List of heads of state 1899

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Africa

• Egypt (nominally Ottoman Khedivat; de facto British protectorate)
  • Khedive : Abbas II. (1892-1914)
  • Consul General : Evelyn Baring, Viscount Cromer (1883–1907)

• Ethiopia
  • Emperor : Menelik II (1889–1913)

• German East Africa (German Colony)
  • Burundi : King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1850–1908)
  • Rwanda : King Yuhi V (1896–1931)

• Liberia
  • Head of State and Government
  • President William D. Coleman (1896–1900)

• Morocco
  • Sultan : Abd al-Aziz (1873-1908)

• Natal (British Colony)
  • Governor: Walter Hely-Hutchinson (1893–1901)
  • King of the Zulu : Dinizulu ka Cetshwayo (1884–1913)

• Sokoto Caliphate
  • Caliph : 'Abdul-Rahman (1891-1902)

• Uganda (British Protectorate)
  • Buganda : Kabaka : Daudi Chwa II. (1897–1939)
  • Bunyoro : Omukama : Kitahimbwa (1898–1902)

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: Queen : Victoria (1867–1901)
    • Governor General : Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (1898–1904)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister : Wilfrid Laurier (1896–1911)

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government: President : Porfirio Díaz ( 1876, 1877–1880 , 1884–1911)

• United States of America
  • Head of State or Government : President : William McKinley (1897–1901)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government: President Rafael Yglesias Castro (1894–1902)

• Dominican Republic
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President : Ulises Heureaux ( 1882–1884, 1887–1889 , 1889– July 26, 1899)
    • President: Juan Wanceslao Figuereo (August 1, 1899 - August 31, 1899)
    • President: Horacio Vásquez (September 1, 1899 - November 14, 1899, 1902–1903 )
    • President: Juan Isidro Jiménez (November 19, 1899–1902, 1914–1916 )

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government: President : Tomás Regalado (1898–1903)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government: President : Manuel Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

• Haiti
  • Head of State and Government: President : Tirésias Simon-Sam (1896–1902)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President : Policarpo Bonilla (1894–1 February 1899)
    • President: Terencio Sierra (February 1, 1899–1903)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President : José Santos Zelaya (1893–1909)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government: President : Julio Argentino Roca ( 1880–1886 , October 12, 1898–1904)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President : Severo Fernández (1896– April 12, 1899)
    • Junta: José Manuel Pando , Serapio Reyes Ortiz , Macario Pinilla Vargas (April 12, 1899– October 25, 1899)
    • President: José Manuel Pando (October 25, 1899–1904)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government: President : Campos Sales (1898–1902)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President : Federico Errázuriz Echaurren (1896–1901)

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government: President Eloy Alfaro (1895–1901)

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government: President : Manuel Antonio Sanclemente (1898–1900)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government: President : Emilio Aceval (1898–1902)

• Peru
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President : Nicolás de Piérola (1895–8 September 1899)
    • President: President : Eduardo López de Romaña (September 8, 1899–1903)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government:
    • (provisional) Juan Lindolfo Cuestas (1897–15 February 1899)
    • (incumbent) President of the Senate: José Batlle y Ordóñez (February 15 – March 1, 1899)
    • President : Juan Lindolfo Cuestas (March 1, 1899–1903)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President : Ignacio Andrade (1898– January 20, 1899)
    • President: Cipriano Castro (January 20, 1899–1908)

Asia

• Abu Dhabi
  • Emir: Zayed I (1855-1909)

• Ajman
  • Sheikh: Humaid II (1891–1900)

• Afghanistan
  • Emir: Abdur Rahman Khan (1880–1901)

• Bahrain
  • Emir: Isa I. (1869-1932)

• China ( Qing Dynasty )
  • Emperor: Guangxu (1875-1908)

• British India
  • Empress : Victoria (1877–1901)
  • Viceroy :
    • Victor Bruce (1894-1899)
    • George Curzon (1899-1904)

• Japan
  • Emperor : Mutsuhito (1867–1912)

• Korea
  • King: Gojong (1897–1907)

• Kuwait
  • Emir: Mubarak (1896-1915)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Prithvi (1881–1911)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1885–1901)

• Oman
  • Sultan: Faisal ibn Turki (1888–1913)

• Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
  • Shah : Mozaffar ad-Din Shah (1896–1907)

• Thailand
  • King : Chulalongkorn (1868–1910)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia :
  • Queen: Victoria
  • New South Wales
    • Governor :
      1. Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden (1895 to March 5, 1899)
      2. William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp (May 18, 1899-1901)
    • Prime Minister :
      1. George Reid (1894 to September 13, 1899)
      2. Sir William Lyne (September 14, 1899-1901)
  • Queensland
    • Governor : Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington (1896–1901)
    • Prime Minister :
      1. James Robert Dickson (1898 to December 1, 1899)
      2. Anderson Dawson (December 1-7, 1899)
      3. Robert Philp (December 7, 1899 to 1903)
  • South Australia
    • Governor :
      1. Sir Thomas Buxton, 3rd Baronet (1895 to March 29, 1899)
      2. Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson (April 10, 1899-1902)
    • Prime Minister :
      1. Charles Kingston (1893 to December 1, 1899)
      2. Vaiben Louis Solomon (December 1-8 , 1899)
      3. Frederick Holder (December 8, 1899-1901 [2nd term])
  • Tasmania
    • Governor : Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston (1893-1900)
    • Prime Minister :
      1. Sir Edward Braddon (1894 to October 12, 1899)
      2. Elliott Lewis (October 12, 1899-1903)
  • Victoria
    • Governor : Thomas Brassey, 1st Baron Brassey (1895-1900)
    • Prime Minister :
      1. George Turner (1894 - December 5, 1899)
      2. Allan McLean (December 5, 1899-1900)
  • Western Australia
    • Governor : Sir Gerard Smith (1895–1901)
    • Prime Minister : Sir John Forrest (1890-1901)

• Hawaii
  • President: Sanford Dole (1894-1900)

• New Zealand
  • Queen: Victoria
  • Governor : Uchter Knox, 5th Earl of Ranfurly (1897–1904)
  • Prime Minister : Richard Seddon (1893-1906)

• Tonga
  • King: George Tupou II (1893-1918)

Europe

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France :
      • Félix Faure (1895-1899)
      • Émile Loubet (1899–1906)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Salvador Casañas i Pagès (1879–1901)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Paul de Smet de Naeyer (1896–24 January 1899, 1899–1907 )
    • Prime Minister Jules Vandenpeereboom (January 24, 1899– August 5, 1899)
    • Prime Minister Paul de Smet de Naeyer ( 1896–1899 , August 5, 1899–1907)

• Bulgaria
  • Prince : Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (from 1908 Tsar)

• Denmark
  • Head of State: King : Christian IX. (1863–1906)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Hugo Egmont Hørring (1897–1900)

• German Empire
  • Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
    • Imperial Chancellor : Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1894–1900)
  • Stop
    • Duke : Friedrich I (1871–1904)
      • Minister of State : Kurt von Koseritz (1892–1902)
  • to bathe
    • Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1856–1907)
      • Minister of State: Wilhelm Nokk (1893–1901)
  • Bavaria
    • King : Otto I (1886–1913)
      • Regent: Prince Regent Luitpold (1886–1912)
        • Chairman of the Council of Ministers : Friedrich Krafft Graf von Crailsheim (1890–1903)
  • Braunschweig
    • Regent : Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885–1906)
  • Bremen
    • Mayor : F. August Schultz (1899 , 1901, 1905, 1908, 1910 )
  • Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
    • Imperial governor: Prince Hermann zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1894–1907)
    • State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Maximilian von Puttkamer (1887–1901)
  • Hamburg
    • First Mayor : Johann Georg Mönckeberg ( 1890, 1893, 1896 , 1899, 1902, 1904–1905, 1908 )
  • Hessen-Darmstadt
    • Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
      • President of the entire ministry : Carl Rothe (1898–1906)
  • lip
    • Prince : Alexander (1895–1905)
      • Regent: Ernst Graf zu Lippe-Biesterfeld (1897–1904)
  • Lübeck
    • Mayor : Heinrich Klug (1899–1900, 1903–1904 )
  • Mecklenburg-Schwerin
    • Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz IV. (1897–1918)
      • Regent: Johann Albrecht (1897–1901)
  • Mecklenburg-Strelitz
    • Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
  • Oldenburg
    • Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
      • Minister of State : Günther Jansen (1890–1900)
  • Prussia
    • King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
      • Prime Minister : Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1894–1900)
  • Reuss older line
    • Prince : Heinrich XXII. (1859–1902)
  • Reuss younger line
    • Prince : Heinrich XIV. (1867–1913)
  • Saxony
    • King : Albert (1873–1902)
      • Chairman of the entire ministry : Heinrich Rudolf Schurig (1895–1901)
  • Saxony-Altenburg
    • Duke : Ernst I (1853–1908)
  • Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
    • Duke : Alfred (1893–1900)
  • Saxony-Meiningen
    • Duke : George II (1866–1914)
  • Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
    • Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
  • Schaumburg-Lippe
    • Prince : Georg (1893–1911)
  • Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
    • Prince : Günther Victor (1890–1918)
  • Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
    • Prince : Karl Günther (1880–1909)
  • Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
    • Prince : Friedrich (1893–1918)
  • Württemberg
    • King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
      • President of the State Ministry : Hermann von Mittnacht (1876–1900)

• France
  • President : Félix Faure (1895– February 16, 1899)
  • President: Émile Loubet (February 18, 1899–1906)

• Greece
  • King : George I (Greece) (1863–1913)

• Italy
  • King : Umberto I (1878–1900)

• Luxembourg
  • Grand Duke : Adolf I (1890–1905) (1839–1866 Duke of Nassau)

• Monaco
  • Prince : Albert I (1889–1922)

• Montenegro
  • Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )

• Neutral Moresnet
  • King of Belgium : Leopold II (1865–1909)
  • King of Prussia : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)

• Netherlands
  • Queen : Wilhelmina (1890–1948)

• Norway (1814–1905 personal union with Sweden)
  • King : Oskar II (1872–1905)

• Ottoman Empire :
  • Sultan : Abdülhamid II. (1876-1909)

• Austria-Hungary
  • Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)

• Portugal
  • King : Charles I (1889–1908)

• Romania
  • Head of State: King Charles I (1866–1914) (until 1881 Prince)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Dimitrie Sturdza ( 1895–1896 , 1897–1899, 1901–1905, 1907–1909 )
    • Prime Minister Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino (1899–1900, 1905–1907 )

• Russia
  • Emperor : Nicholas II (1894–1917)

• Sweden
  • King : Oskar II. (1872–1907) (1872–1905 King of Norway)

• Serbia
  • King : Aleksandar Obrenović (1889–1903)

• Spain
  • King : Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
  • Regent: Maria Christina (1885–1902)

• Hungary
  • King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury ( 1885–1886, 1886–1892 , 1895–1902)