Quʿaiti dynasty
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The al-Quʿaiti dynasty ( Arabic القعيطي, DMG al-Quʿayṭī ) is a clan from the Hadramaut , members of the extensive Yafaʿi tribe, whose ancestors who emigrated to India achieved a hereditary position within the sword nobility in the princely state of Hyderabad . The legend common in colonial times was often Kayti. In the late 19th century, some family members of the Quʿaitis succeeded in founding their own sultanate of the same name in Hadramaut, which after the two important ports also became the Sultanate of Shihr and Mukalla (سلطنة الشحر والمكلاا, DMG Salṭanat aš-Šiḥr wa-l-Mukallā ).
Umar bin Awad
The founder of the Indian branch of the clan was Umar bin Awad al-Quʿaiti al Yafaʿi, who was born around 1795 in Lahrum in the Šibām region , but initially lived in al-Qaṭn . In 1793 he succeeded his brother Abdulla bin Awad, who served as a mercenary in the army of Bhonsle of Nagpur . After the end of the war and the subsequent dissolution of the army, he moved to Hyderabad in 1818, whose army traditionally consisted to a large extent of Arabs. The British did not like mercenaries and there were repeated attempts to restrict their entry and exit.
There he became the commander of a hundred in the army of Nizam Asaf Jah III. He was later entrusted with command of 500 men and, at a time when under Chandu Lal corruption in the country was taking on enormous proportions, control of large sums of money. He received several taluks in the Nander district as collateral for loans , which under the Dīwān Salar Jung I. from his descendants Saif ud-Daula when they were worth 630,000 HRs. had been triggered. He used part of his funds so that his clan members could buy land near his hometown. His reliability earned him the high command of the princely army - not to be confused with the Hyderabad Contingent . From the ruler he received the honorary title Jung, followed by the higher Shamir, al-Daula and Jan Baz Jung. Later he was made a member of the local sword nobility ( paigah ). For his supply and the Arab troop contingent of 2,400 men under him personally, he received a Jagir , which was worth Rs. 141,000 in tax revenue. In support of the members of the clans who remained in their homeland, the members of the Kathiri tribe were expelled from Shibam in 1858. Umar, who died on June 27, 1865 (aged 67?) In Hyderabad, had three wives, including an Indian, and five sons.
Salah bin-Umar
After the death of his father, Salah bin-Umar was entrusted with the command of 1,500 men, later awarded the titles Barkj Jung and Barkh al-Daula . Some of his attempts to support the relationship in the Hadramaut with men and weapons were stopped by the British after 1870, although the conquests of his son in 1866 - at the request of Salar Jung I - had initially promoted. He died in 1877.
Awadh I and Abdullah
The son of Umar, Awadh inherited the paternal titles. Awadh also became a commander and is commonly known by his title Sultan Nawaz Jung . Already in 1867 he had taken over Shirh (= Šiḥr) in Hadramaut after a sea blockade , his brother Abdullah bin Umar († November 25, 1888) became co-ruler there. At the Durbar in Delhi in 1877, the British granted him a personal salute of eleven rounds, which was later transferred to his successor. In 1881 he became the first sultan of Mukallā , which had been contested over and over again since 1873 ; he moved there in 1879. The territories were finally placed under British protection (part of the Protectorate Aden ) on May 1, 1888 (treaty ratified February 26, 1890) .
Around 600 members of the landed nobility descended from the Arab conquerors, supporters of Sultan Nawaz Jung, occupied police posts in October 1884 and surrounded the Diwan Deoli , the residence of the Diwan Salar Jung II in Hyderabad . A skillful mix of threats and diplomacy ended the uprising without bloodshed. Nawaz Jung was temporarily exiled and paid a fine of Rs 100,000. In 1887, he was appointed Shamshir ul-Mulk in Hyderabad .
The nephews Hussain bin Abdullah bin Omar († 1906) and Munassar challenged him for rule in Arabia in 1901/1902, they refused a severance payment and went to India. Awadh's official recognition as "Sultan of Mukalla and Shirh" came from Edward VII in 1902, as such he also took part in the Durbar in Delhi in 1903. His approximately 60,000 Arab subjects in 1910 ensured him an annual income of Rs 223,000. Awadh remained in Hyderabad until his death in 1909 as the commander of the princely army, which the British commonly referred to as "irregulars". There he was for a long time an opponent of the scheming private secretary of the Nizam Server Jung .
Following generations
The third sultan was Umar bin Awadh from 1922 to 1936. The Yemeni hinterland was "pacified" in 1937 by William Harold Ingrams by two months of air raids on the unprotected civilian population . Muhammed bin Umar, the actual heir to the throne according to Awadh I's will, was ousted in 1937 through an unfair deal between his uncle and the British and was settled with a monthly pension of Rs. 2000. This new treaty granted the colonial rulers further rights in the "Eastern Aden Protectorate".
Various family members held state offices in Hyderabad. The tradition of taking Indian women started by the founder was continued. Sultan Awadh II bin Salah bin Sultan Galib (= Saif Nawaz Jung; † August 1966) married into the ruling family of Hyderabad.
Awadh's successor, the last sultan, was Ghalib II bin Awadh in 1966 . He was deposed and exiled in 1967 when a progressive government took power in South Yemen after independence. Since 1968 he has lived in Saudi Arabia and London. The widow of Awadh and his brother Nur al-Rahmn continued to stay in Hyderabad. The family residence there is the Dood Bowli.
Sultans and family
1. Awadh I. bin Umar al-Quʿaiti, ruled 1902–1909, from 1902 with the title His Highness and Sultan, previously Jamader von Shihr (1866) and Mukalla (1881)
2. Ghalib I bin Awadh al-Quʿaiti, reigned 1909–1922 († June)
3. Umar bin Awadh al-Quʿaiti, ruled 1922–1936 (second son of Awadh I .; † March 6, 1936)
4. Salih bin Ghalib (= Saif Nawaz Jung ), ruled 1936–1956
5. Awadh II. Bin Salih al-Quʿaiti, ruled 1956–1966, (son of Ghalib I). Married 1) Salma, 2) Fatima, 3) 1947 the Nazir un-Nissa Begum, a granddaughter of Asaf Jah VI. which means that you are not only connected to the local nobility but also to the ruling house.
5a. Ghalib II. (See below)
5b. Alim un-Nisa Begum, married the Nawab Zaki ud-Din Khan Bahadur, from the Paigah nobility of Hyderabad. They had three sons and two daughters: 1) Meraj ud-Din Khan Bahadur, born May 29, 1972 in Hyderabad; married to Lubna Meraj, three children; 2) Qadir un-Nisa Begum, married to Mushahid ud-Din Khan; 3) Khaisar ud-Din Khan Bahadur, born November 25, 1976 in Hyderabad; 4) Nasir ud-Din Khan Bahadur, born August 26, 1979 in Hyderabad; 5) Rahim un-Nisa Begum, married to Mubarak Abdullah Khan Bahadur, so far two daughters (Habiba un-Nisa, Mahin un-Nisa) and one son (Mustafa ud-Din).
5c. Umar
6. Ghalib II. Bin Awadh al-Quʿaiti (born January 7, 1948 in London), ruled October 10, 1966 to September 17, 1967 (deposed), married the sister of the writer Ahmed Rashid in 1975 . Children: 1) Saleh (born February 3, 1977 in London, married to Salwa Al-Huraibi from Yafa ); 2) Fatima (born July 26, 1979 in London, married to Shad Al-Sherif Pasha, Prince of Hejaz ); 3) Muzna (born December 28, 1980 in Jeddah , married to Hisham Hafez)
Literature in western languages
- Ulrike Freitag : Indian Ocean Migrants and state formation in Hadhramaut. Leiden 2003, ISBN 90-04-12850-6
- Friedhelm Hartwig: Hadramaut and the Indian Principality of Hyderabad. Hadramitic Sultanate Foundations and Migration in the 19th Century. Dissertation, University of Bamberg, 1997, 342 sheets; Würzburg 2000, 386 pages, ISBN 3-933563-52-6
- Omar Khalidi: The Arabs of Haramawt, South Yemen in Hyderabad. In: Islam and the Modern Age. Volume 18, No. 4, 1987, pp. 203-329
- MA Nayeem: The Splendor of Hyderabad. 2nd edition, Hyderabad 2002
Individual evidence
- ↑ ʿUmar bin ʿAwaḍ Quʿayṭī after S. Ba Wazir, Safhat, born in the last decade of the Muslim 12th century , i.e. between 1776 and 1784. Quoted in: Freitag (2003), p. 71, footnote 145
- ↑ jamʿdar = jemadar
- ↑ Chiragh 'Ali: Hyderabad (Deccan) under Sir Salar Jung. Bombay 1884, p. 15f. Detailed list in the app. A.
- ↑ Freitag (2003), p. 71
- ↑ According to the Foreign Enlistment Act of 1870. But otherwise they were neutral.
- ↑ Note: Nawaz Jung was awarded as an honorary title by the Nizam on various occasions in the 20th century. a. to KM Ansari (= Moin Nawaz Jung), who represented the case of Hyderabad's independence before the UN in 1948 and to Akbar Hydari (= Hyder Nawaz Jung) when he went to Delhi in 1941 to join the Executive Council. They are not necessarily descendants of the above.
- ^ Aitchison (1909), p. 67
- ^ For contracts see CU Aitchison : A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighboring Countries. Volume XIII, Calcutta 1909: Shehr and Mokalla. Pp. 66-17
- ↑ See his poorly balanced autobiography: Server-Ul-Mulk; Jivan Yar Jung (Ed., Ex., Son): My Life. Being the Autobiography of Nawab Server-Ul-Mulk Bahadur. London 1931 [orig. Urdu, after 1911].
- ↑ At that time, international lawyers still regarded it as a war crime . Herbert (2007)
- ↑ cf. Erwin Herbert: Risings and Rebellions 1919–1939. Nottingham 2007, ISBN 978-1-901543-12-4
- ↑ cf. HB St. John Philby: Sheba's Daughters. London 1939
- ↑ Simon C. Smith: Rulers and Residents. British Relations with the Aden Protectorate, 1937-59. In: Middle Eastern Studies. Volume 31, No. 3, 1995, p. 513
- ^ Text in: CU Aitchison; India Foreign and Political Department, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighboring Countries. Delhi 1933, Volume 11.
- ↑ cf. Joe Stork: Socialist Revolution in Arabia: A Report from the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. MERIP Reports, No. 15 (March 1973), pp. 1–25 (especially pp. 16–19: Uprising in Mukalla)
- ↑ Daunissa Begum, the youngest daughter of Nizam Asaf Jah VI.
- ↑ en: Paigah (Hyderabad)
See also