List of Heads of State 1923

Overview
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Africa

• Egypt (British Protectorate 1914–1936)
  • Head of State: King Fuad I (1917–1936) (Sultan until 1922)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha ( 1920–1921 , 1922–15 March 1923, 1934–1936 )
    • Prime Minister Abdel Fattah Yahya Ibrahim Pascha (March 15, 1923–1924, 1933–1934 )
  • British High Commissioner : Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby (1919–1925)

• Ethiopia
  • Head of State and Government: Empress Zauditu (1916–1930)
    • Regent: Ras Tafari Makonnen (1916–1930) (1930–1974 Emperor)

• Liberia
  • Head of State and Government: President Charles DB King (1920–1930)

• South Africa
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General :
      • Arthur of Connaught (1920–11 December 1923)
      • James Rose Innes (December 11, 1923–1924) (Acting)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Jan Christiaan Smuts (1919–1924, 1939–1948 )

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor General : Julian, Lord Byng (1921–1926)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King (1921–1926, 1926–1930, 1935–1948 )

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government: President Álvaro Obregón (1920–1924)

• Newfoundland
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
    • Governor : William Allardyce (1922–1928)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Richard Squires (1919–24 June 1923, 1928–1932 )
    • Prime Minister William Warren (July 24, 1923–1924)

• United States of America
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Warren G. Harding (1921– August 2, 1923)
    • Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923–1929)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government: President Julio Acosta García (1920–1924)

• Dominican Republic
  • Head of State and Government: President Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos (1922–1924) (acting)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Jorge Meléndez Ramírez (1919– March 1, 1923)
    • President Alfonso Quiñónez Molina ( 1914–1915, 1918–1919 , March 1, 1923–1927)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government: President José María Orellana Pinto (1921–1926)

• Haiti (occupied by the USA 1915–1934)
  • Head of State and Government: President Louis Bornó (1922–1930)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government: President Rafael López Gutiérrez (1920–1924)

• Cuba
  • Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso (1921–1925)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Diego Manuel Chamorro Bolaños (1921– October 12, 1923)
    • President Bartolomé Martínez González (October 12, 1923–1925) (acting)

• Panama
  • Head of State and Government: President Belisario Porras Barahona ( 1912–1916, 1918–1920 , 1920–1924)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government: President Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear (1922–1928)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government: President Bautista Saavedra Mallea (1920–1925)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government: President Artur da Silva Bernardes (1922–1926)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President Arturo Alessandri (1920–1924, 1925, 1932–1938 )

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government: President José Luis Tamayo (1920–1924)

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government: President Pedro Nel Ospina (1922–1926)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Eusebio Ayala (1921–12 April 1923, 1932–1936 ) (acting)
    • President Eligio Ayala (1923–1924, 1924–1928 ) (acting)

• Peru
  • Head of State: President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo ( 1908–1912 , 1919–1930) (1904–1907 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Julio Enrique Ego Aguirre (1922–1924)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Baltasar Brum (1919– March 1, 1923)
    • President José Serrato (March 1, 1923–1927)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government: President Juan Vicente Gómez ( 1909–1910, 1910–1914 , 1922–1929, 1931–1935 )

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

• Bhutan
  • Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)

• China
  • Head of State:
    • President Li Yuanhong (1922–13 June 1923)
    • (officiating) Zhang Shaozeng (June 13 - September 9, 1923)
    • (incumbent) Gao Lingwei (September 9 – October 10, 1923)
    • President Cao Kun (October 10, 1923–1924)
  • Head of Government:
    • (incumbent) Wang Zhengting (1922–4 January 1923)
    • Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Zhang Shaozeng (January 4 - September 9, 1923)
    • Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Gao Lingwei (September 9, 1923–1924)

• British India
  • Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
  • Viceroy : Rufus Isaacs (1921–1925)

• Japan
  • Head of State: Emperor Yoshihito (1912–1926)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Katō Tomosaburō (1922–24 August 1923)
    • (acting) Foreign Minister Uchida Yasuya (August 24 - September 2, 1923)
    • Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe (September 2, 1923–1924)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

• Siam (today: Thailand)
  • Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)

Middle East

• Persia (today: Iran)
  • Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ghavam os-Saltaneh (1922-25 January 1923)
    • Prime Minister Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (January 31 - June 12, 1923)
    • Prime Minister Moshir od-Dowleh (June 15 - October 23, 1923)
    • Prime Minister Reza Khan Sardar Sepah (October 26, 1923–1925)

• Yemen
  • Ruler: Imam Yahya bin Muhammad (1918–1948)

• Transjordan (today: Jordan )
  • Ruler: Emir Abdallah ibn Husain I (1921–1951)

Central Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Ruler: Emir Amanullah Khan (1919–1929)

• Mongolia (disputed)
  • Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)
  • Head of Government:
    • Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Sodnomyn Damdinbazar (1922–23 June 1923)
    • Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Balingiin Tserendordsch Beyse (September 28, 1923–1928)

• Tibet (controversial)
  • Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1913–1933)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor General: Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster (1920–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Billy Hughes (1915–9 February 1923)
    • Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (February 9, 1923–1929)

• New Zealand
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Governor General: Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Viscount Jellicoe (1920–1924)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Massey (1912-1925)

Europe

• Albania
  • Head of State: Regency Council (1920–1925) (Prime Minister 1924)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ahmet Zogu (1922–1924, 1925 ) (1925–1928 President, 1928–1939 King)

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France : Alexandre Millerand (1920–1924)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Justí Guitart i Vilardebò (1920–1940)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Georges Theunis (1921–1925, 1934–1935 )

• Bulgaria
  • Head of State: Tsar Boris III. (1918–1943)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Aleksandar Stambolijski (1919–9 July 1923)
    • Prime Minister Aleksandar Zankow (July 9, 1923–1926)

• Denmark
  • Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Niels Neergaard ( 1908–1909 , 1920–1924)

• German Empire
  • Head of State: President Friedrich Ebert (1919–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Reich Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno (1922–12 August 1923)
    • Chancellor Dr. Gustav Stresemann (August 13 - November 23, 1923)
    • Reich Chancellor Wilhelm Marx (November 30, 1923–1925)

• Estonia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • State Elder Juhan Kukk (1922–2 August 1923)
    • State Elder Konstantin Päts ( 1921–1922 , August 2, 1923–1924, 1931–1932, 1932–1933, 1933–1940 ) (1918–1919, 1934–1937 Prime Minister)

• Finland
  • Head of State: President Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (1919–1925)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Kyösti Kallio (1922–1924, 1925–1926, 1929–1930, 1936–1937 ) (1937–1940 President)

• France
  • Head of State: President Alexandre Millerand (1920–1924) (1920 President of the Council of Ministers)
  • Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Raymond Poincaré ( 1912–1913 , 1922–1924, 1926–1929 ) (1913–1920 President)

• Greece
  • Head of State: King George II (1922–1924, 1935–1947 )
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Stylianos Gonatas (1922–1924)

• Ireland
  • Head of State: King George V (1922–1936)
    • Governor General Timothy Michael Healy (1922–1928)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Thomas Cosgrave (1922–1932)

• Italy
  • Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
  • Head of Government: Duce Benito Mussolini (1922–1943)

• Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)
  • Head of State: King Alexander I (1921–1934)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ( 1918 , 1921–1924, 1924–1926 )

• Latvia
  • Head of State: President Jānis Čakste (1918–1925, 1925–1927 )
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics (1921–25 January 1923, 1923–1924 )
    • Prime Minister Jānis Pauļuks (January 25, 1923– June 26, 1923)
    • Prime Minister Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics ( 1921–1923 , June 26, 1923–1924)

• Liechtenstein
  • Head of State: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)
  • Head of Government Gustav Schädler (1922–1928)

• Lithuania
  • Head of State: President Aleksandras Stulginskis (1920–1926, 1926 )
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ernestas Galvanauskas ( 1919–1920 , 1922–1924)

• Luxembourg
  • Head of State: Grand Duchess Charlotte (1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Émile Reuter (1918–1925)

• Monaco
  • Head of State: Prince Louis II (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government:
    • Minister of State Raymond Le Bourdon (1919–11 August 1923)
    • Minister of State Maurice Piette (August 11, 1923–1932)

• Netherlands
  • Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (1918–1925, 1929–1933 )

• Norway
  • Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Otto Albert Blehr ( 1902–1903 , 1921–6 March 1923)
    • Prime Minister Otto Bahr Halvorsen ( 1920–1921 , March 6, 1923– May 23, 1923)
    • Prime Minister Christian Fredrik Michelet (March 24, 1923– May 30, 1923) (acting)
    • Prime Minister Abraham Berge (May 30, 1923–1924)

• Austria
  • Head of State: Federal President Michael Hainisch (1920–1928)
  • Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Ignaz Seipel (1922–1924)

• Poland
  • Head of State: President Stanisław Wojciechowski (1922–1926)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski (1922–26 May 1923)
    • Prime Minister Wincenty Witos (May 28 - December 14, 1923)
    • Prime Minister Władysław Grabski (December 19, 1923–1925)

• Portugal
  • Head of State:
    • President António José de Almeida (1919– October 5, 1923)
    • President Manuel Teixeira Gomes (October 6, 1923–1925)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister António Maria da Silva (1922–15 November 1923)
    • Prime Minister António Ginestal Machado (November 15 - December 18, 1923)
    • Prime Minister Álvaro Xavier de Castro (December 18, 1923–1924)

• Romania
  • Head of State: King Ferdinand I (1914–1927)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ion IC Brătianu (1922–1926)

• San Marino
  • Capitani Reggenti :
    • Onofrio Fattori ( 1898, 1902, 1905–1906, 1911–1912, 1916 , 1922–1 April 1923) and Giuseppe Balducci ( 1917–1918 , 1922–1 April 1923)
    • Giuliano Gozi (April 1, 1923– October 1, 1923, 1926–1927, 1932, 1937, 1941–1942 ) and Filippo Mularoni (April 1, 1923– October 1, 1923, 1929, 1940 )
    • Marino Borbiconi ( 1894–1895, 1898–1899, 1903–1904, 1909–1910 , October 1, 1923–1924) and Mario Michetti (October 1, 1923–1924)

• Sweden
  • Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Hjalmar Branting (1921-19 April 1923)
    • Prime Minister Ernst Trygger (April 19, 1923–1924)

• Switzerland
  • Federal President : Karl Scheurer (1923)
  • Federal Council :
    • Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
    • Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
    • Robert Haab (1918–1929)
    • Ernest Chuard (1920–1928)
    • Jean-Marie Musy (1920-1934)
    • Karl Scheurer (1920–1929)
    • Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934)

• Soviet Union
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (1922–1946)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Lenin (July 6, 1923–1924)

• Spain
  • Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
  • Head of Government:
    • District President Manuel García Prieto (December 7, 1922– September 15, 1923)
    • District President Miguel Primo de Rivera Orbaneja (September 15, 1923–1930)

• Czechoslovakia
  • Head of State: President Tomáš Masaryk (1918–1935)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Antonín Švehla (1922–1926, 1926–1929 )

• Turkey Establishment of the Republic of Turkey (October 29)
  • Head of State: President Mustafa Kemal (October 29, 1923–1938)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister İsmet İnönü (November 1, 1923–1924)

• Hungary
  • Head of State: Imperial Administrator Miklós Horthy (1920–1944)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Count István Bethlen (1921–1931)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law (1922-22 May 1923)
    • Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (May 22, 1923–1929)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares