Antonio Salandra

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Antonio Salandra

Antonio Salandra (born August 13, 1853 in Troia , † December 9, 1931 in Rome ) was an Italian lawyer and politician who belonged to various governments between 1891 and 1916 as state secretary or minister and from March 21, 1914 to June 18 1916 was Italian Prime Minister in two successive cabinets (government reshuffle on November 5, 1914) .

Life and academic career

Salandra was born into a wealthy family of large landowners who had been among the local notables for generations: the great-grandfather was mentioned as mayor of Troia in 1799. His first education was given by private tutors, then he attended schools in Lucera, where his mother came from, and Naples. At the age of 15 he was certified for university entrance. Salandra studied law at the University of Naples from 1868 and after graduating in 1872 settled as a lawyer . From 1879 he taught at the University of Rome , initially commercial and financial law specializing in municipal finances, from 1880 administrative science and finally from 1902 as a full professor of administrative law . From 1906 to 1910 and from 1915 to 1925 he was dean of the law faculty there. Since 1904 Salandra was a corresponding, since 1907 a full member of the Accademia dei Lincei , a scientific and literary society founded in 1603 which takes the place of an academy of sciences in Italy . Since 1918 he was also a full member of the Academy of Sciences in Turin and since 1925 a member of the Accademia Pontaniana in Naples.

Political career

MP and Senator

In 1886 Salandra was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time , to which he belonged continuously until 1928, first two legislative terms for Foggia , then seven terms for the constituency of Lucera , then again for Foggia, Bari and the national collective list. In parliament he represented expansionist positions in foreign affairs and conservative positions in domestic affairs. Between March and December 1909 and between May 1924 and January 1925 he was deputy chairman and chairman of the chamber's budget committee. For a long time avowed conservative who he joined in 1919 a liberal and 1921 a Liberal Democrat group in Parliament, however, supported the seizure of Benito Mussolini in 1922. Since about 1926 he became the fascism in part hostile to.

After leaving the Chamber of Deputies, he was appointed senator for life - in accordance with the tradition for former ministers and long-term members of parliament - although the Senate was practically insignificant at the time. From December 1929 until his death he was a member of a judicial commission that dealt with the case law of the Supreme Court.

Government member

From February to April 1892 Salandra was in the Starabba di Rudinì (1st) cabinet as State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance for the first time and took over this position again from December 1893 to June 1894 in the Crispi Cabinet (3rd) , after which he moved, also as State Secretary until March 1896 in the Treasury. During these terms of office, he mainly dealt with the stabilization of the chronically deficient Italian national budget. From May 1899 to June 1900 he was Minister for Agriculture, Industry and Trade in the Pelloux cabinet (2nd) , and from February to May 1906 as Minister of Finance in the Sonnino cabinet (1st) . In the Sonnino (2nd) cabinet from December 1909 to March 1910 he took over the office of treasurer.

In March 1914, after the fall of the Giolitti government (4th) , Salandra was appointed prime minister and at the same time took over the post of interior minister. After the death of the long-time Foreign Minister Antonino Paternò-Castello , Salandra also headed the Foreign Ministry for a few weeks ad interim in October / November 1914, and also the Ministry of the Navy for a few days in September 1915.

When Salandra became head of government, Europe found itself in a series of crises and wars that finally culminated in the First World War: the second Morocco crisis from May 1911, the Italo-Turkish War 1911/12 and the two Balkan Wars 1912/13. For Italy, it asked whether it extended to the last 1912 and 1913 supplemented by a naval convention turned Triple Alliance should hold or whether on the side of the Triple Entente was to win more. Since Austria-Hungary was unwilling to meet the repeated Italian demands for territorial cession ( Welschtirol and Trieste including Istria ), the Italian government decided on July 31, 1914 to remain neutral for the time being without formally terminating the Triple Alliance, but at the same time with the Entente to negotiate the price for the alliance change as well as with Austria-Hungary about the price for loyalty to the alliance. These negotiations, which were held in London from August 11, 1914 and in Vienna from December 1914, finally led to the London Pact in April 1915 , which provided for Italy to enter the war within a month, while the Austrian offer of March 30 to cede Welschtirol against the maintenance of the Salandra's Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino rejected neutrality as insufficient.

Although the majority of the population and parliament of Italy wanted to maintain neutrality, the Salandra government succeeded in rescinding the Triple Alliance on May 4 and Italy entering the war on May 23, 1915. The parliamentary majority forced him to resign on May 15, 1915, but had to give in a few days later because King Victor Emmanuel III. stuck to him and no other candidate with a majority was available. In addition to the hope of territorial gains, the expectation of a quick victory (by early autumn 1915) against Austria-Hungary, who was busy on the Russian front ( Battle of Gorlice-Tarnów ), played an important role. Salandra herself used the term sacro egoismo in Italy in this political dispute . The expectation of a quick victory was not fulfilled, however, as the Danube Monarchy, with German support, succeeded in building a stable defensive front in the high mountains and along the Isonzo . The results, which did not correspond to the hopes, despite the great sacrifice of fallen and wounded soldiers, led to general discontent in the country, as a result of which Salandra had to resign and was replaced by his parliamentary colleague Paolo Boselli .

In 1919 Salandra was a member of the Italian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference , in 1923 he was briefly representative of Italy at the League of Nations .

Publications

In 1901 Salandra and Sonnino founded the newspaper Giornale d'Italia, which still appears today, and published numerous articles on daily politics in it. He has also published books on legal and political topics:

  • La dottrina della rappresentanza personale: lineamenti d'una critica ( The doctrine of personal representation: basic features of a criticism ) in: Serafini, Filippo (ed.): Archivio giuridico, edition 15/1875.
  • Dei metodi e criteri per calcolare la ricchezza nazionale in Italia ( methods and criteria for calculating the wealth of the people in Italy ). Rome: Motta, 1880.
  • Il divorzio in Italia ( divorce in Italy ). Rome: Forzani, 1882.
  • Gli intersti della terra e la loro rappresentanza ( The land rate and its representation ). Naples, 1884.
  • Appunti di scienza dell'amministrazione ( Notes on Administrative Science ). Rome: Casetti, 1901 (?).
  • Lezioni di diritto amministrativo ( Lessons in Administrative Law ), Rome: Casetti, 1902 and more.
  • La giustizia amministrativa nei governi liberi ( The administrative judiciary of free governments ), Turin: Unione tipografico, 1904.
  • La neutralità italiana ( The Italian neutrality ). Milan: A. Mondadori, 1928
  • L'intervento 1915 ( Entry into the War 1915 ), Milan: A. Mondadori, 1930
  • Finally, the first Italian translation of Herbert Spencer's principles of sociology came from Salandra.

Others

In Rome, Bari and Messina there is a street each via Antonio Salandra in his memory, in Parma and Nardò a Piazza Antonio Salandra , in Troia a school is named after him.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Battaglini, Mario (ed.): Il Monitore napoletano: 1799 . Naples: Guida editori, 1999, p. 231.
  2. ↑ Curriculum vitae on the website of the City of Troia , accessed on April 21, 2016.
  3. ↑ a b c d Entry “Salandra, Antonio” in the online encyclopedia of the Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana , accessed on April 22, 2016.
  4. ↑ a b c d e entry “SALANDRA Antonio” on the website of the Italian Senate, accessed on April 21, 2016.
  5. ^ Directory of members of the Turin Academy
  6. ↑ a b Entry “Antonio Salandra” on the website of the Italian Chamber of Deputies , accessed on April 22, 2016.
personal data
SURNAME Salandra, Antonio
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian politician, member of the Camera dei deputati
DATE OF BIRTH August 13, 1853
PLACE OF BIRTH Troy
DATE OF DEATH December 9, 1931
Place of death Rome