List of heads of state 1905

Overview
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Africa

Egypt (nominally part of the Ottoman Empire from 1882–1914, de facto British protectorate)
- Head of State: Khedive Abbas II. (1892-1914)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mustafa Fahmi Pascha ( 1891–1893 , 1895–1908)

Ethiopia
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Menelik II (1898–1913)

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Arthur Barclay (1904–1912)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1901–1910)
  - Governor General : Albert Gray, 4th Earl Gray (1904–1911)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier (1896–1911)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Porfirio Díaz ( 1876–1880 , 1884–1911)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra (1902–1906)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Carlos Felipe Morales (1903-1906)
  - President Ramón Cáceres (December 29, 1905–1911) (acting until 1906)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Pedro José Escalón (1903–1907)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Pierre Nord Alexis (1902–1908)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Bonilla (1903–1907, 1912–1913 )

Cuba
- Head of State and Government: President Tomás Estrada Palma ( 1976–1877 , 1902–1906)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President José Santos Zelaya (1893–1909)

Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Amador Guerrero (1904–1908)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Quintana (1904–1906)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Ismael Montes Gamboa (1904–1909, 1913–1917 )

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves (1902–1906)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Germán Riesco Errázuriz (1901–1906)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez (1901–1 September 1905, 1912–1916 )
  - President Lizardo García (September 1, 1905–1906)

Colombia
- Head of State or Government: President Rafael Reyes (1904–1909)

Paraguay
Head of State and Government:

President Juan Bautista Gaona (1904– December 9, 1905) ( Acting )

President Cecilio Báez (December 9, 1905–1906) (acting)

Peru
- Head of State: President José Pardo y Barreda (1904–1908, 1915–1919 ) (1903–1904 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo (1904–1907) (1908–1912, 1919–1930 President)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President José Batlle y Ordóñez ( 1899 , 1903–1907, 1911–1915 )

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Cipriano Castro (1899–1909)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bhutan
- Ruler: Choley Yeshe Ngodub (1903–1905)

China
- Ruler: Emperor Guangxu (1875–1908, nominal )
- Regent: Empress Dowager Cixi (1898–1908)

British India
- Emperor : Edward VII (1901–1910)
- Viceroy :
  - George Curzon (1904-1905)
  - Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (1905-1910)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Mutsuhito (1852–1912)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Marquis Katsura Tarō (1901–1906)

Korea
- Ruler: Emperor Gojong (1897–1907)

Nepal

Head of State: King Prithvi (1881–1911)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

Siam (today: Thailand)
- Ruler: King Chulalongkorn (1868–1910)

Middle East

Persia (today: Iran)

Head of State: Shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah (1896–1907)

Head of Government: Haji Mirza Ali Khan Sinaki (1897–?)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Ruler: Emir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: King Edward VII (since 1901)
  - Governor General : Henry Northcote (since 1904)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Alfred Deakin (since July 5, 1905)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Émile Loubet (1899–1906)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Joan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera (1902–1906)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul de Smet de Naeyer ( 1896–1899 , 1899–1907)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: Prince Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (from 1908 Tsar)
- Head of government: Prime Minister Ratscho Petrow ( 1901 , 1903–1906)

Denmark
- Head of State: King Christian IX. (1863–1906)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Johan Henrik Deuntzer (1901–15 January 1905)
  - Prime Minister Jens Christian Christensen (January 15, 1905–1908)

German Empire
- Head of State: Kaiser Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
- Head of government: Reich Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow (1900–1909)
- Stop
  - Head of State: Duke Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
  - Head of Government: Minister of State Johann von Dallwitz (1903–1909)
- to bathe
  - Head of State: Grand Duke Friedrich I (1856–1907) (1852–1856 regent)
  - Head of Government:
    - Minister of State Arthur von Brauer (1901–8 March 1905)
    - Minister of State Alexander Freiherr von Dusch (March 8, 1905–1917)
- Bavaria
  - Head of State: King Otto I (1886–1913)
    - Regent : Prince Regent Luitpold (1886–1912)
  - Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Clemens Freiherr von Podewils-Dürniz (1903–1912)
- Braunschweig
  - Head of State: Regent Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885–1906)
  - Head of Government: Minister of State Albert von Otto (1889–1911) (1906–1907 Chairman of the Regency Council)
- Bremen
  - President of the Senate : Alfred Dominicus Pauli ( 1891, 1893, 1896, 1898, 1903 , 1905, 1908, 1910 )
- Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
  - Imperial governor: Prince Hermann zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1894–1907)
  - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Ernst von Köller (1901–1908)
- Hamburg
  - First Mayor : Johann Georg Mönckeberg ( 1901, 1892–1893, 1896, 1899, 1902 , 1904–31 December 1905, 1908 )
- Hesse
  - Head of State: Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
  - Head of Government: President of the entire Ministry Carl Rothe (1898–1906)
- lip
  - Head of State:
    - Prince Alexander (1895–13 January 1905)
      - Regent: Leopold Graf zur Lippe-Biesterfeld (1904–25 October 1905) (1905–1918 Fürst zur Lippe)
    - Prince Leopold IV (October 25, 1905–1918) (1904–1905 regent)
  - Head of Government: Minister of State Max von Gevekot (1900–1912)

Finland (1809–1917 autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire)
- Head of State: Grand Duke Nicholas II (1894–1917)
  - Governor General :
    - Ivan Michailowitsch Obolensky (1904–18 November 1905)
    - Anton von Saltza (November 18, 1905 - December 6, 1905) (acting)
    - Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Gerhard (December 6, 1905–1908)

France
- Head of State: President Émile Loubet (1899–1906)
- Head of Government:
  - President of the Council of Ministers Émile Combes (1902–1905)
  - President of the Council of Ministers Maurice Rouvier ( 1887 , January 24, 1905–1906)

Greece
- Head of State: King George I (1863–1913)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Theodoros Deligiannis ( 1885–1886, 1890–1892, 1895–1897, 1902–1903 , 1904–13 June 1905)
  - Prime Minister Nikolaos Gounarakis (June 13, 1905– June 22, 1905) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis ( 1897, 1903 , June 22, 1905– December 21, 1905, 1909, 1920–1921 )
  - Prime Minister Georgios Theotokis ( 1899–1901, 1903, 1903–1904 , December 21, 1905–1909)

Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ( 1892–1893 , 1903–12 March 1905, 1906–1909, 1911–1914, 1920–1921 )
  - Prime Minister Tommaso Tittoni (March 12, 1905– March 28, 1905)
  - Prime Minister Alessandro Fortis (March 28, 1905–1906)

Liechtenstein
- Head of State and Government: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)

Luxembourg

Head of State:

Grand Duke Adolf I (1890–17 November 1905) (1839–1866 Duke of Nassau)
Regent: Wilhelm (1902–17 November 1905) (17 November 1905–1912 Grand Duke)

Grand Duke Wilhelm IV (November 17, 1905–1912) (Regent 1902– November 17 , 1905)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Eyschen (1888–1915)

Monaco
- Head of State and Government: Prince Albert I (1889–1922)

Montenegro
- Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Bozo Petrović-Njegoš (1879–19 December 1905)
  - Prime Minister Lazar Mijušković (December 19, 1905–1906, 1916 )

Neutral Moresnet (1830-1915 under joint administration of Belgium and Prussia)
- Head of State: King of Belgium Leopold II (1865–1909)
  - Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz (1889–1915, 1918–1920 )
- Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
  - Commissioner : Alfred Gülcher (1893–1909)
- Mayor : Hubert Schmetz (1885–1915)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Abraham Kuyper (1901–16 August 1905)
  - Prime Minister Theo de Meester (August 16, 1905–1908)

Norway (1814–7 June 1905 personal union with Sweden)
- Head of State:
  - King Oskar II (1872–7 June 1905) (1872–1907 King of Sweden)
  - Prime Minister Christian Michelsen (June 7, 1905– November 25, 1905) (acting)
  - King: Haakon VII (November 25, 1905–1957)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Francis Hagerup ( 1895–1898 , 1903–11 March 1905)
  - Prime Minister Christian Michelsen (March 11, 1905–1907)

Ottoman Empire
- Head of State: Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876–1909)
- Head of Government: Grand Vizier Avlonyalı Mehmet Ferit Pascha (1903–1908)

Austria-Hungary
- Head of State: Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Head of Government of Cisleithanien: Prime Minister Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn ( 1897–1898 , 1904–1906)

Portugal
- Head of State: King Charles I (1889–1908)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister José Luciano de Castro ( 1886–1890, 1897–1900 , 1904–1906)

Romania
- Head of State: King Charles I (1866–1914) (until 1881 Prince)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Dimitrie Sturdza ( 1895–1896, 1897–1899 , 1901–4 January 1905, 1907–1909 )
  - Prime Minister Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino ( 1899–1900 , January 4, 1905–1907)

Russia
- Head of State: Tsar Nicholas II (1894–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sergei Witte (November 6, 1905–1906)

San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti :
  - Luigi Tonnini ( 1897, 1901 , 1904–1 April 1905, 1909 ) and Gustavo Babboni (1904–1 April 1905, 1908, 1912, 1916–1917 )
  - Antonio Belluzzi ( 1881, 1897–1898, 1901–1902 , April 1, 1905– October 1, 1905) and Pasquale Busignani ( 1880–1881, 1885, 1891–1892, 1897–1898, 1901–1902 , April 1, 1905– October 1, 1905)
  - Onofrio Fattori ( 1898, 1902 , October 1, 1905–1906, 1911–1912, 1916, 1922–1923 ) and Piermatteo Carattoni (October 1, 1905–1906)

Sweden (1814–7 June 1905 personal union with Norway)
- Head of State: King Oskar II (1872–1907) (1872–1905 King of Norway)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Erik Gustaf Boström ( 1891–1901 , 1902–13 April 1905)
  - Prime Minister Johan Ramstedt (April 13, 1905– August 2, 1905)
  - Prime Minister Christian Lundeberg (August 2, 1905 - November 8, 1905)
  - Prime Minister Karl Staaff (November 8, 1905–1906, 1911–1914 )

Switzerland
- Federal President : Marc-Emile Ruchet (1905, 1911 )
- Federal Council :
  - Adolf Deucher (1883–1912)
  - Josef Zemp (1892–1908)
  - Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
  - Ernst Brenner (1897–1911)
  - Robert Comtesse (1900-1912)
  - Marc-Emile Ruchet (1900-1912)
  - Ludwig Forrer (1903-1917)

Serbia
- King Peter I Karadjordjevic (1903-1918)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ( 1891–1892 , 1904–29 May 1905, 1906–1908, 1909–1911, 1912–1918 ) (1918, 1921–1924, 1924–1926 Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Croats, Serbs and Slovenes)
  - Prime Minister Ljubomir Stojanović (May 29, 1905–1906)

Spain
- Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero ( 1897, 1900–1901 , 1904– January 27, 1905)
  - Prime Minister Raimundo Fernández Villaverde ( 1903 , January 27, 1905– June 23, 1905)
  - Prime Minister Eugenio Montero Ríos (June 23, 1905– December 1, 1905)
  - Prime Minister Segismundo Moret y Prendergast (December 1, 1905–1906, 1906, 1909–1910 )

United Kingdom :
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1901–1910)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Arthur Balfour (1902-5 December 1905)
  - Prime Minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman (December 5, 1905-1908)

Individual evidence

↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[1] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares