List of Heads of State 1914
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt (nominally part of the Ottoman Empire from 1882–1914, de facto British Protectorate; 1914–1936 British Protectorate)
- Head of State:
- Khedive Abbas II (1892-19 December 1914)
- Sultan Hussein Kamil (December 19, 1914–1917)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Said Pasha (1910–5 April 1914, 1919 )
- Prime Minister Hussein Rushdi Pascha (April 5, 1914-1919)
- British Consul General : Herbert Kitchener, Viscount Kitchener of Khartoum (1911–19 December 1914) (since June 29, 1914 Earl Kitchener)
- British High Commissioner: Milne Cheetham (December 9, 1914–1915) (Acting)
- Head of State:
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Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Daniel E. Howard (1912–1920)
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South Africa
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
-
Governor General :
- Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone (1910–8 September 1914)
- Sydney Buxton, 1st Viscount Buxton (September 8, 1914–1920)
-
Governor General :
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Louis Botha (1910–1919) (1907–1910 Prime Minister of the Transvaal)
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
America
North America
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Canada
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General : Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1911–1916)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Borden (1911–1920)
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
-
Mexico
- Head of State and Government:
- President Victoriano Huerta (1913–15 July 1914) (acting)
- President Francisco S. Carvajal (July 15, 1914– August 13, 1914) ( Acting )
- President Venustiano Carranza (August 20, 1914 - October 31, 1914, 1915–1920 ) (acting)
- President Antonio I. Villarreal (August 13, 1914– August 20, 1914)
- President Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz (November 6, 1914–1915)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Newfoundland
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1934)
- Governor : Walter Edward Davidson (1913–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Morris (1909–1917)
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1934)
-
United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
Central America
-
Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government:
- President Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno ( 1882–1885 , 1910–8 May 1914, 1924–1928, 1932–1936 )
- President Alfredo González Flores (May 8, 1914–1917)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
- President José Bordas Valdez (1913-27 August 1914) (acting)
- President Ramón Báez (August 28, 1914– December 5, 1914) (acting)
- President Juan Isidro Jiménez ( 1899–1902, December 5, 1914–1916)
- Head of State and Government:
-
El Salvador
- Head of State and Government:
- President Carlos Meléndez (1913–29 August 1914, 1915–1918 ) (acting)
- President Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (August 29, 1914–1915, 1918–1919, 1923–1927 ) (acting)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)
-
Haiti
- Head of State and Government:
- President Michel Oreste (1913– January 27, 1914)
- President Oreste Zamor (February 8, 1914– October 29, 1914)
- President Joseph Davilmar Théodore (November 6, 1914–1915)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Bertrand ( 1911–1912 , 1913–1919)
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Cuba
- Head of State and Government: President Mario García Menocal (1913–1921)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Adolfo Díaz (1911–1917, 1926–1929 )
-
Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Belisario Porras Barahona (1912–1916, 1918–1920, 1920–1924 )
South America
-
Argentina
- Head of State and Government:
- President Roque Sáenz Peña (1910–9 August 1914)
- President Victorino de la Plaza (April 1914–1916) (acting until August 9, 1914)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Ismael Montes Gamboa ( 1904–1909 , 1913–1917)
-
Brazil
- Head of State and Government:
- President Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca (1910– November 15, 1914)
- President Venceslau Brás (November 15, 1914–1918)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Ramón Barros Luco (1910–1915)
-
Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez ( 1901–1905 , 1912–1916)
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Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
- President Carlos Eugenio Restrepo (1910–7 August 1914)
- President José Vicente Concha (August 7, 1914–1918)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Eduardo Schaerer (1912–1916)
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Peru
- Head of State:
- President Guillermo Billinghurst (1912– February 4, 1914)
- President Oscar R. Benavides (February 4, 1914–1915, 1933–1939 )
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Enrique Varela Vidaurre ( 1912–1913 , 1913–4 February 1914)
- Prime Minister Pedro E. Muñiz Seville (May 16, 1914– August 1, 1914)
- Prime Minister Manuel Melitón Carvaja (August 1, 1914– August 22, 1914)
- Prime Minister Aurelio Sousa Matute ( 1913 , August 22, 1914– November 11, 1914)
- Prime Minister Germán Schreiber Waddington ( 1910 , November 11, 1914–1915)
- Head of State:
-
Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President José Batlle y Ordóñez ( 1899, 1903–1907 , 1911–1915)
-
Venezuela
- Head of State and Government:
- President Juan Vicente Gómez ( 1909–1910 , 1910– April 19, 1914, 1922–1929, 1931–1935 )
- President Victorino Márquez Bustillos (April 19, 1914–1922) (Acting)
- Head of State and Government:
Asia
East, South and Southeast Asia
-
Bhutan
- Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)
-
China
- Head of State: President Yuan Shikai (1912–1916)
- Head of Government:
- Cabinet President Xiong Xiling (1913-12 February 1914)
- (incumbent) Sun Baoqi (February 12 – May 1, 1914)
- State Secretary Xu Shichang (May 1, 1914–1916)
-
British India
- Emperor : George V (1910–1936)
- Viceroy : Charles Hardinge (1910–1916)
-
Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Yoshihito (1912–1926)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe (1913-16 April 1914)
- Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu (April 16, 1914–1916)
-
Nepal
- Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)
-
Siam (today: Thailand)
- Ruler: King Vajiravudh (1910–1925)
Middle East
-
Persia (today: Iran)
- Head of State: Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)
- Head of government: Hassan Mostofi al Mamalek (1913–1915)
Central Asia
-
Afghanistan
- Ruler: Emir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919)
-
Mongolia (disputed)
- Head of State: Bogd Khan (1911-1924)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sain Nojon Khan Shirindambyn Namnansüren (1912–1919)
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Tibet (controversial)
- Ruler: Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1913–1933)
Australia and Oceania
-
Australia
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor General:
- Baron Thomas Denman (1911-18 May 1914)
- Viscount Ronald Munro-Ferguson (May 18, 1914–1920)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Joseph Cook (1913–17 September 1914)
- Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (September 17, 1914-1915)
-
New Zealand
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Governor: Earl Arthur Foljambe (1912-1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Massey (1912-1925)
Europe
-
Albania
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the Provisional Government Ismail Qemali (1912– January 22, 1914)
- Chairman of the National Government Fejzi Alizoti (January 22, 1914– March 7, 1914)
- Prince Wilhelm zu Wied (March 7, 1914– September 3, 1914)
- Chairman of the Provisional Government Essad Pasha Toptani (October 5, 1914–1916)
- Head of Government: Turhan Pascha Përmeti (March 17, 1914– September 3, 1914)
- Head of State:
-
Andorra
-
Co-princes :
- President of France : Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920)
- Bishop of Urgell : Juan Benlloch y Vivó (1907-1919)
-
Co-princes :
-
Belgium (occupied by Germany 1914–1918)
- Head of State: King Albert I (1909–1934)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Baron de Broqueville (1911–1918, 1932–1934 ) (1914–1918 in exile)
-
Bulgaria
- Head of State: Tsar Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (until 1908 Prince)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wassil Radoslawow ( 1886–1887 , 1913–1918)
-
Denmark
- Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carl Theodor Zahle ( 1909–1910 , 1913–1920)
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German Empire
-
Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
- Imperial Chancellor : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
-
Stop
-
Duke : Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
- Minister of State: Ernst von Laue (1910–1918)
-
Duke : Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
-
to bathe
-
Grand Duke : Friedrich II. (1907–1918)
- Minister of State: Alexander von Dusch (1905–1917)
-
Grand Duke : Friedrich II. (1907–1918)
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Bavaria
- King : Ludwig III. (1913-1918)
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Braunschweig
- Duke : Ernst August (1913–1918)
-
Bremen
- Mayor : Karl FH Stadtländer (1914)
-
Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
- Imperial governor: Prince Karl von Wedel (1907–1914)
- Imperial governor: Johann von Dallwitz (1914–1918)
- State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Hugo Freiherr Zorn von Bulach (1908–1914)
- State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine: Siegfried Graf von Roedern (1914–1916)
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Hamburg
- First Mayor : Max Predöhl (1910–1911) (1914) (1917)
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Hessen-Darmstadt
-
Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
- President of the entire ministry : Christian von Ewald (1906–1918)
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Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
-
lip
- Prince : Leopold IV. (1905–1918)
-
Lübeck
- Mayor : Johann Georg Eschenburg (1905–1906) (1909–1910) (1913–1914)
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz IV. (1897–1918)
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Grand Duke : Adolf Friedrich V (1904–1914)
- Grand Duke: Adolf Friedrich VI. (1914-1918)
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Oldenburg
-
Grand Duke : Friedrich August II. (1900–1918)
- Minister of State : Friedrich Julius Heinrich Ruhstrat (1908–1916)
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Grand Duke : Friedrich August II. (1900–1918)
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Prussia
-
King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
- Prime Minister : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
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King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
-
Reuss older line
-
Prince : Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
- Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (Reuss younger line) (1908–1918)
-
Prince : Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
-
Reuss younger line
- Prince : Heinrich XXVII. (Reuss younger line) (1913-1918)
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Saxony
-
King : Friedrich August III. (1904-1918)
- Chairman of the entire ministry : Max Clemens Lothar Freiherr von Hausen (1912–1914)
- Chairman of the entire ministry: Heinrich Gustav Beck (1914–1918)
-
King : Friedrich August III. (1904-1918)
- Saxony-Altenburg
-
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- Duke : Carl Eduard (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) (1900-1918)
-
Saxony-Meiningen
- Duke : George II (1866–1914)
- Duke: Bernhard III. (1914-1918)
-
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Grand Duke : Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
-
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Prince : Günther Victor (1890–1918)
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Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (from 1909 in personal union with Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)
- Prince : Günther Victor (1909–1918)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
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Württemberg
-
King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
- President of the State Ministry : Karl von Weizsäcker (1906–1918)
-
King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
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Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
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France
- Head of State: President Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920)
- Head of Government:
- President of the Council of Ministers Gaston Doumergue (1913–9 June 1914)
- President of the Council of Ministers Alexandre Ribot (June 9 - June 13, 1914)
- President of the Council of Ministers René Viviani (June 13, 1914–1915)
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Greece
- Head of State: King Constantine I (1913–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos (1910–1915)
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Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government:
- President of the Council of Ministers Giovanni Giolitti (1911-21 March 1914)
- President of the Council of Ministers Antonio Salandra (March 21, 1914–1916)
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Liechtenstein
- Ruler: Prince Johann II (1858–1929)
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Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duchess Maria-Adelheid (1912–1919)
- Head of Government: District President Paul Eyschen (1888–1915)
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Monaco
-
Prince : Albert I (1889–1922)
- Minister of State: Émile Flach (1911–1917)
-
Prince : Albert I (1889–1922)
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Montenegro
- Head of State: King Nikola I. Petrović-Njegoš (1860–1918) ( Prince until 1910 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister General Sirdar Janko Vukotic (1913–1915)
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Neutral Moresnet (1830-1915 under joint administration of Belgium and Prussia)
- Head of State: King of Belgium Albert I (1909–1915, 1918–1920 )
- Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz (1889–1915, 1918–1920 )
- Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
- Commissioner : Walter The Losen (1909–1918)
- Mayor : Hubert Schmetz (1885–1915)
- Head of State: King of Belgium Albert I (1909–1915, 1918–1920 )
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Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pieter Cort van der Linden (1913–1918)
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Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen (1913–1920)
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Ottoman Empire (today: Turkey)
- Ruler: Sultan Mehmed V (1909–1918)
-
Austria-Hungary
- Head of State: Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Karl Reichsgraf von Stürgkh (1911–1916)
-
Portugal
- Head of State: (provisional) President Manuel José de Arriaga (1911–1915)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Afonso Augusto da Costa (1913–9 February 1914)
- Prime Minister Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães (February 9 - December 12, 1914)
- Prime Minister Vítor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho (December 12, 1914–1915)
-
Romania
- Head of State:
- King Charles I (1881-10 October 1914)
- King Ferdinand I (October 10, 1914–1927)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Titu Liviu Maiorescu (1912–15 January 1914)
- Prime Minister Ion IC Brătianu (January 15, 1914-1918)
- Head of State:
-
Russia
- Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917)
-
San Marino
-
Capitani Reggenti :
- Ciro Belluzzi ( 1907 , 1913–1 April 1914) and Domenico Suzzi Valli ( 1909 , 1913–1 April 1914, 1928, 1931–1932 )
- Domenico Fattori ( 1857, 1861–1862, 1866–1867, 1870–1871, 1874–1875, 1878, 1881–1882, 1886, 1889–1890, 1895, 1900 , April 1, 1914– October 1, 1914) and Ferruccio Martelli (April 1, 1914– October 1, 1914, 1918 )
- Olinto Amati ( 1908–1909 , 1914–1 October 1915) and Cesare Stacchini ( 1911 , 1914–1 October 1915)
-
Capitani Reggenti :
-
Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Karl Staaff (1911–17 February 1914)
- Prime Minister Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (February 17, 1914–1917)
-
Switzerland
- Federal President : Arthur Hoffmann (1914)
-
Federal Council :
- Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
- Ludwig Forrer (1903-1917)
- Arthur Hoffmann (1911-1917)
- Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
- Camille Decoppet (1912-1919)
- Edmund Schulthess (1912-1935)
- Felix Calonder (1913-1920)
-
Serbia
- Head of State: King Peter I (1903-1918)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Pašić (1912–1918)
-
Spain
- Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
- Head of Government: District President Eduardo Dato Iradier (1913–1915)
-
United Kingdom
- Head of State: King George V (1910–1936)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Earl Herbert Henry Asquith (1908–1916)
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares