List of heads of state 1908

Overview
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Africa

Egypt (nominally part of the Ottoman Empire from 1882–1914, de facto British protectorate)
- Head of State: Khedive Abbas II. (1892-1914)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mustafa Fahmi Pascha ( 1891–1893 , 1895–12 November 1908)
  - Prime Minister Boutros Ghali (November 12, 1908–1910)
- British Consul General : Eldon Gorst (1907-1911)

Ethiopia
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Menelik II (1898–1913)

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Arthur Barclay (1904–1912)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1901–1910)
  - Governor General : Albert Gray, 4th Earl Gray (1904–1911)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier (1896–1911)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Porfirio Díaz ( 1876–1880 , 1884–1911)

Newfoundland
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1907–1910)
  - Governor : William MacGregor (1907-1909)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Bond (1907–1909)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Cleto González Víquez (1906–1910, 1928–1932 )

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Ramón Cáceres (1905–1911)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Fernando Figueroa (1907–1911)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Pierre Nord Alexis (1902–2 December 1908)
  - President François C. Antoine Simon (December 6, 1908–1911)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Miguel R. Dávila (1907–1911)

Cuba (occupied by the USA 1906–1909)
- Governor Charles Edward Magoon (1906-1909)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President José Santos Zelaya (1893–1909)

Panama
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Manuel Amador Guerrero (1904– October 1, 1908)
  - President José Domingo de Obaldía (October 1, 1908–1910)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President José Figueroa Alcorta (1906–1910)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Ismael Montes Gamboa (1904–1909, 1913–1917 )

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena (1906–1909)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Pedro Montt Montt (1906–1910)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Eloy Alfaro ( 1883, 1895–1901 , 1906–1911)

Colombia
- Head of State or Government: President Rafael Reyes (1904–1909)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Benigno Ferreira (1906–4 July 1908)
  - President Emiliano González Navero (July 4, 1908–1910, 1912 ) (acting)

Peru
- Head of State:
  - President José Pardo y Barreda (1904–24 September 1908, 1915–1919 ) (1903–1904 Prime Minister)
  - President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo (September 24, 1908–1912, 1919–1920 ) (Prime Minister 1904–1907)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Carlos A. Washburn Salas (1907–24 September 1908)
  - Prime Minister Eulogio Romero Salcedo (September 24, 1908–1909)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Claudio Williman (1907–1911)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Cipriano Castro (1899–1909)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bhutan
- Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (December 17, 1907–1926)

China
- Ruler:
  - Emperor Guangxu (1875-14 November 1908, nominal )
  - Emperor Puyi (November 15, 1908–1912, nominal )
- Regent:
  - Cixi (1898– November 15, 1908)
  - Zaifeng (November 15, 1908-1911)

British India
- Emperor : Edward VII (1901–1910)
- Viceroy : Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (1905–1910)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Mutsuhito (1852–1912)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Saionji Kimmochi (1906-14 July 1908)
  - Prime Minister Katsura Tarō (July 14, 1908–1911)

Nepal
- Head of State: King Prithvi (1881–1911)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

Siam (today: Thailand)
- Ruler: King Chulalongkorn (1868–1910)

Middle East

Persia (today: Iran)
- Head of State: Mohammad Ali Shah (1907–1909)
- Head of Government:?

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Ruler: Emir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1907–1910)
- Governor General:
  - Baron Henry Northcote (1907-9 September 1908)
  - Earl William Ward (September 9, 1908–1911)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Alfred Deakin (1907-13 November 1908)
  - Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (November 13, 1908-1909)

New Zealand
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1907–1910)
- Governor: Baron William Plunket (1907-1910)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Joseph Ward (1907–1912)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Armand Fallières (1906–1913)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Juan Benlloch y Vivó (1907-1919)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frans Schollaert (January 9, 1908–1911)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: Tsar Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (Prince until October 3, 1908)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Petar Gudew (1907–29 January 1908)
  - Prime Minister Aleksandar Malinov (January 29, 1908–1911, 1918, 1931 )

Denmark
- Head of State: King Frederick VIII (1906–1912)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jens Christian Christensen (1905–11 October 1908)
  - Prime Minister Niels Neergaard (October 11, 1908–1909, 1920–1924 )

German Empire
- Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
  - Imperial Chancellor : Bernhard von Bülow (1900–1909)
- Stop
  - Duke : Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
    - Minister of State: Johann von Dallwitz (1903–1909)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich II. (1907–1918)
    - Minister of State: Alexander von Dusch (1905–1917)
- Bavaria
  - King : Otto I (1886–1913)
    - Regent: Prince Regent Luitpold (1886–1912)
      - Chairman of the Council of Ministers : Clemens Freiherr von Podewils-Dürniz (1903–1912)
- Braunschweig
  - Regent : Johann Albrecht Duke of Mecklenburg (1907–1913)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Alfred Dominicus Pauli (1891) (1896) (1898) (1903) (1905) (1908) (1910)
- Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
  - Imperial governor: Prince Karl von Wedel (1907–1914)
    - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Ernst Matthias von Köller (1901–1908)
    - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine: Hugo Freiherr Zorn von Bulach (1908–1914)
- Hamburg
  - First Mayor : Johann Georg Mönckeberg (1890) (1893) (1896) (1899) (1902) (1904–1905) (1908)
  - First Mayor: Johann Heinrich Burchard (1903) (1906) (1908–1909) (1912)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
    - President of the entire ministry : Car Ewald (1906–1918)
- lip
  - Prince : Leopold IV. (1905–1918)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Ernst Christian Johannes Schön (1907–1908)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz IV. (1897–1918)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Adolf Friedrich V (1904–1914)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich August II. (1900–1918)
    - Minister of State : Wilhelm Friedrich Willich (1900–1908)
    - Minister of State: Friedrich Julius Heinrich Ruhstrat (1908–1916)
- Prussia
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
    - Prime Minister : Bernhard von Bülow (1900–1909)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
    - Regent: Heinrich XIV. (Reuss younger line) (1902–1908)
    - Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (Reuss younger line) (1908–1918)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich XIV. (1867–1913)
    - Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (Reuss younger line) (1908–1913)
- Saxony
  - King : Friedrich August III. (1904-1918)
    - Chairman of the entire ministry : Konrad Wilhelm von Rüger (1906–1910)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst I (1853–1908)
  - Duke: Ernst II (1908–1918)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Carl Eduard (1900–1918)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : George II (1866–1914)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Georg (1893–1911)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1890–1918)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
  - Prince : Karl Günther (1880–1909)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
  - Prince : Friedrich (1893–1918)
- Württemberg
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
    - President of the State Ministry : Karl von Weizsäcker (1906–1918)

Finland (1809–1917 autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire)
- Head of State: Grand Duke Nicholas II (1894–1917)
  - Governor General :
    - Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Gerhard (1905–2 February 1908)
    - Wladimir Alexandrowitsch Boeckmann (February 2, 1908–1909)

France
- Head of State: President Armand Fallières (1906–1913)
- Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Georges Clemenceau (1906–1909, 1917–1920 )

Greece
- Head of State: King George I (1863–1913)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Georgios Theotokis ( 1899–1901, 1903, 1903–1904 , 1905–1909)

Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ( 1892–1893, 1903–1905 , 1906–1909, 1911–1914, 1920–1921 )

Liechtenstein
- Head of State and Government: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Wilhelm IV (1905–1912) (1902–1905 regent)
  - Regent: Maria Anna of Portugal (March 19, 1908–1912)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Eyschen (1888–1915)

Monaco
- Head of State and Government: Prince Albert I (1889–1922)

Montenegro

Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Lazar Tomanović (1907–1912)

Neutral Moresnet (1830-1915 under joint administration of Belgium and Prussia)
- Head of State: King of Belgium Leopold II (1865–1909)
  - Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz (1889–1915, 1918–1920 )
- Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
  - Commissioner : Alfred Gülcher (1893–1909)
- Mayor : Hubert Schmetz (1885–1915)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Theo de Meester (1905–11 February 1908)
  - Prime Minister Theo Heemskerk (February 11, 1908–1913)

Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1905–1957)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jørgen Løvland (1907–19 March 1908)
  - Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen (March 19, 1908–1910, 1913–1920 )

Ottoman Empire
- Head of State: Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876–1909)
- Head of Government:
  - Grand Vizier Avlonyalı Mehmet Ferit Pascha (1903-22 July 1908)
  - Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pascha ( 1897–1880, 1880–1882, 1882, 1882–1885, 1895, 1901–1903 , July 22, 1908– August 5, 1908, 1911–1912 )
  - Grand Vizier Kıbrıslı Kâmil Pasha ( 1885–1891, 1895 , August 5, 1908–1909, 1912–1913 )

Austria-Hungary
- Head of State: Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Head of Government of Cisleithanien:
  - Prime Minister Max Wladimir von Beck (1906–15 November 1908)
  - Prime Minister Richard von Bienerth-Schmerling (November 15, 1908–1911)
- Head of Government of Transleithanien: Prime Minister Sándor Wekerle ( 1892–1895 , 1906–1910, 1917–1918 )

Portugal
- Head of State:
  - King Charles I (1889–1 February 1908)
  - King Manuel II (February 1, 1908–1910)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister João Franco (1906–4 February 1908)
  - Prime Minister Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral (February 4, 1908– December 26, 1908)
  - Prime Minister Artur Alberto de Campos Henriques (December 26, 1908–1909)

Romania
- Head of State: King Charles I (1866–1914) (until 1881 Prince)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dimitrie Sturdza ( 1895–1896, 1897–1899, 1901–1905 , 1907–1909)

Russia
- Head of State: Tsar Nicholas II (1894–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin (1906–1911)

San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti :
  - Giuseppe Angeli (1907–1 April 1908, 1913 ) and Francesco Valli (1907–1 April 1908)
  - Menetto Bonelli ( 1889, 1893, 1896–1897, 1904 , April 1, 1908– October 1, 1908, 1912–1913 ) and Gustavo Babboni ( 1904–1905 , April 1, 1908– October 1, 1908, 1912, 1916–1917 )
  - Olinto Amati (October 1, 1908–1909, 1914–1915 ) and Raffaele Michetti (October 1, 1908–1909)

Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (Sweden) (1907–1950)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Arvid Lindman (1906–1911, 1918–1930 )

Switzerland
- Federal President : Ernst Brenner ( 1901 , 1908)
- Federal Council :
  - Adolf Deucher (1883–1912)
  - Josef Zemp (1892– June 17, 1908)
  - Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
  - Ernst Brenner (1897–1911)
  - Robert Comtesse (1900-1912)
  - Marc-Emile Ruchet (1900-1912)
  - Ludwig Forrer (1903-1917)
  - Josef Anton Schobinger (June 17, 1908–1911)

Serbia
- King Peter I Karadjordjevic (1903-1918)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ( 1891–1892, 1904–1905 , 1906–20 July 1908, 1909–1911, 1912–1918 ) (1918, 1921–1924, 1924–1926 Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Croats, Serbs and Slovenes)
  - Prime Minister Petar Velimirović ( 1902 , July 20, 1908–1909)

Spain
- Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Antonio Maura Montaner ( 1903–1904 , 1907–1909, 1918, 1919, 1921–1922 )

United Kingdom :
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1901–1910)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1905–8 April 1908)
  - Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith (April 8, 1908–1916)

Individual evidence

↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[1] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares