List of heads of state 1900

Overview
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Africa

Egypt (nominally part of the Ottoman Empire from 1882–1914, de facto British protectorate)
- Head of State: Khedive Abbas II. (1892-1914)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mustafa Fahmi Pascha ( 1891–1893 , 1895–1908)

Ethiopia
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Menelik II (1898–1913)

Liberia
Head of State and Government:

President William D. Coleman (1896– December 11, 1900)

President Garretson W. Gibson (December 11, 1900–1904) ( Acting until 1902)

Orange Free State
- Head of State and Government: President Marthinus Theunis Steyn (1896–1902)

South African Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Paul Kruger (1883– September 10, 1900)
  - President Schalk Willem Burger (September 10, 1900–1902)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1867–1901)
  - Governor General : Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (1898–1904)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier (1896–1911)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Porfirio Díaz ( 1876–1880 , 1884–1911)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President William McKinley (1897–1901)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Yglesias Castro (1894–1902)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Isidro Jiménez (1899–1902, 1914–1916 )

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Tomás Regalado (1898–1903)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Tirésias Simon-Sam (1896–1902)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Terencio Sierra (1899–1903)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President José Santos Zelaya (1893–1909)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Julio Argentino Roca ( 1880–1886 , 1898–1904)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President José Manuel Pando (1899–1904)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales (1898–1902)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Federico Errázuriz Echaurren (1896–1901)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Eloy Alfaro ( 1883 , 1895–1901)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Manuel Antonio Sanclemente (1898–1902)
  - President José Manuel Marroquín (July 31, 1900–1904) (acting until 1902)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Emilio Aceval (1898–1902)

Peru
- Head of State: President Eduardo López de Romaña (1899–1903)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Enrique de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren (1899–30 August 1900, 1915–1917 )
  - Prime Minister Enrique Coronel Zegarra y Cortés (August 30, 1900– October 2, 1900)
  - Prime Minister Domingo Almenara Butler (1900–1901)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Lindolfo Cuestas ( 1897–1899 , 1899–1903)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Cipriano Castro (1899–1909)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bhutan
- Ruler: King Sangye Dorji (1885–1901)

China
- Ruler: Emperor Guangxu (1875–1908, nominal )
- Regent: Empress Dowager Cixi (1898–1908)

British India
- Empress : Victoria (1877–1901)
- Viceroy : George Curzon (1899–1904)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Mutsuhito (1852–1912)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Yamagata Aritomo (1898-19 October 1900)
  - Prime Minister Count Itō Hirobumi (October 19, 1900–1901)

Korea
- Ruler: Emperor Gojong (1897–1907)

Nepal

Head of State: King Prithvi (1881–1911)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1885–1901)

Siam (now Thailand )
- Ruler: King Chulalongkorn (1868–1910)

Middle East

Persia (now Iran )

Head of State: Shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah (1896–1907)

Head of Government: Haji Mirza Ali Khan Sinaki (1897–?)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Emir: Abdur Rahman Khan (1880–1901)

Australia and Oceania

New Zealand
- Queen : Victoria (1837-1901)
- Governor General : Earl of Ranfurly (1897–1904)
- Prime Minister : Richard Seddon (1893-1906)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Émile Loubet (1899–1906)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Salvador Casañas i Pagès (1879–1901)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul de Smet de Naeyer ( 1896–1899 , 1899–1907)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: Prince Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (from 1908 Tsar)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Todor Ivanchev (1899–1901)

Denmark
- Head of State: King Christian IX. (1863–1906)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Hugo Egmont Hørring (1897-27 April 1900)
  - Prime Minister Hannibal Sehested (April 27, 1900–1901)

German Empire

Head of State: Kaiser Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)

Head of Government:

Imperial Chancellor Chlodwig Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1894–17 October 1900)

Imperial Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow (October 17, 1900–1909)

Stop

Head of State: Duke Friedrich I (1871–1904)

Head of Government: Minister of State Kurt von Koseritz (1892–1902)

to bathe

Head of State: Grand Duke Friedrich I (1856–1907) (1852–1856 regent)

Head of Government: Minister of State Wilhelm Nokk (1893–1901)

Bavaria

Head of State: King Otto I (1886–1913)
Regent : Prince Regent Luitpold (1886–1912)

Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Friedrich Krafft von Crailsheim (1890–1903)

Braunschweig

Head of State: Regent Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885–1906)

Head of Government: Minister of State Albert von Otto (1889–1911) (1906–1907 Chairman of the Regency Council)

Bremen
President of the Senate : Albert Gröning ( 1895, 1897 , 1900, 1902 )

Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine

Imperial governor: Prince Hermann zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1894–1907)

State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Maximilian von Puttkamer (1887–1901)

Hamburg

First Mayor : Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann ( 1895, 1898 , January 1, 1900– September 15, 1900)

First Mayor: Gerhard Hachmann (September 15, 1900–1901, 1904 )

Hesse

Head of State: Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)

Head of Government: President of the entire Ministry Carl Rothe (1898–1906)

lip

Head of State: Prince Alexander (1895–1905)
Regent: Ernst Graf zur Lippe-Biesterfeld (1897–1904)

Head of Government: Minister of State Max von Gevekot (1900–1912)

Lübeck
Mayor : Heinrich Klug (1899–31 December 1900, 1903–1904 )

Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Head of State: Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV (1897–1918)
Regent: Johann Albrecht (1897–1901)

Head of Government: President of the State Ministry Alexander von Bülow (1896–1901)

Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Head of State: Grand Duke Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)

Head of Government: Minister of State Friedrich von Dewitz (1885–1907)

Oldenburg

Head of State:

Grand Duke Peter II (1853–13 June 1900)

Grand Duke Friedrich August II (June 13, 1900–1918)

Head of Government:

Minister of State : Günther Jansen (1890–19 August 1900)

Minister of State Wilhelm Friedrich Willich (August 19, 1900–1908)

Prussia

Head of State: King Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Chlodwig Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1894–17 October 1900)

Prime Minister: Bernhard von Bülow (October 17, 1900–1909)

Reuss older line

Head of State: Prince Heinrich XXII. (1859–1902)

Head of Government: Government and Consistorial Secretary Theodor von Dietel (1893–17 September 1900)

Reuss younger line

Head of State: Prince Heinrich XIV. (1867–1913)

Head of Government: Minister of State Walter Engelhardt (1896–1902)

Saxony

Head of State: King Albert (1873–1902)

Head of Government: Chairman of the General Ministry Rudolf Schurig (1895–1901)

Saxony-Altenburg

Head of State: Duke Ernst I (1853–1908)

Head of Government: Minister of State Georg von Helldorff (1891–1904)

Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Head of State:

Duke Alfred (1893– June 30, 1900)

Duke Carl Eduard (June 30, 1900–1918)
Regent: Ernst II. Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1900–1905)

Head of Government:

Minister of State Karl Friedrich von Strenge (1891 – November 1900)

Minister of State Otto von Hentig (November 1900–1905)

Saxony-Meiningen

Head of State: Duke George II (1866–1914)

Head of Government: Head of the State Ministry Friedrich von Heim (1890–1902)

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Head of State: Grand Duke Karl Alexander (1853–1901)

Schaumburg-Lippe

Head of State: Prince Georg (1893–1911)

Head of Government: Minister of State Friedrich von Feilitzsch (1898–1918)

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt

Head of State: Prince Günther Victor (1890–1918)

Head of Government: Minister of State Wilhelm Friedrich von Starck (1888–1903)

Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
Head of State: Prince Karl Günther (1880–1909)

Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since 1868)

Head of State: Prince Friedrich (1893–1918)

Head of Government: Prussian State Director Ernst Friedrich Johannes von Saldern (1886–1907)

Württemberg

Head of State: King Wilhelm II. (1891–1918)

Head of Government:

President of the State Ministry Hermann von Mittnacht (1876–1900)

President of the State Ministry Maximilian Freiherr Schott von Schottenstein (1900–1901)

Finland (1809–1917 autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire)
- Head of State: Grand Duke Nicholas II (1894–1917)
  - Governor General : Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov (1898–1904)

France
- Head of State: President Émile Loubet (1899–1906)
- Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau (1899–1902)

Greece
- Head of State: King George I (1863–1913)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Georgios Theotokis (1899–1901, 1903, 1903–1904, 1905–1909 )

Italy
- Head of State:
  - King Umberto I (1878–29 July 1900)
  - King Victor Emmanuel III (July 29, 1900–1946)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Luigi Pelloux (1898–24 June 1900)
  - Prime Minister Giuseppe Saracco (June 24, 1900–1901)

Liechtenstein
- Head of State and Government: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Adolf I (1890–1905) (1839–1866 Duke of Nassau)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Eyschen (1888–1915)

Monaco
- Head of State and Government: Prince Albert I (1889–1922)

Montenegro

Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Bozo Petrovic-Njegos (1879–1905)

Neutral Moresnet (1830-1915 under joint administration of Belgium and Prussia)
- Head of State: King of Belgium Leopold II (1865–1909)
  - Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz (1889–1915, 1918–1920 )
- Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
  - Commissioner : Alfred Gülcher (1893–1909)
- Mayor : Hubert Schmetz (1885–1915)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nicolaas Pierson (1897–1901)

Norway (1814–1905 personal union with Sweden)
- Head of State: King Oskar II (1872–1905) (1872–1907 King of Sweden)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Johannes Steen ( 1891–1893 , 1898–1902)

Ottoman Empire
- Head of State: Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876–1909)
- Head of Government: Grand Vizier Halil Rıfat Pasha (1895–1901)

Austria-Hungary
- Head of State: Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Head of Government of Cisleithanien:
  - Prime Minister Heinrich Ritter von Wittek (1899–18 January 1900) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Ernest von Koerber (January 19, 1900–1904, 1916 )
- Head of Government of Transleithanien: Prime Minister Kálmán Széll (1899–1903)

Portugal
- Head of State: King Charles I (1889–1908)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister José Luciano de Castro ( 1886–1890 , 1897–26 July 1900, 1904–1906 )
  - Prime Minister Ernesto Rodolfo Hintze Ribeiro ( 1893–1897 , July 26, 1900–1904, 1906 )

Romania
- Head of State: King Charles I (1866–1914) (until 1881 Prince)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Gheorghe Cantacuzino (1899–19 July 1900, 1905–1907 )
  - Prime Minister Petru Carp (July 19, 1900–1901, 1911–1912 )

Russia
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Nicholas II (1894–1917)

San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti : Federico Gozi ( 1872–1873, 1879–1880, 1884–1885, 1888–1889, 1892, 1895–1896 , 1899–1 April 1900, 1903 ) and Silvestro Vita ( 1892 , 1899–1 April 1900)
- Capitani Reggenti: Domenico Fattori ( 1857, 1861–1862, 1866–1867, 1870–1871, 1874–1875, 1878, 1881–1882, 1886, 1889–1890, 1895 , April 1, 1900– October 1, 1900, 1914 ) and Antonio Righi ( 1884–1885, 1888–1889, 1895 , April 1 – October 1, 1900)
- Capitani Reggenti: Giovanni Bonelli ( 1896 , October 1, 1900–1901) and Pietro Ugolini ( 1854, 1871, 1877–1878, 1886–1887, 1890–1891 , October 1, 1900–1901)

Sweden (1814–1905 personal union with Norway)
- Head of State: King Oskar II (1872–1907) (1872–1905 King of Norway)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Erik Gustaf Boström (1891–12 September 1900, 1902–1905 )
  - Prime Minister Fredrik von Otter (September 12, 1900–1902)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Walter Hauser ( 1892 , 1900)
- Federal Council :
  - Adolf Deucher (1883–1912)
  - Walter Hauser (1889–1902)
  - Josef Zemp (1892–1908)
  - Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
  - Ernst Brenner (1897–1911)
  - Robert Comtesse (January 1, 1900–1912)
  - Marc-Emile Ruchet (January 1, 1900–1912)

Serbia
- King Alexander I. Obrenović (1889–1903)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Vladan Đorđević (1897–24 July 1900)
  - Prime Minister Aleksa Jovanović (July 24, 1900–1901)

Spain
- Head of State: King : Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
  - Regent: Maria Christina of Austria (1885–1902)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Francisco Silvela Le vieluze (1899–23 October 1900, 1902–1903 )
  - Prime Minister Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero ( 1897 , October 23, 1900–1901, 1904–1905 )

United Kingdom :
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury ( 1885–1886, 1886–1892 , 1895–1902)

Remarks

↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[1] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares