Sun Baoqi
Sun Baoqi ; Chinese 孫寶琦 / 孙宝琦 , Pinyin Sūn Bǎoqí , W.-G. Sun Pao-ch'i ; (Born April 26, 1867 in Hangzhou ( Zhejiang Province ); † February 3, 1931 ibid) was an official government representative both before and after the Chinese Revolution of 1911. His offices included that of Foreign Minister in the Chinese Empire and that of Prime Minister of the Republic China . His adult name was Mu-han ( Chinese 慕 韓 , Pinyin Mù Hán ).
Live and act
Sun was born the eldest son of Sun Yijing, one of the tutors of Emperor Xianfeng , the 9th ruler of the Qing Dynasty . After a traditional, Chinese upbringing, he was awarded the title Xiānshēng 先生 (at that time an award for licensed doctors, lawyers and respected teachers, later extended to “firstborns” and generally to male citizens as a title of honor). He was related to the future Qing prince Yikuang by marriage. In 1886 he became junior secretary of the Chinese Criminal Court and held this post until 1895. Although his nomination for a foreign diplomatic assignment is on record as early as 1898, the appeal was postponed because of the Boxer Rebellion . In 1902 he served as secretary of an embassy to Vienna, Berlin and Paris and was then appointed ambassador for France. He took up this post in 1903 and offered the first Chinese exchange students, including the sons of high imperial dignitaries, the opportunity to accompany him to Europe. Sun returned to China in 1906 and became general secretary of the Grand Council , which oversaw the ministries and was directly accountable to the emperor. Its main task was to reorganize the country's administrative system. In 1907 he became ambassador for Germany. In January 1909 he was elected to the board of directors of the Tianjin - Pukou Railway Company and was appointed governor of Shandong Province in June of that year . Now he appeared as a proponent of a constitutional government. In 1910 he pushed through the establishment of a cabinet system with the imperial authorities. In 1911 he recognized his province's independence from the traditional rules of the Manchu dynasty , but had to revoke and resign due to pressure from Yuan Shikai .
After the end of the Qing Dynasty in February 1912, Sun and his brother-in-law , the Imperial Prince Yikuang, Prince Qing, set up a private company, but was soon appointed as General Director of Customs in the new government.
On September 11, 1913, he entered the cabinet of Prime Minister Xiong Xiling and achieved a spectacular success in negotiations with Russia, through which Russia recognized the supremacy of China over Outer Mongolia and China the autonomy of Outer Mongolia. After Xiong's resignation, Sun temporarily took over the post of prime minister from mid-February 1914 until Xu Shichang took over this post in May. In its cabinet, Sun served as foreign minister until he resigned in January 1915 in protest of Japan's twenty-one demands .
From then on, Sun accompanied, despite his international competence, mainly domestic economic posts: In January 1916 he became director of the court of accounts and in April finance minister. In 1917 he became general director of the customs authority and in 1920 director of the economic administration. He then made his organizational talent available to the Office for Hunger Relief, first as chairman and then as director general, and held the post of deputy chairman of the Yangtze Commission. In January 1924, Sun took over the post of Prime Minister for the second time for a short period, but resigned in July due to differences of opinion with Finance Minister Wang Komin . After his resignation, he turned down several offices before becoming president of the Hanyeping coal and steel cartel , which fell almost entirely into the hands of Japanese investors after the revolution, and of the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company (founded in 1872 in the Qing Dynasty "Steamship company for securing Chinese shares in the freight and personal business operated by foreign companies on Chinese rivers").
He was appointed General Director of the Sino-French University in 1926 because of his services to the educational exchange with the West at the beginning of the century. When the " Northern Expeditions " reached Beijing in 1928 , he retired in Dairen . In 1929 he traveled to Hong Kong to treat his chronic bowel problems , and in 1930 he visited Shanghai and Hangzhou , but his illness worsened. He died on February 3, 1931.
literature
- Howard L. Boorman, Richard C. Howard, and Joseph KH Cheng: Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. Columbia University Press, New York 1967, ISBN 978-0-231-08955-5 .
- Erich Gütinger: The history of the Chinese in Germany: An overview of the first 100 years from 1822. Waxmann Verlag, 2004, ISBN 978-3-8309-1457-0 .
- Who's Who in China, Chinese Biographies 中國 名人 錄, edited by The China Weekly Review, 4th Edition, 1931.
- Who's who in modern China, published in Hong Kong, 1954.
Web links
- List of Chinese leaders (Engl.)
- Message regarding Sun's appointment as Prime Minister in the New York Times, February 14, 1914. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Howard L. Boorman, Richard C. Howard, and Joseph KH Cheng: Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. 1967, pp. 169-170.
- ↑ Today's website with the history of the company with which the industrialization of Hubei Province began and which became the largest mining, smelting and steel industry conglomerate. ( Memento of the original of December 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Sun, Baoqi |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Chinese politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 26, 1867 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Hangzhou |
| DATE OF DEATH | February 3, 1931 |
| Place of death | Hangzhou |