List of Heads of State 1938
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Head of State: King Faruq (1936–1952)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Muhammad Mahmoud Pascha ( 1928–1929 , 1937–1939)
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Ethiopia (occupied by Italy 1936–1941)
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–1974) (1916–1930 regent, 1936–1941 in exile)
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Liberia
- Head of State and Government: President Edwin Barclay (1930–1944)
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South Africa
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
- Governor General : Patrick Duncan (1937–1943)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister J.BM Hertzog (1924–1939)
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
America
North America
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Canada
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
- Governor General : John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (1935–1940)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1921–1926, 1926–1930 , 1935–1948)
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (1934–1940)
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United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
Central America
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President León Cortés Castro (1936–1940)
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Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
- President Rafael Trujillo (1930–16 August 1938, 1942–1952 )
- President Jacinto Bienvenido Peynado (August 16, 1938–1940)
- Head of State and Government:
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El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez ( 1931–1934 , 1935–1944)
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Jorge Ubico Castañeda (1931–1944)
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Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Sténio Vincent (1930–1941)
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Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Tiburcio Carías Andino (1933–1949)
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Cuba
- Head of State and Government: President Federico Laredo Brú (1936–1940)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Anastasio Somoza García (1937–1947, 1950–1956 )
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Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Demóstenes Arosemena Barreati (1936–1939)
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government:
- President Agustín Pedro Justo (1932–20 February 1938)
- President Roberto María Ortiz (February 20, 1938–1942)
- Head of State and Government:
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Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Germán Busch ( 1936 , 1937–1939) (until May 28, 1938 chairman of the government junta)
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Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Getúlio Vargas (1930–1945, 1951–1954 )
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Chile
- Head of State and Government:
- President Arturo Alessandri ( 1920–1924, 1925 , 1932–24 December 1938)
- President Pedro Aguirre Cerda (December 24, 1938–1941)
- Head of State and Government:
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Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
- Supreme Head of State Alberto Enríquez Gallo (1937-10 August 1938)
- President Mariano Suárez (August 10, 1928– December 2, 1938) (acting)
- President Aurelio Mosquera Narváez (December 2, 1938–1939)
- Head of State and Government:
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Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
- President Alfonso López Pumarejo (1934–7 August 1938, 1942–1945 )
- President Eduardo Santos (August 7, 1938–1942)
- Head of State and Government:
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Félix Paiva (1937–1939) (provisional until October 12, 1938)
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Peru
- Head of State: President Oscar R. Benavides ( 1914–1915 , 1933–1939)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ernesto Montagne (1936–1939)
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government:
- President Gabriel Terra (1931– June 19, 1938)
- President Alfredo Baldomir (June 19, 1938–1943)
- Head of State and Government:
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Eleazar López Contreras ( 1935–1936 , 1936–1941)
Asia
East, South and Southeast Asia
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Bhutan
- Ruler: King Jigme Wangchuk (1926–1952)
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China
- Head of State: Chairman of the National Government Lin Sen (1931–1943)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Executive Yuan HH Kung (January 1, 1938–1939)
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British India
- Emperor : George VI. (1936–1947)
- Viceroy : Victor Alexander John Hope (1936–1943)
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Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Hirohito (1926–1989)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Prince Konoe Fumimaro (1937–1939)
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Manchukuo (controversial)
- Head of State: Emperor Puyi (1932–1945)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Zhang Jinghui (1935–1945)
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Nepal
- Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1932–1945)
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Siam (today: Thailand)
- Head of State: King Ananda Mahidol (1935–1946)
- Head of Government:
- General Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena (1933–11 September 1938)
- Field Marshal Phibul Songkhram (December 16, 1938–1944)
Middle East
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Iraq
- Head of State: King Ghazi (1933–1939)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Jamil al-Midfai (1937–25 December 1938)
- Prime Minister Nuri as-Said (December 25, 1938–1940)
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Yemen
- Ruler: King Yahya bin Muhammad (1918–1948)
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Persia (today: Iran)
- Head of State: Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925–1941)
- Head of Government:?
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Saudi Arabia
- Head of state and head of government: King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud (1932–1953)
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Transjordan (today: Jordan )
- Ruler: Emir Abdallah ibn Husain I (1921–1951)
Central Asia
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Afghanistan
- Head of State: King Mohammed Sahir Shah (1933–1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan (1929–1946)
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Mongolia
- Head of State: Chairman of the Great State Chural Dansranbilegiin Dogsom (1936–1939)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Anandyn Amar (1936–1939)
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Tibet (controversial)
- Ruler: Dalai Lama Tendzin Gyatsho (1935–1951)
Australia and Oceania
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Australia
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
- Governor General: Earl Alexander Hore-Ruthven (1936–1945)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Joseph Lyons (1932–1939)
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New Zealand
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
- Governor General: Viscount George Monckton-Arundell (1935–1941)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage (1935–1940)
Europe
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Albania
- Head of State: King Ahmet Zogu (1925–1939, 1943–1946 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kostaq Kota ( 1928–1930 , 1936–1939)
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- President of France : Albert Lebrun (1932–1940)
- Bishop of Urgell : Justí Guitart i Vilardebò (1920–1940)
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Co-princes :
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Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold III. (1934–1951) (1940–1945 in German captivity, 1945–1950 in exile in Switzerland)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Paul-Émile Janson (1937–15 May 1938)
- Prime Minister Paul-Henri Spaak (May 15, 1938–1939, 1946, 1947–1949 )
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Bulgaria
- Head of State: Tsar Boris III. (1918–1943)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Georgi Kjosseiwanow (1935–1940)
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Denmark
- Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning ( 1924–1926 , 1929–1942)
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German Empire
- Head of State and Government: "Führer and Reich Chancellor" Adolf Hitler (1933–1945)
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Estonia
- Head of State: President Konstantin Päts ( 1921–1922, 1923–1924, 1931–1932, 1932–1933 , 1933–1940) (1918–1919, 1934–1937 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kaarel Eenpalu (May 9, 1938–1939) (President 1932)
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Finland
- Head of State: President Kyösti Kallio (1937–1940) (1922–1924, 1925–1926, 1929–1930, 1936–1937 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Aimo Kaarlo Cajander ( 1922, 1924 , 1937–1939)
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France
- Head of State: President Albert Lebrun (1932–1940)
- Head of Government:
- President of the Council of Ministers Camille Chautemps ( 1930, 1933–1934 , 1937–13 March 1938)
- President of the Council of Ministers Léon Blum ( 1936–1937 , March 13, 1938– April 10, 1938, 1946–1947 )
- President of the Council of Ministers Édouard Daladier ( 1933, 1934 , April 10, 1938–1940)
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Greece
- Head of State: King George II ( 1922–1924 , 1935–1947) (1941–1946 in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas (1936–1941)
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Ireland
- Head of State:
- Presidential Commission (1937– June 25, 1938) ( Acting )
- President Douglas Hyde (June 25, 1938–1945)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Éamon de Valera (1932–1948, 1951–1954, 1957–1959 ) (1959–1973 President)
- Head of State:
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Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government: Duce Benito Mussolini (1922–1943)
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Yugoslavia
- Head of State: King Peter II (1934–1945) (1941–1945 in exile)
- Regent: Prince Paul (1934–1941)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović (1935–1939)
- Head of State: King Peter II (1934–1945) (1941–1945 in exile)
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Latvia
- Head of State: President Kārlis Ulmanis (1936–1940) (1918–1919, 1919–1921, 1925–1926, 1931, 1934–1940 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis ( 1918–1919, 1919–1921, 1925–1926, 1931 , 1934–1940) (1936–1940 President)
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Liechtenstein
- Head of State:
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Prince Franz I (1929–1938)
- Regent Prince Franz Josef (March 30, 1938– July 25, 1938) (Prince 1938–1989)
- Prince Franz Josef II (July 25, 1938–1989)
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Prince Franz I (1929–1938)
- Head of Government Josef Hoop (1928–1945)
- Head of State:
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Lithuania
- Head of State: President Antanas Smetona ( 1918–1920 , 1926–1940)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Juozas Tūbelis (1929–24 March 1938)
- Prime Minister Vladas Mironas (March 24, 1938–1939)
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Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duchess Charlotte (1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Pierre Dupong (1937–1953) (1940–1945 in exile)
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Monaco
- Head of State: Prince Louis II (1922–1949)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Émile Roblot (1937–1944)
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Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn ( 1925–1926 , 1933–1939)
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Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Johan Nygaardsvold (1935–1945) (1940–1945 in exile)
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Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Wilhelm Miklas (1928–13 March 1938)
- Head of Government:
- Federal Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg (1934–11 March 1938)
- Federal Chancellor Arthur Seyß-Inquart (March 11th - March 13th 1938)
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Poland
- Head of State: President Ignacy Mościcki (1926–1939)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski (1936–1939)
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Portugal
- Head of State: President Óscar Carmona (1925–1951)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (1932–1968)
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Romania
- Head of State: King Charles II (1930–1940)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Octavian Goga (1937–11 February 1938)
- Prime Minister Miron Cristea (February 11 - March 6, 1938)
- Prime Minister Armand Călinescu (March 7, 1938–1939)
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San Marino
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Capitani Reggenti :
- Marino Rossi ( 1920, 1927–1928, 1934 , 1937–1 April 1938) and Giovanni Lonfernini ( 1934 , 1937–1 April 1938, 1941–1942 )
- Manlio Gozi ( 1926, 1930 , April 1, 1938– October 1, 1938) and Luigi Mularoni (April 1, 1938– October 1, 1938)
- Carlo Balsimelli ( 1920–1921, 1933–1934 , October 1, 1938–1939, 1942–1943 ) and Celio Gozi (October 1, 1938–1939, 1942 )
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Capitani Reggenti :
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Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson (1936–1946)
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Switzerland
- Federal President : Johannes Baumann (1938)
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Federal Council :
- Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
- Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1929-1944)
- Albert Meyer (1930–31 December 1938)
- Rudolf Minger (1930–1940)
- Philipp Etter (1934–1959)
- Johannes Baumann (1934–1940)
- Hermann Obrecht (1935–1940)
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Soviet Union
- Head of State: Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Mikhail Kalinin (1922–1946)
- Head of Government (nominal) : Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vyacheslav Molotov (1930–1941)
- Head of Government (de facto) : General Secretary of the CPSU Josef Stalin (1922–1953)
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Spain ( civil war )
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Spanish Republic
- Head of State:
- President Manuel Azaña (1936–1939)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Juan Negrín (1937–1939)
- Head of State:
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Estado Español
- Head of State:
- Caudillo Francisco Franco (1936–1975)
- Head of Government:
- District President Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa (1937–30 January 1938)
- District President Francisco Franco (January 30, 1938–1973)
- Head of State:
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Spanish Republic
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Czechoslovakia
- Head of State:
- President Edvard Beneš (1935–5 October 1938, 1945–1948 ) (Prime Minister 1921–1922)
- Prime Minister Jan Syrový (October 5 - November 30, 1938) (acting)
- President Emil Hácha (November 30, 1938–1939)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Milan Hodža (1935-22 September 1938)
- Prime Minister Jan Syrový (September 22 - December 1, 1938)
- Prime Minister Rudolf Beran (December 1, 1938–1939)
- Head of State:
-
Turkey
- Head of State:
- President Kemal Ataturk (1923-10 November 1938)
- President İsmet İnönü (November 11, 1938–1950)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Celâl Bayar (1937–1939)
- Head of State:
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Hungary
- Head of State: Imperial Administrator Miklós Horthy (1920–1944)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Kálmán Darányi (1936-14 May 1938)
- Prime Minister Béla Imrédy (May 14, 1938–1939)
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Vatican city
- Head of State: Pope Pius XI. (1929-1939)
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United Kingdom
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Arthur Neville Chamberlain (1937-1940)
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares