zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1894–1907)
    • State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Ernst von Köller (1901–1908)
  • Hamburg
    • First Mayor : Johann Heinrich Burchard (1903, 1906, 1908–1909, 1912 )
  • Hesse
    • Head of State: Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
    • Head of Government: President of the entire Ministry Carl Rothe (1898–1906)
  • lip
    • Head of State: Prince Alexander (1895–1905)
      • Regent: Ernst Graf zur Lippe-Biesterfeld (1897–1904)
    • Head of Government: Minister of State Max von Gevekot (1900–1912)
  • Lübeck
    • Mayor : Heinrich Klug ( 1899–1900 , January 1, 1903–1904)
  • Mecklenburg-Schwerin
    • Head of State: Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV (1897–1918)
    • Head of Government: President of the State Ministry Carl von Bassewitz-Levetzow (1901–1914)
  • Mecklenburg-Strelitz
    • Head of State: Grand Duke Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
    • Head of Government: Minister of State Friedrich von Dewitz (1885–1907)
  • Oldenburg
    • Head of State: Grand Duke Friedrich August II. (1900–1918)
    • Head of Government: Minister of State Wilhelm Friedrich Willich (1900–1908)
  • Prussia
    • Head of State: King Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
    • Head of Government: Prime Minister Bernhard von Bülow (1900–1909)
  • Reuss older line
    • Head of State: Prince Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
      • Regent: Heinrich XIV. (Reuss younger line) (1902–1908)
    • Head of Government: Government and Consistorial Secretary Ernst August von Meding (1901–1918)
  • Reuss younger line
    • Head of State: Prince Heinrich XIV. (1867–1913)
    • Head of Government: Minister of State Karl Franz Ernst von Hinüber (1902–1918)
  • Saxony
    • Head of State: King George (1902–1904)
    • Head of Government: Chairman of the General Ministry Karl Georg Levin von Metzsch-Reichenbach (1901–1906)
  • Saxony-Altenburg
    • Head of State: Duke Ernst I (1853–1908)
    • Head of Government: Minister of State Georg von Helldorff (1891–1904)
  • Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
    • Head of State: Duke Carl Eduard (1900–1918)
      • • Regent: Ernst II. Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1900–1905)
    • Head of Government: Minister of State Otto von Hentig (1900–1905)
  • Saxony-Meiningen
    • Head of State: Duke George II (1866–1914)
    • Head of Government: Head of the State Ministry Friedrich von Heim Rudolf von Ziller (1902–1912)
  • Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
    • Head of State: Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst (Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach) (1901–1918)
  • Schaumburg-Lippe
    • Head of State: Prince Georg (1893–1911)
    • Head of Government: Minister of State Friedrich von Feilitzsch (1898–1918)
  • Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
    • Head of State: Prince Günther Victor (1890–1918)
    • Head of Government:
    • Minister of State Wilhelm Friedrich von Starck (1888–1 April 1903)
    • Minister of State Franz Freiherr von der Recke (April 1, 1903–1918)
  • Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
    • Head of State: Prince Karl Günther (1880–1909)
  • Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since 1868)
    • Head of State: Prince Friedrich (1893–1918)
    • Head of Government: Prussian State Director Ernst Friedrich Johannes von Saldern (1886–1907)
  • Württemberg
    • Head of State: King Wilhelm II. (1891–1918)
    • Head of Government: President of the State Ministry Wilhelm August von Breitling (1901–1906)

• Finland (1809–1917 autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire)
  • Head of State: Grand Duke Nicholas II (1894–1917)
    • Governor General : Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov (1898–1904)

• France
  • Head of State: President Émile Loubet (1899–1906)
  • Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Émile Combes (1902–1905)

• Greece
  • Head of State: King George I (1863–1913)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Theodoros Deligiannis ( 1858–1886, 1890–1892, 1895–1897 , 1902–27 June 1903, 1904–1905 )
    • Prime Minister Georgios Theotokis ( 1899–1901 , June 27, 1903– July 11, 1903, 1903–1904, 1905–1909 )
    • Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis ( 1897 , July 11, 1903– December 19, 1903, 1905, 1909, 1920–1921 )
    • Prime Minister Georgios Theotokis ( 1899–1901, 1903 , December 19, 1903–1904, 1905–1909 )

• Italy
  • Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Giuseppe Zanardelli (1901–3 November 1903)
    • Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ( 1892–1893 , November 3, 1903–1905, 1906–1909, 1911–1914, 1920–1921 )

• Liechtenstein
  • Head of State and Government: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)

• Luxembourg
  • Head of State: Grand Duke Adolf I (1890–1905) (1839–1866 Duke of Nassau)
    • Regent: Wilhelm (1902–1905) (1905–1912 Grand Duke)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Eyschen (1888–1915)

• Monaco
  • Head of State and Government: Prince Albert I (1889–1922)

• Montenegro
  • Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Bozo Petrovic-Njegos (1879–1905)

• Neutral Moresnet (1830-1915 under joint administration of Belgium and Prussia)
  • Head of State: King of Belgium Leopold II (1865–1909)
    • Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz (1889–1915, 1918–1920 )
  • Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
    • Commissioner : Alfred Gülcher (1893–1909)
  • Mayor : Hubert Schmetz (1885–1915)

• Netherlands
  • Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Abraham Kuyper (1901–1905)

• Norway (1814–1905 personal union with Sweden)
  • Head of State: King Oskar II (1872–1905) (1872–1907 King of Sweden)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Otto Albert Blehr (1902–22 October 1903, 1912–1923 )
    • Prime Minister Francis Hagerup ( 1895–1898 , October 22, 1903–1905)

• Ottoman Empire
  • Head of State: Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876–1909)
  • Head of Government:
    • Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pascha ( 1897–1880, 1880–1882, 1882, 1882–1885, 1895 , 1901–14 January 1903, 1908, 1911–1912 )
    • Grand Vizier Avlonyalı Mehmet Ferit Pascha (January 14, 1903–1908)

• Austria-Hungary
  • Head of State: Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
  • Head of Government of Cisleithanien: Prime Minister Ernest von Koerber (1900–1904, 1916 )
  • Head of Government of Transleithanien:
    • Prime Minister Kálmán Széll (1899-27 June 1903)
    • Prime Minister Károly Khuen-Héderváry (June 27, 1903– November 3, 1903, 1910–1912 )
    • Prime Minister István Tisza Count of Borosjenő and Szeged (November 3, 1903–1905, 1913–1917 )

• Portugal
  • Head of State: King Charles I (1889–1908)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ernesto Rodolfo Hintze Ribeiro ( 1893–1897 , 1900–1904, 1906 )

• Romania
  • Head of State: King Charles I (1866–1914) (until 1881 Prince)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Dimitrie Sturdza ( 1895–1896, 1897–1899 , 1901–1905, 1907–1909 )

• Russia
  • Head of State and Government: Tsar Nicholas II (1894–1917)

• San Marino
  • Capitani Reggenti :
    • Gemino Gozi ( 1892–1893, 1899 , 1902–1 April 1903) and Giacomo Marcucci ( 1892–1893, 1899 , 1902–1 April 1903, 1909–1910 )
    • Federico Gozi ( 1872–1873, 1879–1880, 1884–1885, 1888–1889, 1892, 1895–1896, 1899–1900 , April 1, 1903– October 1, 1903) and Nullo Balducci (April 1, 1903–1. October 1903)
    • Marino Borbiconi ( 1894–1895, 1898–1899 , October 1, 1903–1904, 1909–1910, 1923–1924 ) and Francesco Marcucci ( 1873, 1882, 1890, 1894, 1898–1899 , October 1, 1903–1904)

• Sweden (1814–1905 personal union with Norway)
  • Head of State: King Oskar II (1872–1907) (1872–1905 King of Norway)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Erik Gustaf Boström ( 1891–1901 , 1902–1905)

• Switzerland
  • Federal President : Adolf Deucher ( 1886, 1897 , 1903, 1909 )
  • Federal Council :
    • Adolf Deucher (1883–1912)
    • Josef Zemp (1892–1908)
    • Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
    • Ernst Brenner (1897–1911)
    • Robert Comtesse (1900-1912)
    • Marc-Emile Ruchet (1900-1912)
    • Ludwig Forrer (January 1, 1903–1917)

• Serbia
  • Head of State:
    • King Alexander I. Obrenović (1889–11 June 1903)
    • King Peter I. Karadjordjevic (June 15, 1903–1918)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Dimitrije Cincar-Marković (1902–11 June 1903)
    • Prime Minister Jovan Đ. Avakumović ( 1892–1893 , June 11, 1903– October 4, 1903)
    • Prime Minister Sava Grujić ( 1887–1888, 1889–1891, 1893–1894 , October 4, 1903–1904, 1906 )

• Spain
  • Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Francisco Silvela Le vielleuze ( 1899–1900 , 1902–20 July 1903)
    • Prime Minister Raimundo Fernández Villaverde (July 20, 1903– December 5, 1903, 1905 )
    • Prime Minister Antonio Maura Montaner (December 5, 1903–1904, 1907–1909, 1918, 1919, 1921–1922 )

• United Kingdom :
  • Head of State: King Edward VII (1901–1910)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Arthur Balfour (1902–1905)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares